高考英语二轮-完形填空（专项训练）（上海专用）（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-完形填空（专项训练）（上海专用）（教师版），共40页。
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc17943" 01 课标达标练（词汇填空节选）
\l "_Tc22251" 考向01 句内层次题（节选片段）
\l "_Tc22251" 考向02 句组层次题（节选片段）
\l "_Tc2717" 考向03 语篇层次题（节选片段）
\l "_Tc20184" 02 核心突破练
完形填空（语篇练）
\l "_Tc5699" 03 真题溯源练
\l "_Tc22251" 考向01 句内层次题（节选片段）
【01】
Digitising histrical dcuments brings huge benefits—files can be ___23___ and distributed, reducing the risk f their entire lss thrugh physical damage caused by fire r flding. And develping digital versins reduces ___24___ n the riginal items.
A. fight r flightB. life r deathC. wear and tearD. awe and wnder
【答案】 24. C
【24题详解】
句内层次题。考查名词短语辨析。句意：开发数字版本可以减少原始物品的磨损。A. fight r flight战斗或逃跑；B. life r death生或死；C. wear and tear磨损；D. awe and wnder敬畏和惊叹。根据上文“And develping digital versins reduces”可知，开发数字版本可以减少原始物品的磨损。故选C。
【02】
These include media jbs, such as writing advertisements and articles, alng with many jbs in the financial fields and even tech-related jbs such as cmputer prgramming. AI is gd at ___44___ data, s financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jbs ___45___.
44. A. searchingB. prvidingC. analyzingD. string
45. A. at riskB. at wrkC. at lastD. at least
【答案】 44. C 45. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了人工智能的发展，它在某些领域中的应用，但是人工智能并不能完全取代人类。
【44题详解】
句内层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：人工智能擅长分析数据，因此金融分析师和市场研究分析师可能会发现他们的工作面临风险。A. searching搜索；B. prviding提供；C. analyzing分析；D. string储存。根据下文“s financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jbs”可知，人工智能擅长分析数据。故选C项。
【45题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：人工智能擅长分析数据，因此金融分析师和市场研究分析师可能会发现他们的工作面临风险。A. at risk有风险；B. at wrk在工作中；C. at last最后；D. at least至少。根据“AI is gd at ______ data, s financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jbs”可知，因为人工智能擅长分析数据，因此金融分析师和市场研究分析师可能会发现他们的工作面临风险。故选A项。
【03】
Maps, number lines, shapes, artwrk and ther materials tend t cver elementary classrm walls. Hwever, t much f a gd thing may end up ___41___ attentin and learning in yung children, accrding t research published in Psychlgical Science.
A. attractingB. distractingC. hldingD. paying
【答案】41. B
【41题详解】
句内层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，根据发表在《心理科学》上的一项研究，过犹不及可能会分散孩子的注意力和学习能力。A. attracting吸引；B. distracting使分心；C. hlding举办；D. paying支付。根据下文“They fund that children in highly decrated classrms were mre distracted”提到在高度装饰的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，由此可知，此处应表示过犹不及可能会分散孩子的注意力和学习能力。故选B项。
【04】
A ppular chice, ___34___, is t include mre fruit trees than a natural frest might supprt, thus creating an rchard that requires n maintenance.
A. fr exampleB. in essenceC. n the ther handD. after all
【答案】34. A
【34题详解】
句内层次题。考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，一项热门选择是栽植比天然林所能负荷更多的果树，从而创造出一座无需维护的果园。A. fr example例如；B. in essence本质上；C. n the ther hand另一方面；D. after all毕竟。根据上文“Miyawaki frests can be custmized t lcal requirements.”可知，空处需要一个短语来引导例子，以说明梅耶瓦基森林如何根据当地需求进行定制。故选A。
【05】
Lts f activities are linked t better brain health in ld age, like getting mre educatin when yu’re yunger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially ___44___ thugh. “We use language in all aspects f daily life, s a bilingual brain is ___45___ wrking,”
44. A. beneficialB. cmmnC. impracticalD. rare
【答案】 44. A
【44题详解】
句内层次题。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。A. beneficial有益的；B. cmmn共同的；C. impractical不明智的；D. rare罕见的。根据上文“Lts f activities are linked t better brain health in ld age, like getting mre educatin when yu’re yunger and physical activity.(许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼)”提到了许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼，而专家表示经常说多种语言可能特别有益。故选A。
\l "_Tc22251" 考向02 句组层次题（节选片段）
【01】
In an age when everybdy is shwing ff nice things n scial media and ____45____ t be smething they’re nt, it feels smewhat revlutinary t just tell the truth abut what yu can’t affrd.
The term was first intrduced by TikTk (抖音) cmedian Lukas Battle. Battle explained his cncept in an interview: simply put, lud budgeting is being ____46____ abut what yu d and dn’t want t spend mney n. Since his vide, the cncept has caught n rapidly amng the
46. A. wrriedB. angryC. hnestD. excited
【答案】46. C
【46题详解】
句组层次题。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Battle在一次采访中解释了他的概念：简单地说，“大声预算”就是诚实地说出你想花钱和不想花钱的地方。A. wrried担心的；B. angry生气的，愤怒的；C. hnest诚实的；D. excited兴奋的。根据上文“it feels smewhat revlutinary t just tell the truth abut what yu can’t affrd”可知，“大声预算”就是诚实地说出自己的经济状况与消费计划。故选C。
【02】
“We’re at an interesting stage f a startup; it’s called the Valley f Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted fr regulatry apprval yet, but we’re lking t cmmercialize in the next tw years.” Nevertheless, the impatient entrepreneur is ___51___.
A. delightfulB. insightfulC. pen-mindedD. ptimistic
【51题详解】
句组层次题。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这位不耐烦的企业家是乐观的。A. delightful令人高兴的；B. insightful富有洞察力的；C. pen-minded虚心的；D. ptimistic乐观的。根据上文““We’re at an interesting stage f a startup; it’s called the Valley f Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted fr regulatry apprval yet, but we’re lking t cmmercialize in the next tw years.”(“我们正处于创业的一个有趣阶段；它被称为死亡之谷，”斯里拉姆说。“我们目前所处的领域还没有提交监管机构的批准，但我们希望在未来两年内实现商业化。”)”以及Nevertheless表示转折，说明这位企业家的心态是乐观的。故选D。
【03】
A link in an email, ____50____, attracted 50% mre clicks when presented alne than when it was sent alngside a secnd additinal link.
50. A. in cmparisnB. after allC. fr instanceD. in particular
【答案】50. C
【50题详解】
句组层次题。考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，电子邮件中的链接单独呈现时，比与第二个附加链接一起发送时吸引的点击量多50%。A. in cmparisn相比之下；B. after all毕竟；C. fr instance例如；D. in particular尤其。根据上文“______ the number f the available ptins has the same effect, t.”可知本句是举例说明上文的这个观点，故选C。
【04】
In the middle f 2023, a study cnducted by the HuthLab at the University f Texas sent shckwaves thrugh the fields f neurscience (神经科学) and technlgy. Fr the first time, the thughts and impressins f peple ___41___ t cmmunicate with the utside wrld were translated int cntinuus natural language, using a cmbinatin f artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technlgy. This is the clsest science has yet cme t
___42___ smene’s mind.
41. A. eagerB. readyC. unwillingD. unable
【答案】41. D
【41题详解】
句组层次题。考查形容词辨析。句意：通过人工智能(AI)和脑成像技术的结合，无法与外界交流的人的思想和印象首次被翻译成连续的自然语言。A. eager渴望的；B. ready准备好的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. unable不能够的。根据“were translated int cntinuus natural language”和下文“Lsing the ability t cmmunicate”知，空处修饰peple，此处表示一些人无法与外界交流，他们的想法被翻译成语言。故选D项。
【05】
Hwever, interpreting animal behavir thrugh human eyes can be ____44____, bserves Marc Hauser, a Harvard psychlgy prfessr and evlutinary bilgist. In the cucumber-grape study, fr example, the mnkeys culd have ____45____ the cucumbers simply because they were annyed that they didn’t get a grape nce they saw it.
44．A．criticalB．pessimisticC．prblematicD．marvellus
45．A．set asideB．thrwn awayC．held ntD．aimed at
【答案】44．C 45．B
44．句组层次题。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauser认为，通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能存在问题。A. critical批判的；极其重要的；B. pessimistic悲观的；C. prblematic有困难的；成问题的；D. marvellus极好的；令人惊奇的。根据后文“In the cucumber-grape study, fr example, the mnkeys culd have ______ the cucumbers simply because they were annyed that they didn’t get a grape nce they saw it.”可知哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauserda认为猴子扔黄瓜的原因并不是因为合作中的分配不公平，所以可以推测通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能是有问题的。故选C项。
45．考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子可能只是因为看到了葡萄却没有得到而生气，就把黄瓜扔掉了。A. set aside留出；B. thrwn away扔掉；C. held nt紧紧抓住；D. aimed at针对；目的在于。根据上文“He may even thrw ut the cucumbers,”可知在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子扔掉了黄瓜。故选B项。
\l "_Tc2717" 考向03 语篇层次题（节选片段）
【01】
Ways t Get That Vacatin Feeling in Tw Days
1. Get creative abut ____27____ time
2. Reflect n pririties
3. Act like a _____32_____
Decisin scientist Nika Kabiri recmmends ding smething ttally new s yu can discnnect frm the same ld rutines _____33_____ yur life. Amng her favrite ideas: Drive t a part f twn yu’ve never been t befre, g fr a strll, and grab lunch at the first cute café yu see. “The spntaneity（自发性）is what makes experiences like this feel vacatin-like,” Kabiri says.
32. A. residentB. masterC. turistD. neighbr
【答案】 32. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种让你在两天内感受到假期的感觉的方法。
【32题详解】
语篇层次题。考查名词词义辨析。句意：表现得像个游客。A. resident居民；B. master大师；C. turist游客；D. neighbr邻居。根据“Amng her favrite ideas: Drive t a part f twn yu’ve never been t befre, g fr a strll, and grab lunch at the first cute café yu see.”可知，本段建议要表现得像个游客一样。故选C。
【02】
Under such circumstances, it is n surprise that mre peple are turning t private (but expensive) healthcare.
Fr sme, hwever, there are ___22___. They are turning their back n mdern pills, tablets and resrting t ther cnventinal medicine.
A. prgramsB. alternativesC. measuresD. scales
【答案】 22. B
【22题详解】
语篇层次题。考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，对一些人来说，还有其他选择。A. prgrams项目；B. alternatives选择；C. measures措施；D. scales天平。根据后文“They are turning their back n mdern pills, tablets and resrting t ther cnventinal medicine.(他们正在放弃现代药片，转而求助于其他传统药物)”可知，一些人现代药片，转而求助于其他传统药物，即有其他选择。故选B。
【03】
They were ____24____ that these kinds f rbts require glass syntactic fltatin fam, a type f flating material used in varius marine applicatins.____25____ mney, all they culd affrd was sme PVC pipes and duct tape (强力胶布).____26____, they searched the city fr varius spare parts, gathering whatever they culd t bring their visin t life.
A. TherefreB. OtherwiseC. MreverD. Hwever
【答案】 26. A
【26题详解】
语篇层次题。考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，他们在城市里寻找各种备件，收集任何他们能把他们的愿景变为现实的东西。A. Therefre因此；B. Otherwise否则；C. Mrever此外；D. Hwever然而。结合前后文语境可知为因果关系，应用therefre。故选A。

Passage 1
【2025届上海市杨浦区复旦大学附属中学高三毕业考英语试题】
Mst f the earliest written languages that humans invented came frm pictures. These include the first knwn writing systems in Uruk ver 5,000 years ag, as well as ancient Egyptian and Mayan nes. Over time, the symbls became mre 1 t the pint that a mdern bserver wuld have little idea f what the symbl represents.
Sme f the writing systems that 2 frm pictgraphs are still in wide use tday, mst ntably Chinese. Alphabetic writing systems like Latin and English grew ut f a need t represent 3 rather than bjects and ideas. These kinds f written languages date back t n mre than 4,000 years ag. Pictures have sme 4 ver the syllabic (音节的) writing systems we are used t. Instead f referring t sunds in an essentially randm way, the frmer refers t the 5 . As such, they require n learning and n translatin.
A crucial challenge fr getting a language system t 6 is that everyne wh uses it has t agree ahead f time what each symbl means r sunds like. Pictures slve this prblem. But making a gd picture — 7 a spectacularly detailed and lifelike painting — takes a lng time. Instant 8 f it cmes at the expense f speed. 9 , this was the case until the internet age.
Luckily, Emjis remve all the 10 . Yu get a symbl with a (n) 11 understd meaning but withut having t draw it yurself. In additin, emjis, as their name implies, cnvey emtin in ways that are mre 12 t accmplish with wrds. S, in a way, writing has returned t its rts. 13 , the idea f “scrlling” n a webpage r app ges back t the unrlling f ancient parchment scrlls (羊皮卷轴).
The 14 f emjis is that they have nt yet been dcumented in a widely agreed-upn dictinary. There exists an Emjipedia but it is nt generally used. Perhaps the next evlutin f the language f emji will cme when peple systematize their meanings and put them int a kind f lgical rder, maybe even ne where each emji symbl 15 a new sund. In ding s, the whle prcess f building syllabic language frm pictgraphs may begin again.
1．A．abstractB．peticC．cncreteD．vivid
2．A．sufferedB．departedC．recveredD．evlved
3．A．scial phenmenaB．cmplex emtins
C．speech sundsD．cultural traditins
4．A．apprvalsB．impactsC．advantagesD．dubts
5．A．languageB．wrldC．ruleD．alphabet
6．A．speed upB．shw ffC．catch nD．break dwn
7．A．superir tB．let alneC．judge frmD．except fr
8．A．recgnitinB．cllectinC．misunderstandingD．cding
9．A．At leastB．What’s mreC．Abve allD．Fr instance
10．A．certaintyB．suspicinC．effrtD．expense
11．A．persnallyB．unusuallyC．partiallyD．universally
12．A．effrtlessB．labriusC．directD．fruitful
13．A．FrtunatelyB．SimilarlyC．MreverD．Nevertheless
14．A．specialtyB．highlightC．drawbackD．hazard
15．A．takes nB．takes utC．takes inD．takes ff
【答案】
1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．B 8．A 9．A 10．C 11．D 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了书写语言从象形文字到字母文字再到表情符号的演变过程，强调了表情符号在简化表达和情感传递方面的优势及未来可能的发展方向。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，这些符号变得越来越抽象，以至于现代观察者几乎不知道这些符号代表什么。A. abstract抽象的；B. petic诗意的；C. cncrete具体的；D. vivid生动的。根据下文“a mdern bserver wuld have little idea f what the symbl represents”以及常识可知，现代观察者几乎不知道这些象形文字代表什么，推测此处表示这些象形文字变得越来越抽象。故选A。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些从象形文字演变而来的书写系统至今仍在广泛使用，最著名的是中文。A. suffered遭受；B. departed离开；C. recvered恢复；D. evlved演变。根据下文“frm pictgraphs are still in wide use tday”可知，此处指从象形文字演变而来的书写系统。故选D。
3．考查名词短语辨析。句意：像拉丁语和英语这样的字母书写系统是为了表示语音而不是物体和思想而产生的。A. scial phenmena社会现象；B. cmplex emtins复杂的情感；C. speech sunds语音；D. cultural traditins文化传统。根据下文“Alphabetic writing systems”以及语境可知，这样的字母书写系统是为了表示语音。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：图片相对于我们习惯的音节书写系统有一些优势。A. apprvals批准；B. impacts影响；C. advantages优势；D. dubts怀疑。根据下文“Instead f referring t sunds in an essentially randm way, the frmer refers t the 5 . As such, they require n learning and n translatin.”可知，此处表示图片有一些优势。故选C。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：前者不是以一种本质上随机的方式指代声音，而是指代世界。A. language语言；B. wrld世界；C. rule规则；D. alphabet字母表。根据上文“Instead f referring t sunds in an essentially randm way”可知，此处指图片指代的是世界，而不是声音。故选B。
6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：让一种语言系统流行起来的一个关键挑战是，使用它的每个人都必须提前就每个符号的含义或发音达成一致。A. speed up加速；B. shw ff炫耀；C. catch n流行起来；D. break dwn出故障。根据下文“is that everyne wh uses it has t agree ahead f time what each symbl means r sunds like”可知，此处指让一种语言系统流行起来需要一些前提条件。故选C。
7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：但是制作一幅好画——更不用说一幅极其细致逼真的画了——需要很长时间。A. superir t优于；B. let alne更不用说；C. judge frm从……判断；D. except fr除了。根据上文“But making a gd picture”和下文“a spectacularly detailed and lifelike painting”可知，此处指更不用说一幅极其细致逼真的画了。故选B。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：即时识别是以牺牲速度为代价的。A. recgnitin识别；B. cllectin收集；C. misunderstanding误解；D. cding译码。根据上文“Pictures slve this prblem.”可知，图片可以解决识别问题，所以此处表示即时识别是以速度为代价的。故选A。
9．考查固定短语辨析。句意：至少在互联网时代之前是这样。A. At least至少；B. What’s mre而且；C. Abve all最重要的是；D. Fr instance例如。根据下文“this was the case until the internet age”可知，此处指至少在互联网时代之前一副能传达意思的图片需要花很长时间。故选A。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，表情符号免除了所有的努力。A. certainty确定性；B. suspicin怀疑；C. effrt努力；D. expense费用。根据下文“withut having t draw it yurself.”可知，表情符号免除了费力的事。故选C。
11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：你得到了一个具有普遍理解意义的符号，但不必自己画出来。A. persnally亲自地；B. unusually不寻常地；C. partially部分地；D. universally普遍地。根据上文“Luckily, Emjis remve all the ____10____ .”可知，表情符号免除了所有的努力，所以此处指得到了一个具有普遍理解意义的符号。故选D。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，正如它们的名字所暗示的那样，表情符号以一种用文字更难实现的方式传达情感。A. effrtless不费力的；B. labrius费力的；C. direct直接的；D. fruitful富有成效的。根据下文“t accmplish with wrds”以及常识可知，在传达情感层面，相较于文字表情符号不那么费力。故选B。
13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：类似地，在网页或应用程序上“滚动”的想法可以追溯到古代羊皮卷轴的展开。A. Frtunately幸运地；B. Similarly类似地；C. Mrever此外；D. Nevertheless然而。根据下文“the idea f “scrlling” n a webpage r app ges back t the unrlling f ancient parchment scrlls (羊皮卷轴).”可知，此处指类似地，“滚动”的想法来源于古代羊皮卷轴展开。故选B。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：表情符号的缺点是它们还没有被记录在广泛认可的字典中。A. specialty专业；B. highlight亮点；C. drawback缺点；D. hazard危险。根据下文“that they have nt yet been dcumented in a widely agreed-upn dictinary”可知，此处指表情符号的缺点。故选C。
15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：也许表情符号语言的下一次进化将是当人们系统化它们的含义并将它们放入一种逻辑顺序中时，甚至可能每个表情符号符号代表一个新的声音。A. takes n呈现；B. takes ut取出；C. takes in吸收；D. takes ff起飞，突然成功。根据下文“a new sund”可知，此处指每个表情符号符号代表一个新的声音。故选A。
Passage 2
【2025届上海市嘉定区交大附中附属中学高三下学期5月高考模拟英语试题】
Every year, the wrld lses sme f its 7,000 languages. Parents stp speaking them t their children, wrds are frgtten and cmmunities lse the ability t read their wn 1 .
The UN’s culture agency, UNESCO, said predictins that half f the wrld’s languages will have died ut by the end f the century are 2 . Sme are disappearing with their last 3 . Thusands are 4 because they are nt being spken widely enugh r used in frmal settings such as schls r wrkplaces. The rate f lss is 5 , frm ne every three mnths a decade ag t ne every 40 days in 2019 — meaning nine languages die a year.
A quiet 6 is under way in cmmunities that feel their traditins are drwned ut. Tchi Precius, a Nigerian living in Abuja, said: “It pains my heart every day t see that a language is 7 , because it’s nt just abut the language, it’s als abut the peple, the histry assciated with it and the culture. When it is gne, everything linked t it is gne t.”
Precius said it was this 8 that made her jin effrts t save Igb, a west African language that was predicted t disappear in 2024. Ensuring there is a(n) 9 f wrds and meanings, hw it is written and hw it is used is key, accrding t campaigners, wh help thers prtect their languages thrugh the rganisatin Wikitngues.
Online encyclpaedia (百科全书) is favured by language activists as an effective and 10 way t uplad media and build dictinaries. Wikitngues, in particular, fcuses n 11 languages using cllective resurces free f charge, such as Wikipedia entries. Many language activists als create bks, vides and recrdings that can be widely 12 .
But after 13 , activists then have the challenge f persuading peple t use a language. Precius said that even thugh Igb is ne f Nigeria’s largest languages, many parents believe nly English is useful fr a child’s future. But she said it gave her pleasure t see the language ding better. “I have realised that, yes, a language can be endangered but then the peple wh speak the language can als fight fr its 14 . Because 2025 is already here, and definitely Igb is nt 15 ,” she said.
1．A．truthB．mindC．thughtsD．scripts
2．A．cnfidentB．ptimisticC．crrectD．accurate
3．A．speakersB．cursesC．barriersD．studies
4．A．endangeredB．differentC．infrmalD．unfficial
5．A．cutB．changedC．quickeningD．drpping
6．A．backfireB．utbreakC．ffsetD．fightback
7．A．cutting ffB．dying ffC．levelling ffD．falling ff
8．A．lssB．dealC．identityD．netwrk
9．A．needB．cmbinatinC．recrdD．utcme
10．A．cnventinalB．permanentC．preciseD．affrdable
11．A．analysingB．dcumentingC．develpingD．translating
12．A．admiredB．expectedC．respectedD．shared
13．A．innvatinB．reservatinC．preservatinD．mtivatin
14．A．survivalB．rightC．cuntryD．independence
15．A．universalB．dminantC．restredD．extinct
【答案】
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．D 13．C 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球语言正以每40天消失一种的速度消亡，但通过记录、数字化传播和社群努力，如尼日利亚的伊博语拯救行动，濒危语言正获得一线生机。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：父母不再对孩子说这些语言，词汇被遗忘，社群逐渐丧失读写自己字母表的能力。A. truth真相；B. mind头脑；C. thughts想法；D. scripts字母表。根据上文“Parents stp speaking them t their children, wrds are frgtten”可知，此处描述一种语言逐渐消失的情况，指社群逐渐丧失读写自己字母表的能力。故选D。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：联合国文化机构教科文组织表示，预测到本世纪末全球半数语言将消亡的观点可能还过于乐观。A. cnfident自信的；B. ptimistic乐观的；C. crrect正确的；D. accurate准确的。根据下文“frm ne every three mnths a decade ag t ne every 40 days in 2019 — meaning nine languages die a year”可知，语言消失的速度在加快，因此是指这种观点可能还过于乐观。故选B。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有些语言正随最后的说话者一同逝去。A. speakers说话者；B. curses课程；C. barriers障碍；D. studies研究。根据上文“Sme are disappearing”可知，语言会因为说话者的消失而灭绝。故选A。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：数以千计的语言濒危，因为它们未被广泛使用，或未进入学校、职场等正式场合。A. endangered濒危的；B. different不同的；C. infrmal非正式的；D. unfficial非官方的。根据下文“because they are nt being spken widely enugh r used in frmal settings such as schls r wrkplaces”可知，这些未被广泛使用，或未进入学校、职场等正式场合，因此是处于濒危的状态。故选A。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：消亡的速度正在加快——十年前每三个月消失一种，而519年每40天就消失一种，相当于每年有九种语言灭绝。A. cut切割；B. changed改变；C. quickening加速；D. drpping下降。根据下文“frm ne every three mnths a decade ag t ne every 40 days in 519 — meaning nine languages die a year”可知，十年前每三个月消失一种，而519年每40天就消失一种，因此是指消亡的速度正在加快。故选C。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在传统被主流文化淹没的社群中，一场无声的反抗正在进行。A. backfire适得其反；B. utbreak爆发；C. ffset抵消；D. fightback反击。根据下文“Precius said it was this ____8____ that made her jin effrts t save Igb, a west African language”可知，Precius加入了拯救伊博语的行动中，因此是指一场无声的反抗正在进行。故选D。
7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：看到一种语言消亡每天都让我心痛，因为这不仅是语言的消失，还有与之相关的人民、历史和文化的湮灭。A. cutting ff切断；B. dying ff消亡；C. levelling ff趋于平稳；D. falling ff减少。根据上文“in cmmunities that feel their traditins are drwned ut”可知，在这些社群中，传统被主流文化淹没，因此是指语言在消亡。故选B。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Precius说正是这种失去感促使她加入拯救伊博语的行动，这是西非的一种语言，曾被预测2024年将灭绝。A. lss失去；B. deal交易；C. identity身份；D. netwrk网络。根据上文“When it is gne, everything linked t it is gne t.”可知，语言的消失伴随着其他与之相关的事物的消失，因此是指这种失去感促使她加入拯救伊博语的行动。故选A。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过维基语言组织帮助其他人保护他们的语言的活动人士表示，关键是要确保单词和含义、书写方式和使用方式都有记录。A. need需求；B. cmbinatin组合；C. recrd记录；D. utcme结果。根据下文“wh help thers prtect their languages thrugh the rganisatin Wikitngues”可知，这些活动人士帮助其他人保护他们的语言，因此是指确保单词和含义、书写方式和使用方式都有记录。故选C。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：语言活动家青睐在线百科全书，因其能以高效且负担得起的方式上传媒体资料并编纂词典。A. cnventinal传统的；B. permanent永久的；C. precise精确的；D. affrdable负担得起的。根据上文“Online encyclpaedia (百科全书)”可知，在线百科全书是一种高效且负担得起的方式。故选D。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：维基语言尤其注重利用维基百科条目等免费集体资源来记录语言。A. analysing分析；B. dcumenting记录；C. develping发展；D. translating翻译。根据上文“wh help thers prtect their languages thrugh the rganisatin Wikitngues”可知，维基语言是能帮助其他人保护他们的语言的一个组织，因此是指利用集体资源来记录语言。故选B。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多活动家还制作书籍、视频和录音，供广泛共享。A. admired钦佩；B. expected预期；C. respected尊敬；D. shared共享。根据这是保护濒危语言的情境，以及上文“Many language activists als create bks, vides and recrdings”可知，这些书籍、视频和录音可以被广泛共享，从而达到保护语言的目的。故选D。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但保存语言后，活动家还面临说服人们使用语言的挑战。A. innvatin创新；B. reservatin保留；C. preservatin保存；D. mtivatin动机。根据上一段描述的语言活动家致力于用各种方式把语言保存下来可知，此处指保存语言后之后的挑战。故选C。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我意识到，是的，语言可能濒危，但使用它的人也能为其生存而战。A. survival生存；B. right权利；C. cuntry国家；D. independence独立。根据上文“Precius said it was this ____8____ that made her jin effrts t save Igb”可知，Precius加入了拯救伊博语的行动中，因此是指使用它的人为其生存而战。故选A。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因为2025年已至，而伊博语显然没有灭绝。A. universal普遍的；B. dminant主导的；C. restred恢复的；D. extinct灭绝的。根据上文“a west African language that was predicted t disappear in 2024”可知，原本伊博语被预测2024年灭绝，因此是指现在它显然没有灭绝。故选D。
Passage 3
【上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三下学期5月英语试卷】
Many peple feel drained after ging thrugh a series f failures. Yu may be searching fr meaningful ways t 1 yur well-being. What better time t begin practicing self-acceptance than n Wrld Kindness Day?
2 , being kind t yurself ften invlves mre cmplexity than peple may realize. Mre than 20 years ag, Dr. Kristin Neff, an assciate prfessr f educatinal psychlgy at the University f Texas, develped a framewrk fr measuring self-acceptance designed t make this vital prcess mre accessible. The three cre factrs — mindfulness, cmmn humanity and kindness — are essential fr ffering yurself the same understanding and supprt that yu wuld 3 give t thers.
Mindfulness is an essential factr f self-acceptance
Mindfulness aims t bring 4 t the struggles yu are facing. It’s easy t verlk ur wn pain, but it’s als essential t pause and acknwledge the anxiety surrunding yu.
“Get angry at smething arund yu and the emtin might be quickly disappear,” said Dr Kimberly Hrn, a research psychlgist. Hwever, “that can turn int frustratin and ther 5 feelings fr us t hld n t,” Hrn added. “Thinking abut hw we treat urselves with 6 during this time is a pwerful tl.”
Recgnizing these 7 is just the first step in the healing prcess. Instead f allwing these negative feelings t 8 yu, Neff recmmended reminding yurself that there is mre that can be dne, n matter hw yu feel in the mment.
“We shuld be with that sadness and hpelessness and despair, let it all in, feel it, 9 it, give yurself empathy fr the incredible pain f it, and then start mving again,” Neff said.
Cmmn humanity helps us embrace ur differences
Starting frm within may be the key t better understanding thse wh 10 yu, accrding t a 2023 study published in the jurnal Self and Identity.
“When yu have empathy fr yurself, yu are 11 t have mre empathy fr thers,” said Dr. Hanh Annie Vu, the study’s lead authr. “Self-acceptance is linked t cmmn humanity, s viewing yurself and yur flaws as a nrmal part f being human is linked with less 12 tward utgrups.”
Finding cmmn grund, even in small ways strengthens understanding. When kindness seems 13 , it’s imprtant t make a cnscius effrt t lk fr the gd in thse arund us.
Kindness is abut priritizing yur peace
Practicing kindness invlves adpting a supprtive and 14 mindset, especially in hw yu talk t yurself and make decisins.
“I’ve had t say this t myself, ‘n matter what happens, I’ll 15 it,’” Neff said. “Day by day, I’ll be there t supprt myself t supprt thers.”
Extending kindness t yurself als can take many frms, such as setting bundaries with thse arund yu t prtect yur inner peace.
1．A．threatenB．endangerC．priritizeD．cncern
2．A．HweverB．TherefreC．BesidesD．Otherwise
3．A．partiallyB．readilyC．patientlyD．ccasinally
4．A．slutinsB．hpeC．awarenessD．resurces
5．A．uncmfrtableB．delicateC．indescribableD．particular
6．A．gratitudeB．severityC．dislikeD．kindness
7．A．emtinsB．reasnsC．factrsD．difficulties
8．A．sustainB．transfrmC．cnsumeD．mtivate
9．A．cntrlB．cncealC．acknwledgeD．deepen
10．A．stand byB．fall behindC．disagree withD．laugh at
11．A．unableB．likelyC．hesitantD．sensible
12．A．attentinB．trustC．supprtD．prejudice
13．A．limitedB．appreciatedC．misunderstdD．ignred
14．A．encuragingB．aggressiveC．creativeD．strategic
15．A．rely nB．take n ntice fC．get thrughD．keep away frm
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．A 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．C 11．B 12．D 13．A 14．A 15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自我接纳的重要性以及克里斯汀·内夫博士提出的衡量自我接纳的框架，包括正念、共通人性和善良三个核心因素，并分别阐述了它们在自我接纳中的作用。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你可能正在寻找有意义的方式来优先考虑你的幸福。A. threaten威胁；B. endanger危及；C. priritize优先考虑；D. cncern涉及，关心。根据前文“Many peple feel drained after ging thrugh a series f failures.”和后文“yur well-being”可推知，人们在经历失败后感到筋疲力尽，需要寻找提升幸福感的方式，也就是要优先考虑自己的幸福。故选C项。
2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，善待自己往往比人们意识到的要复杂得多。A. Hwever然而；B. Therefre因此；C. Besides此外；D. Otherwise否则。前文提到“What better time t begin practicing self-acceptance than n Wrld Kindness Day?”，表明在世界善良日开始实践自我接纳是个好时机，而此句说“being kind t yurself ften invlves mre cmplexity than peple may realize”，说明善待自己更复杂，前后是转折关系。故选A项。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：三个核心因素——正念、共通人性和善良——对于给予自己同样的理解和支持至关重要，就像你会乐意地给予他人的那样。A. partially部分地；B. readily轻而易举地，乐意地；C. patiently耐心地；D. ccasinally偶尔。根据前文“the same understanding and supprt”和常识，我们通常会很乐意地给他人理解和支持，这里强调给予他人支持时的自然和乐意。故选B项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：正念旨在让你意识到你所面临的困境。A. slutins解决方案；B. hpe希望；C. awareness意识；D. resurces资源。根据后文“It’s easy t verlk ur wn pain, but it’s als essential t pause and acknwledge the anxiety surrunding yu.(我们很容易忽视自己的痛苦，但停下来承认周围的焦虑也是至关重要的)”可知，正念是要让我们对自己面临的问题有意识。故选C项。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“然而，这可能会变成我们难以释怀的沮丧和其他不舒服的感觉，”霍恩补充道。A. uncmfrtable不舒服的；B. delicate精致的，微妙的；C. indescribable难以形容的；D. particular特别的。根据前文“Get angry at smething arund yu and the emtin might be quickly disappear”以及“frustratin”可知，这里说的是负面的、让人感觉不舒服的情绪。故选A项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：思考我们在这段时间如何善待自己是一个强大的工具。A. gratitude感激；B. severity严厉；C. dislike不喜欢；D. kindness善良。根据前文提到的自我接纳的核心因素之一是“kindness”以及“Thinking abut hw we treat urselves...”可知，这里说的是用善良对待自己。故选D项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：认识到这些情绪只是治愈过程的第一步。A. emtins情绪；B. reasns原因；C. factrs因素；D. difficulties困难。根据后文“Instead f allwing these negative feelings”可知，要先认识到这些负面情绪。故选A项。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：内夫建议提醒自己，无论你此刻感觉如何，还有更多的事情可以做，而不是让这些负面情绪吞噬你。A. sustain维持；B. transfrm转变；C. cnsume吞噬，消耗；D. mtivate激励。根据前文“Recgnizing these 7 is just the first step in the healing prcess.(认识到这些情绪只是治愈过程的第一步)”以及后文“Neff recmmended reminding yurself that there is mre that can be dne, n matter hw yu feel in the mment.”可知，不能让负面情绪控制和影响自己，也就是不能让其“吞噬”自己。故选C项。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我们应该面对悲伤、绝望，让它们都进来，感受它们，承认它们，为这种巨大的痛苦给自己同理心，然后再重新出发，”内夫说。A. cntrl控制；B. cnceal隐藏；C. acknwledge承认；D. deepen加深。根据前文“Recgnizing these 7 is just the first step in the healing prcess.(认识到这些情绪只是治愈过程的第一步)”和“let it all in, feel it”可知，要感受并承认这些负面情绪。故选C项。
10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：根据2023年发表在《自我与身份》杂志上的一项研究，从自身出发可能是更好地理解与你意见不一致的人的关键。A. stand by支持；B. fall behind落后；C. disagree with不同意，与……意见不一致；D. laugh at嘲笑。根据前文“Cmmn humanity helps us embrace ur differences”可知，“拥抱彼此的差异”也就是接受不同，理解和自己有不同观点的人。故选C项。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“当你对自己有同理心时，你更有可能对他人有更多的同理心，”该研究的主要作者韩·安妮·武博士说。A. unable不能的；B. likely可能的；C. hesitant犹豫的；D. sensible明智的。根据后文“t have mre empathy fr thers”和“Self-acceptance is linked t cmmn humanity”可知，自我接纳与共通人性相关联，对自己有同理心会增加对他人有同理心的可能性。故选B项。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：自我接纳与共通人性相关联，所以将自己和自己的缺点视为人类正常的一部分，与减少对外群体的偏见有关。A. attentin注意；B. trust信任；C. supprt支持；D. prejudice偏见。根据前文“When yu have empathy fr yurself, yu are 11 t have mre empathy fr thers(当你对自己有同理心时，你更有可能对他人有更多的同理心)”和“Self-acceptance is linked t cmmn humanity”可知，自我接纳与共通人性相关联，接纳自己的缺点就会就会接纳他人的缺点，会减少对他人的偏见。故选D项。
13．考查形容词和动词词义辨析。句意：当善良似乎有限时，有意识地努力在我们周围的人身上寻找善是很重要的。A. limited有限的；B. appreciated欣赏；C. misunderstd被误解的；D. ignred被忽视的。根据后文“it’s imprtant t make a cnscius effrt t lk fr the gd in thse arund us”可知，我们要主动去发现他人的善，所以善良有限，不够明显。故选A项。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：践行善良包括采用一种支持性和鼓励性的心态，尤其是在你如何与自己对话和做决定方面。A. encuraging鼓励的；B. aggressive有攻击性的；C. creative有创造力的；D. strategic有策略的。根据前文“Practicing kindness invlves adpting a supprtive”以及全文围绕善待自己的积极态度可知，这里说的是积极的、鼓励性的心态。故选A项。
15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：“我不得不对自己说，‘无论发生什么，我都会挺过去的，’”内夫说。A. rely n依靠；B. take n ntice f忽视；C. get thrugh度过，挺过；D. keep away frm远离。根据前文“n matter what ”可推知，前后是转折关系，即无论遇到什么困难，都能度过。故选C项。
Passage 4
【2025届上海市复兴高级中学高三下学期三模英语试题】
Hw can ne persn enjy gd health, while anther persn lks ld befre her time? Humans have been asking this questin fr thusands f years, and recently, it’s becming clearer and clearer t scientists that the differences between peple’s rates f aging lie in the cmplex 1 amng genes, scial relatinships, envirnments and lifestyles. Even thugh yu were brn with a particular set f genes, the way yu live can 2 hw they express themselves. Sme lifestyle factrs may even turn genes n r 3 them.
Deep within the genetic heart f all ur cells are telmeres, r repeating segments f nn-cding DNA that live at the ends f the chrmsmes (染色体).They frm caps at the ends f the chrmsmes and keep the genetic material tgether. Shrtening with each cell divisin, they help determine hw 4 a cell ages. When they becme t shrt, the cell stps 5 altgether. This isn’t the nly reasn a cell can age — there are ther stresses n cells we dn’t yet understand very well — but shrt telmeres are ne f the 6 reasns human cells grw ld. We’ve devted mst f ur careers t studying telmeres, and ne extrardinary discvery frm ur labs is that telmeres can actually 7 .
Scientists have learned that several thught patterns appear t be 8 fr telmeres and ne f them is cynical hstility. Cynical hstility is defined by high anger and frequent thughts that ther peple cannt be trusted. Smene with hstility desn’t just think, “I hate t stand in lng lines”; they think, “Others 9 sped up and beat me t my rightful psitin in the line!” — and then get vilently agitated. Peple wh scre high n measures f cynical hstility tend t get mre heart disease, metablic disease and ften die at 10 ages. They als have shrter telmeres. In a study f British civil servants, men wh scred high n measures f cynical hstility had shrter telmeres than men whse hstility scres were lw. The mst hstile men were 30% mre likely t have shrt telmeres.
What this means: aging is a 11 prcess that culd pssibly be accelerated r slwed, and in sme aspects, even reversed. T an extent, it has 12 us and the rest f the scientific cmmunity that telmeres d nt simply carry ut the cmmands issued by yur genetic cde. Yur telmeres are 13 yu. The fds yu eat, yur respnse t challenges, the amunt f exercise yu get, and many ther factrs appear t influence yur telmeres and can prevent 14 aging at the cellular level. One f the keys t enjying gd health is simply ding yur part t fster healthy cell 15 .
1．A．qualityB．interactinC．breakthrughD．challenge
2．A．influenceB．exchangeC．integrateD．evlve
3．A．set utB．put upC．shut ffD．act as
4．A．naturalB．ptentialC．uniqueD．fast
5．A．dividingB．recyclingC．creatingD．prcessing
6．A．efficientB．prductiveC．majrD．subsequent
7．A．deepenB．lengthenC．widenD．imprve
8．A．primitiveB．resistantC．riginalD．unhealthy
9．A．deliberatelyB．accidentallyC．literallyD．exceptinally
10．A．matureB．yungerC．incredibleD．current
11．A．permanentB．fundamentalC．dynamicD．psitive
12．A．surprisedB．remindedC．upsetD．trained
13．A．stirring upB．listening tC．breaking dwnD．turning int
14．A．riginalB．frequentC．universalD．premature
15．A．renewalB．recycleC．rediscveryD．reductin
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．A 13．B 14．D 15．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类衰老速度差异的奥秘一直是千古谜题，现代科学发现其关键在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式的复杂相互作用。生活方式不仅能影响基因表达，甚至能调控基因的“开启”或“关闭”。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：几千年来，人类一直在问这个问题，最近，科学家们越来越清楚地认识到，人们衰老速度的差异在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的相互作用。A. quality质量；B. interactin相互作用；C. breakthrugh突破；D. challenge挑战。根据句意以及下文“amng genes, scial relatinships, envirnments and lifestyles”可知，这里指基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的“相互作用”。故选B项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使你生来就有一组特殊的基因，你的生活方式也会影响它们的表达方式。A. influence影响；B. exchange交换；C. integrate使结合；D. evlve进化。根据下文“Sme lifestyle factrs may even turn genes n r ____3____ them.”可知，这里指的是生活方式能够“影响”基因的表达。故选A项。
3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因。A. set ut出发，开始；B. put up张贴，举起；C. shut ff关闭；D. act as担任，充当。根据上文“Sme lifestyle factrs may even turn genes n”可知，与 turn genes n（开启基因）相对应的是“关闭”基因，shut ff 有“关闭”的意思。故选C项。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着每次细胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于确定细胞衰老的速度。A. natural成熟的；B. ptential潜在的；C. unique独特的；D. fast快的。根据上文“Shrtening with each cell divisin”可知，端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于决定细胞衰老的“速度”。故选D项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当它们变得太短时，细胞就完全停止分裂。A. dividing分裂；B. recycling循环；C. creating创造；D. prcessing处理。根据上文“Shrtening with each cell divisin”提到细胞分裂，由此可知，当端粒变得太短时，细胞就会完全停止“分裂”。故选A项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不是细胞衰老的唯一原因——我们还不太了解细胞受到的其他压力——但短端粒是人类细胞衰老的主要原因之一。A. efficient有效的；B. prductive多产的；C. majr主要的；D. subsequent随后的。根据上文“This isn't the nly reasn a cell can age — there are ther stresses n cells we dn't yet understand very well”可知，短端粒是人类细胞变老的“主要”原因之一。故选C项。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的大部分职业生涯都致力于研究端粒，我们实验室的一个非凡发现是，端粒实际上可以延长。A. deepen加深；B. lengthen变长；C. widen加宽；D. imprve改善。根据前文“Shrtening with each cell divisin”提到端粒会缩短，这里说有一个非凡的发现，即端粒实际上可以“变长”。故选B项。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家们已经了解到，有几种思维模式似乎对端粒不健康，其中之一是愤世嫉俗的敌意。A. primitive原始的；B. resistant抵制的；C. riginal最初的；D. unhealthy不健康的。根据后文“Peple wh scre high n measures f cynical hstility tend t get mre heart disease”提到的愤世嫉俗的敌意这种思维模式会使人有更短的端粒，可知一些思维模式对端粒是“有害的、不健康的”。故选D项。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们会想：“别人故意加快速度，把我抢到应有的位置！”A. deliberately故意地；B. accidentally意外地；C. literally照字面地；D. exceptinally特别地。根据下文“sped up and beat me t my rightful psitin in the line”可知，怀有敌意的人会认为别人是“故意”加速并抢占了他们在队伍中的正当位置。故选A项。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在愤世嫉俗的敌意测试中得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病和代谢疾病，而且往往在更年轻的时候死亡。A. mature成熟的；B. yunger更年轻的；C. incredible难以置信的；D. current当前的。根据上文“Peple wh scre high n measures f cynical hstility tend t get mre heart disease”可知，那些愤世嫉俗的敌意得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病、代谢疾病，并且通常会在“更年轻的”年龄去世。yunger 表示“更年轻的”，与前文提到的他们身体状况更差相呼应，说明这种思维模式对健康的负面影响。故选B项。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着：衰老是一个动态过程，可以加速或减缓，在某些方面甚至可以逆转。A. permanent永久的； B. fundamental基本的；C. dynamic动态的；D. psitive积极的。根据下文“culd pssibly be accelerated r slwed — and, in sme aspects, even reversed”可知，衰老是一个“动态的”过程，可以被加速、减缓，在某些方面甚至可以逆转。故选C项。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，端粒不只是执行你的遗传密码发出的命令，这让我们和科学界的其他人感到惊讶。A. surprised使惊讶；B. reminded提醒；C. upset使心烦；D. trained训练。根据下文“the rest f the scientific cmmunity that telmeres d nt simply carry ut the cmmands issued by yur genetic cde”可知，端粒并不只是简单地执行基因密码发出的指令，这在一定程度上让科学家们感到“惊讶”。故选A项。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的端粒在听从你的声音。A. stirring up激起；B. listening t听从、听取；C. breaking dwn分解；D. turning int转变成。根据上下文语境可知，这里说端粒会“听从”你的一些生活因素的影响。listen t 有“听从、听取”的意思，形象地表达了端粒会受到生活方式等因素的影响。故选B项。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你吃的食物、你对挑战的反应、你的运动量，以及许多其他因素似乎都会影响你的端粒，并能在细胞水平上防止过早衰老。A. riginal原始的；B. frequent频繁的；C. universal普遍的；D. premature过早的。根据上文“The fds yu eat, yur respnse t challenges, the amunt f exercise yu get, and many ther factrs appear t influence yur telmeres”可知，很多因素可以影响端粒并防止细胞“过早”衰老。premature 表示“过早的”，premature aging 即“过早衰老”，是一个常见的表达。故选D项。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：享受健康的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来促进健康的细胞更新。A. renewal更新；B. recycle回收利用；C. rediscvery重新发现；D. reductin减少。 根据句意以及上文“One f the keys t enjying gd health is simply ding yur part t fster healthy cell”可知，享受良好健康的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来促进健康的细胞“更新”。 故选A项。
Passage 5
【2025届上海市晋元高级中学高三下学期三模英语试题】
When I was a child, mealtimes were treasured family mments. My favrite dish was spaghetti pmdr, simple pasta in tmat sauce. Our meals 1 fresh vegetables, fruits, and, in ur teenage years, a glass f red wine. Occasinally, I enjyed a few slices f prsciutt (熏火腿) , and utdr sprts kept me active. This traditinal Mediterranean diet, rted in centuries f cultural heritage, kept me healthy and prved t be beneficial fr the 2 well-being as well.
In 2020, the Mediterranean diet celebrated its tenth anniversary as a UNESCO-designated “Cultural Heritage f Humanity.” Yet, surprisingly, Italians are 3 this healthy lifestyle. Fast fd cnsumptin is rising, prtins are grwing, and fewer families sit dwn fr 4 tgether. Alarmingly, Italian children nw rank amng the mst verweight in Eurpe, accrding t a Wrld Health Organizatin study.
This issue extends beynd Italy t becme a(n) 5 crisis. Malnutritin is a(n) 6 prblem: while hunger is rising glbally, with 821 millin peple undernurished, tw billin peple are verweight. 7 , ne-third f all fd prduced is wasted. Livestck farming alne cnsumes tw-thirds f agricultural land and accunts fr half f agriculture-related greenhuse gas emissins.
Withut immediate changes, this cycle will 8 . By 2050, the glbal ppulatin is expected t 9 by 2.3 billin, intensifying the demand fr meat. Since the mid-20th century, the fd system has priritized quantity ver quality, 10 vast fd waste. A fundamental shift is urgently needed t fcus n prducing healthier, mre sustainable fd.
The United Natins’ Sustainable Develpment Gals ffer a radmap t end hunger, imprve nutritin, and prmte sustainable agriculture. 11 these gals requires gvernments t supprt sustainable farming practices, reduce fd waste, and ensure healthy fd is bth accessible and affrdable. Taxing unhealthy fd is nt enugh; fruits and vegetables must becme bth prfitable fr farmers and 12 fr cnsumers.
Cmpanies must als 13 . At Barilla, we wrk with farmers t sustainably grw durum wheat, cmbining traditinal crp rtatin with mdern tls like advanced weather frecasting. This imprves efficiency, lwers csts, and enhances quality.
14 , sustainability must be jyful, nt punitive. Fd shuld remain clrful, appetizing, and scial. The Mediterranean diet reminds us t 15 vegetables, fruits, and whle grains, reduce meat cnsumptin, and enjy meals tgether. By embracing these habits, we can nurish ur health and prtect the planet fr generatins t cme.
1．A．fferedB．matchedC．featuredD．listed
2．A．ck’sB．planet’sC．natin’sD．teenager’s
3．A．taking upB．sticking tC．switching tD．mving away frm
4．A．mealsB．rulesC．gssipD．entertainment
5．A．EurpeanB．AsianC．glbalD．reginal
6．A．scialB．cntradictryC．medicalD．unlimited
7．A．NecessarilyB．MeaningfullyC．MrallyD．Shckingly
8．A．wrsenB．stabilizeC．swingD．restre
9．A．declineB．grwC．dubleD．reach
10．A．ranked asB．cntributing tC．reserved frD．resulting frm
11．A．DefiningB．SettingC．AchievingD．Assessing
12．A．affrdableB．deliciusC．edibleD．luxurius
13．A．leave utB．fade awayC．melt dwnD．step up
14．A．CnsequentlyB．HweverC．MreverD．Initially
15．A．escapeB．frecastC．cnserveD．priritize
【答案】
1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．B 11．C 12．A 13．D 14．C 15．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过分析地中海饮食的优势、当前饮食模式的问题（如肥胖、浪费、环境影响等），论证了向可持续饮食模式转变的必要性，并提出政府、企业和个人的应对措施。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的餐食以新鲜蔬菜、水果为特色，在我们青少年时期，还有一杯红酒。A. ffered提供；B. matched匹配；C. featured以……为特色；D. listed列出。根据下文“fresh vegetables, fruits, and, in ur teenage years, a glass f red wine”可知，此处描述餐食的组成特点，“以……为特色”符合语境。故选C项。
2．考查名词所有格辨析。句意：这种植根于几个世纪文化遗产的传统地中海饮食让我保持健康，也被证明对地球的福祉有益。A. ck’s厨师的；B. planet’s地球的；C. natin’s国家的；D. teenager’s青少年的。根据下文“ne-third f all fd prduced is wasted”和“Livestck farming alne cnsumes tw-thirds f agricultural land and accunts fr half f agriculture-related greenhuse gas emissins”中提及食物浪费、畜牧业对环境的影响可知，这里指地中海饮食不仅有益健康，也有利于地球。故选B项。
3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，令人惊讶的是，意大利人正在远离这种健康的生活方式。A. taking up开始从事；B. sticking t坚持；C. switching t转向；D. mving away frm远离。根据下文“Fast fd cnsumptin is rising”可知，意大利人逐渐放弃传统饮食改为快餐，远离健康生活方式。故选D项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：越来越少的家庭一起坐下来用餐。A. meals餐食；B. rules规则；C. gssip闲聊；D. entertainment娱乐。根据上文“mealtimes were treasured family mments”以及Yet表转折可知，表示以前和现在情况的对比，指家庭聚餐减少。故选A项。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个问题超越意大利，成为一场全球危机。A. Eurpean欧洲的；B. Asian亚洲的；C. glbal全球的；D. reginal地区的。根据上文“extends beynd Italy”及下文“hunger is rising glbally”可知，这里指问题已演变为全球性危机。故选C项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：营养不良是一个矛盾的问题：全球饥饿人数上升（8.21 亿人营养不良），同时有 20 亿人超重。A. scial社会的；B. cntradictry矛盾的；C. medical医学的；D. unlimited无限的。根据上文“with 821 millin peple undernurished”和“tw billin peple are verweight”可知，这里表示“全球饥饿营养不良”与“超重”并存，体现了矛盾性。故选B项。
7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：令人震惊的是，全球生产的食物中有三分之一被浪费。A. Necessarily必然地；B. Meaningfully有意义地；C. Mrally道德上地；D. Shckingly令人震惊地。根据下文“ne-third f all fd prduced is wasted”以及语境可知，三分之一食物被浪费是令人震惊的事实。故选D项。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果不立即改变，这种循环将恶化。A. wrsen恶化；B. stabilize稳定；C. swing摇摆；D. restre恢复。根据上文“Withut immediate changes”及后文人口增长对食物的需求可知，这里指如果现状不改变，问题会恶化。故选A项。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：到2050年，全球人口预计将增长23亿。A. decline下降；B. grw增长；C. duble翻倍；D. reach达到。根据下文“intensifying the demand fr meat”以及语境可知，这里指人口增长导致需求增加。故选B项。
10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：自20世纪中叶以来，食品体系优先考虑数量而非质量，导致大量食物浪费。A. ranked as列为；B. cntributing t导致；C. reserved fr保留；D. resulting frm由……引起。根据上文“priritized quantity ver quality”和下文“vast fd waste”可知，这里指“重数量轻质量”是原因，“食物浪费”是结果，“导致”符合因果关系。故选B项。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：实现这些目标需要政府支持可持续农业实践，减少食物浪费，并确保健康食品既可获得又负担得起。A. Defining定义；B. Setting设定；C. Achieving实现；D. Assessing评估。根据下文“requires gvernments t supprt”以及语境可知，这里指实现这些目标需要政府的支持。故选C项。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对不健康食品征税是不够的；水果和蔬菜必须让农民有利可图，让消费者买得起。A. affrdable负担得起的；B. delicius美味的；C. edible可食用的；D. luxurius奢侈的。根据上文“prfitable fr farmers”以及语境可知，这里与“让农民有利可图”对应，消费者角度需“负担得起”。故选A项。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：企业也必须行动起来。A. leave ut遗漏；B. fade away逐渐消失；C. melt dwn熔化；D. step up挺身而出，采取行动。根据下文“At Barilla, we wrk with farmers”可知，这里指企业需行动起来承担责任。故选D项。
14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，可持续发展必须是令人愉悦的，而非惩罚性的。A. Cnsequently因此；B. Hwever然而；C. Mrever此外；D. Initially最初。根据下文“sustainability must be jyful, nt punitive”以及语境可知，此处补充说明可持续发展的另一维度，与前文形成递进关系，“此外”符合逻辑。故选C项。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：地中海饮食提醒我们优先选择蔬菜、水果和全谷物，减少肉类消费，一起享受美食。A. escape逃避；B. frecast预测；C. cnserve保护；D. priritize优先考虑。根据下文“reduce meat cnsumptin”以及语境可知，这里指应优先选择健康食材并减少肉类消费。故选D项。

Passage 1
（2023年6月·上海高考真题）
Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics, dds and prbability. Yet they’ve lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty. (41)______, patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment. But nw that infrmatin abut every medical cnditin imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent (42) _____ when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd. With the infrmatin verlad brught by the prgress f medicine and technlgy answers are (43) ______ black r white.
Medical schls are nly just starting t teach dctrs hw t deal with this, and patients' expectatins haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen shrt f the srt f certainty that we find in math and gemetry”, says Dr. Rss Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana Schl f Public Health in Trnt. “If yu think abut knwledge and what it des, it’s abut (45) ______ uncertainty, nt abut creating certainty. ”
Dctrs in training, like gamblers, need t be (46) ______ wrking in a field in which they’re cnstantly weighing the dds based n a myriad f factrs. When Upshur teaches medical students hw t diagnse an ailment(小恙), he tells them t (47) ______ their inquiry ---- cme up with a list f pssibilities, rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin. “Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm, yu usually dn’t have certainty abut what wuld be the best (48) ______ and what the utcmes will be in the lng run.”
Technlgy has helped (49) ______ the quest fr certainty. We are reaching a pint where we can feed a list f symptms int a cmputer and get a mre (50) ______ diagnsis than frm a dctr. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a prfessr f medicine at Harvard Medical Schl, sees such develpments as bth a/an (51) ______ and an pprtunity. On ne hand, he says, “technlgy tries t push yu t a/an (52) ______ level f certainty. D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease. ”
On the ther hand, cmputers can’t (53) ______ a diagnsis r a treatment t patients in a cmfrting way. Take a rutine screening test fr early-stage lung cancer. Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule (癌症结节). It can als (54) ______ quite precisely the risk f develping an actual cancer based n the size and shape f a ndule. What it can’t d, (55) ______, is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a 1 percent chance f becming a cancer.
A.On the handB. Afterwrds C. As a result D.Abve all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparencyD. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarelyD. mainly
44.A. adred B.transfrmed C.fadedD.adjusted
45.A. limitingB. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. cmpared withB. accunted fr C. accustmed tD.annyed at
B.train C.clarifyD.braden
48.A. identifyB. cure C.defendD.cause
49.A. enlightenB.redefine C.cmmitD.guarantee
50. A. accurateB.plain C.seriusD.remedial
51.A. challengeB. encunter C.cnversatinD.dispute
52.A. dangerusB. maximal C.unfavrableD.cntrasting
53. A.stuffB.hint C.cmmunicateD. indicate
54.A. cncludeB. understand C.assumeD. calculate
55. A.hweverB. therefre C. mreverD.hence
【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA
【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。
【解析】
41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。n the hand一方面:afterwrds adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):abve all最重要的是:尤其是。
42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics,dds and prbability. Yet they've lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。
43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent certainty--when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。
44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adre v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。
45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的nt abut creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。
46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医生需要习惯于(accustmed t)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C. cmpare with与……比较，跟……相比:accunt fr说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:anny at对愤怒。
47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的cme up with a list f pssibilities--rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(braden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cver v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: braden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。
48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果?”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。
49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: cmmit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。
50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serius adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。
51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encunter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:cnversatin n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。
52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerus adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavrable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:cntrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。
53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a l percent chance f becming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(cmmunicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:cmmunicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。
54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。cnclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。
55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。hwever adv.然而:不管怎样:cnj.不管怎样:therefre adv.因此:mrever adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。
Passage 2
（2022年7月·上海高考真题）
A filler wrd is an apparently meaningless wrd, phrase r sund that marks a pause r hesitatin in speech. Als knwn as a pause filler r hesitatin frm. Sme f the cmmn filler wrds in English are um,uh, er, ah, like, kay,right, and yu knw. Althugh filler wrds “may have fairly minimal lexical(词汇的)cntent,” ntes linguist Barbara A. Fx, “they can play a strategic syntactic(句法的)rle in a(n) (41)________ cnversatin”. What appears t be a filler wrd may als be a hlphrase (整句字)(42) ________the cntext. “Hey, hey, shh, shh, shh. Cme n. Be sensitive t the fact that ther peple are nt cmfrtable talking abut emtinal (43)______. Um, yu knw,I am. I'm fine with that, but... ther peple".
“Mdern linguists led by Lenard Blmfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitatin frms’—the sunds f stammering (uh ), stuttering (um, um)，thrat-clearing (ahem!)，stalling ( well um, that is), interjected when the speaker is searching wrds r (44) _____fr the next thught. ” Yu knw that y’ knw is amng the mst cmmn f these (45) ________frms. Its meaning is nt the imperius ‘yu understand’ even the ld interrgatry ‘d yu get it’? It is given as, and taken t be, merely a filler phrase , (46) ____________ t fill a beat in the flw f sund, nt unlike like, in its new sense f, like, a filler wrd.
These staples f mdern filler cmmunicatin —I mean, y’ knw, like-can als be used as ‘tee-up wrds’.In ld times. pinter phrases r tee-up wrds were get this wuld yu believe? and are yu ready? The (47) ______ f these rib-nudging phrases was- are yu ready-t make the pint, t fcus the listener’s attentin n what was t fllw. If the (48) _______is t tee up a pint, we shuld accept y’ knw and its friends as a.mildly (49)_______ spken punctuatin, the articulated cln(冒号) that signals ‘fcus n this’... if the purpse is t grab a mment t think, we shuld allw urselves t wnder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What(50) _____the speaker t fill the mment f silence with any sund at all?
Why d sme peple fill the air with nn-wrds and sunds? Fr sme, it is a sign f nervusness; they fear silence and experience speaker (51) _____ . Recent research at Clumbia University suggests anther reasn. Clumbia psychlgists guessed that speakers fill pauses when (52) ______ fr the next wrd. T investigate this (53) ________, they cunted the use f filler wrds used by lecturers in bilgy, chemistry, and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices (54) ________ t the speaker. They then cmpared the number f filler wrds used by teachers in English, art histry, and philsphy, where the subject matter is less (55) ________ and mre pen t wrd chices.
41 A. undertaking B. discvering C.disliking D.unflding
42 A. depending n B. hlding up C. taking ver D. arranging fr
43. A. appliances B substances D. finances
44. A. n the cntrary B. at a lss C. at dawn D. n n accunt
45. A. perseverance B.cmplexity C. hesitatin D. bligatin
46 A. intended B. attended C. pretended D. extended
47. A. interest B. experience C. advantage D. functin
48 A. architecture B.purpse C. cmpletin D. randm
49 A annying B. striking C.entertaining D.embarrassing
50. A. ppresses B. recycles C. highlights D. mtivates
51 A. danger B. anxiety D.sculpture
52. A. bthering B inspecting C.searching D accmplishing
B. chance C. basis D. feedback
54. A. feasible B credible C.cnsiderable D. available
55. A.well-matched B. well-defined C.well-bred D.well perceived
【答案】41-55 DACBC ADBAD BCADB
【导读】文章主要讨论了填充词（filler wrds）在语言交流中的作用和使用。填充词是指在说话中出现的貌似毫无意义的词语、短语或声音，用于标志暂停或犹豫。这些填充词在英语中很常见，比如um、uh、er、ah、like、kay、right和yu knw等。尽管它们在词汇上可能没有太多实际意义，但语言学家指出它们在对话中扮演着句法上的战略性角色。文章指出填充词有时也可以被视为整句字，取决于上下文。同时，填充词也可以用作预告词，引导听众注意接下来要发生的事情或引出一个观点。作者还谈到了一些人使用填充词的原因，包括紧张和对沉默的恐惧。此外，文章提到哥伦比亚大学的研究发现，说话者在寻找下一个单词时会使用填充词来填补停顿。研究人员通过比较不同学科的教师使用填充词的数量，进一步验证了这一观点。
【详解】
41.D【解析】结合该空之后提及的What appears t be a filler wrd may als be ahlphrase可知，该句句意为“看似填充词的东西也可能是完整短语”，再结合相关选项分析，此处想要表达的是填充词词在对话交流中的重要作用，即此处句意为“它们可以在展开的（unflding）话语中发挥战略性的句法作用”，故选D。undertaking v. 担任；discvering v. 发现；disliking v. 不喜欢；厌恶；unflding v.显露；展现；展开。
42.A 【解析】此题根据选项进行反向推选，根据该空前提及的What appears t be a filler wrd may als be a hlphrase和该空后提及的the cntext，这里将“填充词”“完整语句”和“上下文”三个词同时出现于一句话中，再结合选项进行分析，可推知此处句意为“依据（depending n）上下文，看似填充词的内容也可能是完整短语”，故选A。depending n依赖；依靠；hlding up停顿；支持；taking ver接管；arranging fr安排。
43.C【解析】根据该空前提及的Be sensitive t the fact that ther peple are nt cmfrtable talking abut可知，该空所填词需要有一定的情感情绪在其中，结合相关选项分析，此处句意为“对别人不喜欢谈论情绪障碍（disturbances）的事实要敏感”，故选C。appliances n. 器具；器械；substances n. 物质；disturbances n.骚乱：困扰；finances n. 资金；经费。
44.B【解析】结合上文提及的Mdern linguists led by Lenard Blmfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitatin frms’等相关内容，可知，此处在表述讲话时的一种“犹豫形式”，再结合相关选项分析，与hesitatin frms相接近的意思选项为at a lss，即此处句意为“当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地（at a lss）想下一个想法时，会插嘴”，故选B。n the cntrary与此相反；at a lss不知所措；at dawn拂晓时；n n accunt绝不；切莫。
45.C【解析】结合上文对hesitatin frms等填充词所举的例子，以及该空后提及的Its meaning is nt the imperius ‘yu understand’ r even the ld interrgatry ‘d yu get it’? It is given as, and taken t be, merely a filler phrase可推知，此处的Yu knw也是“最常见的犹豫（hesitatin）形式之一”，故选C。perseverance n.毅力；韧性；cmplexity n.复杂性；hesitatin n.犹豫；踌躇；bligatin n.义务；责任。
46.A【解析】结合该空之后提及的like的例子可推知，该空处想要表述的是关于填充词使用的目的和意图，即此处句意为“它只是一个填充词，意在（intended）填充声音流中的一个节拍”，故选A。intended v. 打算；意指；attended v. 出席；参加；pretended v. 假装；extended v. 延伸；延长。
47.D【解析】结合上文内容的讲述以及该空后提及的t make the pint, t fcus the listener’s attentin n what was t fllw可推知，此处在讲述有关填充词交流的作用，结合选项分析，可推知此处句意为“这些短语的作用（functin）是”，故选D。interest n. 兴趣；吸引力；利益；experience n. 经验；经历；advantage n. 有利条件；优势；functin n. 功能；函数。
48.B【解析】结合下文提及的If the purpse is t grab a mment t think, we shuld allw urselves t wnder可知，此处句子结构与上文相同，结合选项推知此处想表达的是根据不同的目的来选择填充词的使用，即该空处句意为“如果目的（purpse）是为了表达一个观点”，故选B。architecture n. 建筑学；结构；架构；purpse n. 意图；目的；cmpletin n. 完成；结束；randm n. 随机。
49.A【解析】根据该空前提及的mildly（和善地；轻微地）可排除B项，两者想表述的意思相反；而结合该空前提及的we shuld accept y’knw and its friends…和该空后提及的the articulated cln(冒号) that signals ‘fcus n this’可知，yu knw这一填充词表述并不会使人尴尬或者使人愉快，相比之下A项符合文意，即此处句意为“我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们作为一个稍微烦人的（annying）口语标点符号，即清晰的冒号(冒号) 这意味着“专注于这个”……”，故选A。annying adj. 烦人的；striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的；entertaining adj.有趣的；使人愉快的；embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的。
50.D【解析】结合该空后提及的the speaker t fill the mment f silence with any sund at all可知此处与“演讲者借助填充词来填补沉默时刻”的情境相关，结合选项以及上文内容可推知，此处需要思考的内容是“是什么促使（mtivates）演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻”，其余选项与文意不符，故选D。ppresses v.压迫；压制；recycles v. 回收利用；highlights v. 突出；强调；mtivates v. 激发；诱发。
51.B【解析】结合上文提及的Fr sme, it is a sign f nervusness可推知此处想要表达的是“他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者的焦虑（anxiety）”，故选B。danger n.危险；anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；figure n. 数字；人影；形象；sculpture n. 雕刻作品。
52.C【解析】根据该空后提及的fr the next wrd，可以排除A项和D项，这两项填入文章语意不通顺，再结合下文的相关研究分析可推知，此处更符合文意的是inspecting，因为inspect侧重于为了查看东西的质量或情况而仔细地查看，而search更侧重于有目的的搜查、搜索，相较之下，C项符合文意，即此处句意为“哥伦比亚大学的心理学家推测，说话者在搜索（searching）下一个单词时会出现停顿”，故选C。bthering v. 打扰；烦扰；迷惑；inspecting v. 检查；检验；searching v. 搜查；探查；accmplishing v. 完成；达到。
53.A【解析】结合上文提及的相关内容，可知上文提及的是观点，下文对观点进行研究分析，结合选项即可分析此处句意为“为了调查这一观点（idea），他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词的使用情况”，故选A。idea n. 想法；chance n. 可能性；机会；basis n. 基础；基准；feedback n. 反馈。
54.D【解析】结合上文内容可知，此处是在对各科教师使用填充词情况的研究，结合相关选项可排除B和C项，再根据该空后提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices可知，此处更侧重于他们使用填充词的“多样性”，由此推知D项更符合文意，即此处句意为“其中主题使用的科学定义限制了演讲者可用的（available）单词选择的多样性”，故选D。feasible adj. 可行的；credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；cnsiderable adj. 想当多/大的；available adj. 可用的；可获得的。
55.B【解析】结合上文提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices可知，此处的情况与上文所述内容情况相反，即可推知此处句意为“然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些领域的主题定义不太明确（well-defined），更容易选择单词”，故选B。well-matched adj. 搭配得当的；well-defined adj. 定义明确的；界限清楚的；well-bred adj. 有教养的；良种的；well-perceived adj. 有知觉的。
原文翻译
填充词是一个明显无意义的词、短语或声音，标志着说话的停顿或犹豫。也被称为停顿填充词或犹豫形式。英语中一些常见的填充词有嗯，呃，呃，啊，像，好的，对和你知道。尽管填充词 “可能具有相当少的词汇内容”，语言学家芭芭拉·A·福克斯指出，“它们可以在展开的对话中发挥战略性的句法作用”。看起来是一个填充词的东西也可能是一个整体句子，这取决于上下文。“嘿，嘿，嘘，嘘，嘘。来吧。对其他人不愿意谈论情感障碍的事实要敏感。嗯，你知道，我是，我没问题，但是其他人”。
1933年伦纳德·布卢姆菲尔德（Lenard Blmfield）领导的现代语言学家称这些为“犹豫形式”——口吃（嗯）、结巴（嗯，嗯）、清喉咙（啊哼！）、停顿（嗯，呃，也就是说）的声音，当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地想下一个想法时，会插话。“你知道，你知道的是这些犹豫形式中最常见的一种。它的意思不是专横的“你明白”，甚至不是古老的“你懂吗”？它被认为是一个填词短语，意在填补音流中的一个节拍，与喜欢没有什么不同，在其新的意义上，像是一个填充词。
现代填词交流的这些主打词——我的意思是，你知道，喜欢也可以用作“发球词”。在古代，指示性短语或发球词就是这样，你相信吗？你准备好了吗？这些鸡肋短语的作用是你准备好了吗——让听众的注意力集中在接下来要做的事情上。如果目的是为了表达一个观点，我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们是一个有点烦人的口语标点符号，一个表示“专注于此”的发音冒号……如果目的是想抓住时间思考，我们应该让自己想一想：为什么需要填充短语？是什么促使演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻？"
为什么有些人在空气中充满了非文字和声音？对一些人来说，这是紧张的表现；他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者焦虑。哥伦比亚大学最近的研究表明了另一个原因。哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在搜索下一个单词时会填补停顿。为了研究这一观点，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词，其中主题使用的科学定义限制了说话者可用的单词选择的多样性。然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些学科的定义不那么明确，对词语的选择更为开放。
Passage 3
（2021年6月·上海高考真题）
Peple believe that having pets is verall a gd thing fr children. But des this belief hld up t (41) __________? The new field f human-animal interactin aims t find ut.
Ten years ag, when psychlgist Jan Smith reviewed the literature n child-animal relatinships, she reprted that interacting with animals led yung children t better understand bilgy than pet-less children. Kindergartners wh had cared fr gldfish were mre(42) _________ when respnding t questins like "des a gldfish have a heart?" They als mre easily(43) __________bilgical infrmatin frm ne species t anther, inferring that baby frgs get bigger just like gldfish d. She als reprts that thse kids wh turned t their pets fr emtinal supprt were less (44)__________ than these wh didn't.
The past ten years have seen sme advances, but literature n the tpic is still rather (45) _______. A recent paper by researcher Meg Brwn at Lakeside University (46)________ sme imprtant infrmatin t the discussin.
She turned t a data-set that includes infrmatin frm 7, 000 kids, ranging in (47) _________ frm thirteen t nineteen years. Fr the study, bth pet wning and ther types f (48) _______ activities, like hrseback riding, were cnsidered as human-animal interactin experience.
She fund that adlescents with animal experience were mre likely t see themselves as imprtant(49)__________ t their cmmunities, such as ding cmmunity service. She als fund that the higher the level f(50)________between a teenager and animals, the higher they scred n measurements f emtinal cnnectedness in general. While causality(因果关系)cannt be determined, Brwn says that it is at least(51)_________ that children and adlescents can learn abut healthy scial relatinships frm their experiences f interacting with animals.“If a cnnectin exists between the skills required fr these relatinships,then it might be useful t make use f animal relatinships as a way t (52)_______ the develpment f scial skills," she says.
Brwn is aware f the limitatins f her study. It can't reach any cnclusins abut the causal rle f animals in kids’ lives, and it's limited t (53) __________ natinwide. Besides, the study was nt designed t (54)_________ any ptential negative effects f human-animal interactin experiences.Sme ther studies, fr example, have shwn that pet wners have higher levels f (55)_______ , like depressin, than nn-pet wners.
41. A. cmmn sense B. scientific evidence
C. universal assumptins D. natural tendencies
42.A. enthusiastic B. curius C.accurateD. serius
43. A. transferredB. cllectedC. judgedD. spread
44.A. cautiusB. vigrus C. ambitiusD.anxius
45.A. limitedB. reliableC. varied D. fascinating
46. A. wesB.addsC. restricts D.adapts
B.age C. height D. perfrmance
48. A. animal-watching B. animal-led
C. animal-friendly D. animal-related
49. A.dnatrs B.delegates C.cntributrs D. witnesses
50. A. difference B. islatin C.attachment D. disapprval
51. A. pssible B.questinable C. misleading D. uncertain
B. stress C. invlve D. prmte
B.researchers C. pet-less children D. pet wners
54. A. d away with B. thrw light n C. take advantage f D. make up fr
55. A. needs B. tests C.explanatins D.disrders
【答案】
41-55 BCADA.BBDCC，ADABD
【解析】
41.B[解析]此处是一个问句，且表转折，结合前面的“人们认为，总的来说养宠物对孩子是件好事”,分析选项可知此处句意为“但是这种观点是否有科学依据呢(scientific evidence)?”其余选项与文意不符，故选 B。cmmn sense 常识scientific evidence 科学证据; universal assumptins 普遍假设; natural tendencies自然倾向。
42.C [解析]根据“she reprted that interacting with animals led yung children t better understand bilgy than pet-less children.”可知养过宠物的小朋友会对生物学更了解,分析选项可知此处想要表示的是“在回答“金鱼有心吗?”这样的问题时养过金鱼的幼儿园小朋友的回答更准确(accurate )”，故选 C。enthusiastic ad热情的;热心的;curius adj.好奇的;求知欲强的;accurate adj.精确的:正确无误的;serius adj.不好的:严重的;有危险的。
43.A[解析]此处讲的是儿童如何运用自己所了解到的生物学知识，结合语境分析选项可知此处句意为“它们也更容易将生物信息从一个物种转移(transferred )到另一个物种，由此推断青蛙宝宝会像金鱼一样变大”，故选A。transferred v.(使)转移，搬迁: cllected v. 收集;采集;收:judged v. 判断:断定，认为;spread v.传播:展开;打开。
44.D[解析]该段闸述的是养宠物的儿童相较于不养宠物的儿童会获益更多。分析选项可知此处句意为“她还报告说，那些向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子比那些没有向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子更不焦虑 (anxius )”，故选 D。cautius adj.心的;谨慎的: vigrus adj，充满活力的:果断的:ambitius adj.雄心勃勃的有野心的:anxius adj，焦虑的:忧虑。
45.A [解析] 此处表转折，结合前面的“过去十年取得了一些进展”，分析选项知此处句意为“过去十年取得了一些进展，但关于这一主题的文献仍相当有限(limited )”，故选 A。 limited adj,有限的，受(...的)限制: reliable adj. 可信的，可依靠的;varied adj.多种多样的;不同的;fascinating adj.极有吸引力的:迷人的。
46.B[解析]下一段分析了 Meg Brwn 收集的数据，由此可推知她为这一讨论添加了一些重要信息。此处句意为“湖滨大学(Lakeside University)研究员梅格·布朗(Meg Brwn)最近的一篇论文为这一讨论添加了 (adds )一些重要信息”。故选B。wes v.欠(情);归功于;adds v. 添加;加;增加;restricts v.(以法规)限制;限定;adapts v.适应(新情况); 改编。
47.B[解析]结合选项以及“frm thirteen t nineteen years”可知这里说的是岁数句意为“她求助于一个数据集，其中包括 7000 个孩子的信息，年龄 (age )从 13岁到19 岁不等”。故选 B。status n.地位;状态;身份;age n.年龄;年龄段:height n.(人或物的)身高;度;perfrmance n.表演，演出。
48.D[解析]结合后面的例子“like hrseback riding(如骑马)”可以推知这里说的是与动物相关的活动。此处句意为“在这项研究中，养宠物和其他与动物相关的(animal-related )活动，如骑马，都被视为人与动物的互动体验”，其余选项与文意不符，故选 D。animal-watching 观察动物:animal-led 动物主导型;animal-friendly动物友喟菲安扁笆范桐磨贬论翱碑哺疤棒弛小刁 animal-related 与动物有关的。
49.C[解析]根据后面的“such as ding cmmunity service (比如做社区服务)”分析选项可知此处句意为“她发现，有动物经历的青少年更有可能将自己视为社区的重要贡献者 (cntributrs )，比如做社区服务”，故选 C。dnatrs n.捐赠者;delegates n.代表;会议代表;cntributrs n.捐款者:捐赠者;witnesses n.目击者;见证人。
50.C[解析]根据后面的“the higher they scred n measurements f emtinal cnnectedness in general. (他们在总体情感联系测量中的得分就越高)”，分析选项，可以反推此处句意为“她还发现，青少年与动物之间的依恋(attachment )程度越高”,其余选项不符合文意，故选 C。difference n.差别:差异;不同;inslatin n，隔离，分离;attachment n.依恋:爱慕:信念;disapprval n.不赞成:反对SLA[解析]此处的 While引导让步状语从句，根据前面的“While causality cannt be determined，(虽然无法确定因果关系)“以及“at least (至少)”可以得知此处句意为“但布朗说，儿童和青少年至少有可能(pssible ) 从与动物互动的经历中了解到健康的社会关系”，故选A。 pssible adj.可能的:可能;能做到questinable adj.可疑的:有问题的;misleading adj.误导的;引入歧途的;uncertain adj.无把握:犹豫:拿不准;多变的。
52.D[解析]该段讲的是儿童与动物的关系的益处，结合选项及语境可推知此处句意为“如果这些关系所需的技能之间存在联系，那么利用动物关系作为促进(prmte )社交技能发展的一种方式可能是有用的”，故选 D。blck v.阻碍堵塞;阻塞;stress v.强调;着重;重读:invlve v.涉及;包含;牵涉;prmte v.促进;推动;促销。
53.A[解析]前面的段落已经提到过 Meg Brwn 分析的对象为儿童和背少年结合选项可推知此处句意为“它无法得出任何关于动物在孩子生活中的因果作用的结论，而且它仅限于全国的青少年 (teenagers )”，其余选项不符合文意，故选A。teenagers n.青少年，青少年男女;researchers n.研究员;科研工作者; pet-less children n.无宠物儿童;pet wners n.宠物主人。
54.B[解析]根据后面的内容“例如，其他一些研究表明，养宠物的人比不养宠物的人有更高的(55)，比如抑郁症”，结合选项分析可知此处句意为“此外这项研究并不是为了阐明 thrw light n) 人与动物互动体验的任何潜在负面能响”，故选 B。d away with 废除，去掉;弄死:thrw light n 使(某小)显得非常清楚;take advantage f利用;占的便宜:make up fr 弥补，补偿。
55.D[解析]“depressin (抑郁症)”属于疾病，分析选项可知此处句意为“例如其他一些研究表明，养宠物的人比不养宠物的人患抑郁症等疾病 (disrders )的程度更高”，故选 D。needs n.需要;必须: tests n.测验:考查;explanatins n.解释;说明;阐述;disrders n.疾病;杂乱:混乱;凌乱。