高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解（C篇）（核心考点精讲精练）（全国通用）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解（C篇）（核心考点精讲精练）（全国通用）（学生版），共78页。试卷主要包含了 高考真题考点分布， 命题规律及备考策略等内容，欢迎下载使用。
本资料注重培优，集中强化重点，突破难度，规避易混易错点，练习全部是26年新模拟题
1. 高考真题考点分布
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C篇有时还有B篇。通过观察C篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。
因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。
在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。
说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。
☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；
☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异；
☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处；
☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似；
☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同；
☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。
除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。
【备考策略】
= 1 \* GB2 ⑴快速浏览主题
快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。
= 2 \* GB2 ⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息
接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。
①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除；
②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对；
③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案；
= 3 \* GB2 ⑶题文对应
说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。
④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案；
⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案；
⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词；
⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案；
= 4 \* GB2 \* MERGEFORMAT ⑷细读解题信息
最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案；
⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词；
⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。
= 5 \* GB2 ⑸逐项比较，得出最佳
做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，得出最佳答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2026年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
【必备基础知识】
一、【语篇特点】
普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。
二、【解题策略】
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。
考点一 普通说明文中的细节理解题
一、细节理解题方法
题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以“wh”“what”“when”“where”“why”“hw”等疑问词引导。
解题技巧：
先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。
根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。
对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。
二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点：
1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Secnd（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、nt als、then、in additin 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。
2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。
3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。
4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。
5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。
1.（2025全国二卷）
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
……
28. Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tugh cmpetitin.B. It suffered a great lss.
C. It gt lts f financial supprt.D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A. They appeal mre t students.B. They purify the envirnment.
C. They raise the crtisl level.D. They enhance prductivity.
1.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））C篇 Tipping has lng been a widely accepted scial nrm in Nrth America. But nw mre and mre peple are feeling tip fatigue frm being “frced” t tip mre frequently.
Sme cnsumers are psting n scial media cmplaining abut tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired f being asked t leave a tip fr a simple cup f cffee. What’s next, they wnder — are we ging t be tipping ur dctrs and dentists, t?
As mre businesses start t include digital frms f payment, custmers are autmatically being asked t leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they nrmally wuldn’t. And sme say it has becme mre frustrating as the price f items has skyrcketed due t inflatin (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can prduce scial pressure and are mre difficult t avid. In the past, shppers culd easily ignre tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nwadays, yur genersity — r lack f it — can be laid bare fr anyne clse enugh t glance at the screen — including the wrkers themselves.
Tipping was brn in the Middle Ages in Eurpe, a custm where servants wuld receive an extra tip frm their masters fr excellent perfrmance. Tips were left in Eurpean pubs t ensure quick and gd service. Wealthy Americans discvered the traditin fr themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brught it back t the states as a way t feel nble.
Traditinally, cnsumers have taken pride in being gd tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their wrkers lwer than the minimum wage. But many cnsumers are nw feeling annyed by autmatic tip requests at cffee shps and ther cunter service eateries where tipping has nt typically been expected.
The pandemic has als sped up the trend twards mre tipping. Michael Lynn, a cnsumer behavir prfessr, said cnsumers were mre generus with tips during the early days f the COVID-19 pandemic. They were shwing supprt fr wrkers wh held jbs that put them mre at risk f catching the virus.
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter f 2022, while tips at quick r cunter service restaurants went up 16.7% cmpared t the same time perid in 2021, accrding t data. This data shws that this same perid has been experiencing cntinuus grwth since 2019.
8．Which f the fllwing is a reasn why many cnsumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Cnsumers ften have t pay tips fr sme simple services.
B．The inflatin culd prvide peple with mre chances t tip.
C．Cnsumers are wrried they have t tip dctrs in the future.
D．The digital frms f payment allw custmers t tip freely.
9．The digital frms f payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a chice
B．decreased the frequency f tipping
C．reduced scial pressure related t tipping
D．remved the need fr tipping altgether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adpt the tipping traditin frm Eurpe?
A．T reward excellent perfrmance by peple.
B．T ensure quick and gd service in pubs.
C．T supprt wrkers during financial crises.
D．T shwcase that they are peple f high scial rank.
11．The last tw paragraphs mainly talk abut ______.
A．the histry and rigins f tipping in Eurpe and America
B．the influence f the COVID-19 epidemic n tipping trends
C．variatin in tipping habits in different types f restaurants
D．scial pressure and frustratin caused by digital tipping
2.（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）C篇If yu’re the kind f persn wh gets a lt dne, yu’re grateful fr every ne f the 86,400 secnds that make up a day. On July 9, hwever, as well as n July 22, and August 5, yu wn’t get yur full cmplement f secnds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rtatin (旋转), shaving frm 1.3 t 1.5 millisecnds ff f the usual 24 hurs the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the psitin f the mn. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the mn tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) rbit arund the Earth. At its clsest apprach—r perigee—the mn is nly 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—r apgee—that gap widens t 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the mn will be at r near apgee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends t slw dwn, nt speed up, when the mn is farther away.
The mn’s rbit is nt nly elliptical, hwever, but cckeyed(倾斜的) t, angled anywhere frm 18° t 28° relative t the Earth’s equatr. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth rbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, ffsetting the slwing effect that lunar apgee usually applies. On the three days in questin this summer, the mn will be clse t its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a rle t. Last year, tw NASA-funded studies fund that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) f the planet t shift by abut 30 ft, changing the speed f rtatin. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet t decelerate, nt speed up—by abut 1.33 millisecnds per century.
Anyway, we dn’t need t lse sleep ver the slightly shrter days. The Earth and the mn have been ding their dance fr the better part f 4.5 billin years, and it’s always been a stable ne. Here’s betting they’ve gt a few billin mre years yet in their run.
8．What will happen n July 9, July 22, and August 5 accrding t the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing hw time is measured.
B．The mn’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rtatin speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rtate faster, making the day less than 24 hurs.
9．What mainly causes the phenmenn n thse days?
A．The speed f the mn’s rtatin.
B．The angle f the mn’s cckeyed rbit.
C．The temperature n the mn’s surface.
D．The distance frm the mn t the Earth.
10．What is the authr’s attitude twards the change f the days?
A．Anxius and alarmed.B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unwrried.D．Cnfused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Shrter Days: The Mn’s Hidden Rle
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rtatin
C．Earth’s Rtatin: A 4. 5-Billin-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
考点二 说明文中的深层推断题
【题型解读】
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。
【设题趋势】
常以infer, imply, suggest, cnclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpse等词提问。
提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, culd, might, wuld 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如prbably, pssibly等。
具体的设问方式如:
What can we infer frm the () paragraph?
Where des this passage prbably cme frm?
【推理判断题解题技巧】
正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征:
“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。
选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等。
正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
【干扰选项】
1.（2025浙江1月卷）
……
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife. Beautiful year-rund, they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail, frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.
……
30. Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens?
A. Traditinal.B. Odd-lking.
C. Tasteful.D. Well-prtected.
（2024新课标I卷）
……
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
30. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D .They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Frankie Gaw, an Asian American fd creatr and authr f a ckbk, is knwn fr his unique apprach t cuisine. He mixes American classics with an Asian flavr, creating dishes like a Pp-Tart tpped with strawberry litchi frsting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried prk, cucumber salad and a Yakult. Gaw’s scial media page is filled with vides f these innvative creatins.
“I asked myself, If the wrld is much mre inclusive and embraces all f these diverse flavrs, what are the things that Asian Americans wuld want t see?” Gaw talked abut hw his hit scial media, cking series “Turning American Classics Asian”, came t be.
The idea appeared after a trip t his lcal supermarket. Walking thrugh aisles (过道), Gaw nticed that much f the fd stcked n the shelves was similar t what he saw as a kid 20 years ag. Meanwhile, ingredients like sy sauce and mis (味噌) were still strictly gruped in “Asian” aisles. Fr many immigrants and children f immigrants, fd is an imprtant part f life. Fr Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest f the grcery stre was als symblic f his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohi. Grwing up, Gaw felt like he was living a duble life. In public, Gaw enjyed McDnald’s chicken and fries. At hme, he feasted n his grandmther’s beef ndle sup. It tk time fr him t embrace his dual taste.
Years later in his Seattle apartment, Gaw began experimenting with his childhd favrites. He changed Campbell’s cream f mushrm sup and turned it int prridge. He added mis t the cheese. Gaw shared his fd n scial media. It tk ff. His fd and his experiences at the grcery stre received strng feedback, especially frm ther Asian Americans.
“Turning American classics Asian is nt just abut my appreciatin fr Asian flavrs and ingredients, r respect t American dishes. Instead, it’s my way f shwing respect fr bth and, n a larger scale, fr the experiences f Asian Americans. Seeing this familiar fd at a fast-fd restaurant makes me feel like I have a seat at the table,” he said.
4．What can we learn frm the first tw paragraphs?
A．Frankie Gaw fcuses n preserving traditinal American fd.
B．Turning American Classics Asian is ne f the bestsellers in America.
C．Strawberry litchi frsting isn’t a cmmn part f the American table.
D．Asian Americans dislike the typical American dishes.
5．Why des Gaw mentin his memry abut “Asian” aisles in the supermarket?
A．T shw his disappintment with the limited fd ptins.
B．T express his lve with Asian fd.
C．T imply his embarrassment as a child f immigrants.
D．T tell us hw he was inspired t make his innvatins.
6．What des the underlined sentence “It tk ff” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Gaw’s innvatin with fd gt mixed reactins.
B．Gaw’s new cuisine gained ppularity quickly.
C．Gaw’s ideas n fd were strngly bjected.
D．Gaw’s creatins gt int a big truble.
7．What’s the Asian American fd like accrding t Gaw?
A．It’s a bridge fr cultural integratin.
B．It’s an imprvement n American fd.
C．It’s a reflectin f the Asian peple’s life.
D．It’s a prf f his preference fr Asia.
考点三 推理判断题之预测文章走势
根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the cming paragraph?
2．What may the researchers d next accrding t the last paragraph?
3．What wuld the authr mst prbably discuss next?
4．Where des the article g next?
5.What wuld the fllwing paragraph talk abut?
规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？
有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
1.(2025全国一卷B篇片段)
…
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
2. (2025全国二卷B篇片段)
Fr many centuries, peple used windmills t grind (磨碎) wheat int flur r pump water frm deep undergrund when electricity was discvered in the 1ate 1800s,peple living in remte areas began t use them t prduce electricity. This al1wed them t peple in almst all1 areas f the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the curse 1970s, peple started becming cncerned abut the pllutin that is created when cal and gas are burned t prduce electricity. Peple als realized that the supply f cal and gas wuld nt last frever. Then, wind was rediscvered, thugh it means higher casts. Tday, there is a glbal mvement t supply mre and mre f ur electricity thrugh the use f wind.
What wuld the authr prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws?
A. The advantage f wind pwer.
B. The design f wind pwer plants.
C. The wrldwide mvement t save energy.
D. The glbal trend twards prducing pwer frm wind.
（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Prper questining has becme a lst art. The curius fur-year-ld asks a lt f questins—incessant streams f “Why?” and “Why nt?” might sund familiar—but as we grw lder, ur questining decreases. In a recent survey f mre than 200 f ur clients, we fund that thse with children estimated that 70-80% f their kids’ dialgues with thers were cmprised f questins. But thse same clients said that nly 15-25% f their wn interactins cnsisted f questins. Why the drp ff?
Think back t yur time grwing up and in schl. Chances are that yu received the mst recgnitin r reward when yu gt the crrect answers. Later in life, that mtivatr cntinues. At wrk, we ften reward thse wh answer questins, nt thse wh ask them. Questining cnventinal wisdm can even lead t being distanced, r cnsidered a threat.
Because expectatins fr decisin-making have gne frm “get it dne sn” t “get it dne nw” t “it shuld have been dne yesterday”, we tend t jump t cnclusins instead f asking mre questins. And the unfrtunate side effect f nt asking enugh questins is pr decisin-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slw dwn and take the time t ask mre and better questins. At best, we’ll arrive at better cnclusins. At wrst, we’ll avid a lt f rewrk later n.
Aside frm nt speaking up enugh, many prfessinals dn’t think abut hw different types f questins can lead t different utcmes. We shuld lead a cnversatin by asking the right kinds f questins, based n the prblem we’re trying t slve. In sme cases, we’ll want t expand ur view f the prblem rather than keeping it narrwly fcused. In thers, we may want t challenge basic assumptins r cnfirm ur understanding in rder t feel mre cnfident in ur cnclusins. Therefre, asking the right kinds f questins is what cunts in achieving a gal.
8．What des the underlined wrd “incessant” in paragraph 1 mst prbably mean?
A．Simple.B．Randm.C．Cnstant.D．Annying.
9．What accunts fr the decline f questining in adulthd?
A．One pses a threat t the cmpany if they ask questins.
B．Adults dn’t get as many chances as they did in childhd.
C．Thse wh questin ppular beliefs are thught t be wise.
D．Thse asking questins dn’t always get psitive feedback.
10．What can we infer frm paragraph 3?
A．Reding is unavidable despite thughtful questins.
B．Decisins made in a hurry may turn ut t be wrng.
C．Better questins can surely bring desirable utcmes.
D．Mre attentin shuld be paid t making cnclusins.
11．What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A．Prper questins that shuld be raised.B．Imprtant gals that we are t achieve.
C．Right kinds f answers t the questins.D．Ways t expand ur view f the prblem.
考点四 考查推理判断之写作方法
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）Hw is the passage rganized?
（2）The authr develps the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example f … is given t shw/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
(2025全国一卷D篇片段)
Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans.
…
32. Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quting an expert.B. By defining a cncept.
C. By giving examples.D. By prviding statistics.
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Thrugh evlutin, animals have develped numerus ways t prtect themselves frm predatrs (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. But these defenses dn’t wrk against cars. Envirnmental jurnalist Ben Gldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these defenses are useless — r even harmful. Staying still is the wrst chice. Radkill is a serius threat t wildlife.”
Rads als act as barriers, preventing animals frm mving freely. The cnstant traffic n highways creates what scientists call a “mving fence”— a wall f vehicles that animals avid crssing. While we ften see dead animals like deer r squirrels n rads, we dn’t see the nes that never try t crss. This islatin can harm animal ppulatins mre than radkill itself.
Chemicals frm rads als damage the envirnment. Every year, the U. S. uses 20 millin tns f rad salt t melt ice, which pllutes nearby sil and plants. Cars release metals like zinc and cpper, and tires leave behind micrplastics. These pllutants make radsides dangerus fr creatures like mnarch butterflies, even thugh these areas culd therwise be gd habitats.
Radsides smetimes attract animals with fd like flwers r berries, but this becmes an “eclgical trap”. Animals are drawn t these resurces, nly t face the danger f traffic.
Interestingly, when traffic decreases, animals quickly adapt. Researchers in the Bay Area fund that when cars disappeared fr mnths, white-crwned sparrws — small sngbirds — started singing mre cmplex and varied sngs. Withut traffic nise, they n lnger needed t “shut” and culd return t their natural behavirs. This shws hw much rads affect wildlife — but als hw adaptable animals can be.
Despite these challenges, Gldfarb says, certain species have made remarkable adaptatins. He ntes that Chicag’s urban fxes are said t lk bth ways befre crssing the street. “We think abut rads as these frces that are universally r exclusively harmful t animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But wildlife is als impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways t make a living in ur midst.”
8．Hw des the authr start the text in the first paragraph?
A．By stating a reasn.B．By prviding statistics.
C．By defining a cncept.D．By giving examples.
9．What harmful impact d rads have n wildlife?
A．Less fd supply.B．Restricted mvement.
C．Increased predatrs.D．Species extinctin.
10．What can we infer frm Gldfarb’s wrds in the last paragraph?
A．Rads are nt truly harmful t wildlife.
B．Urban fxes seldm get hit by vehicles.
C．Animals adapt cleverly t dangerus rads.
D．Wildlife prtectin deserves highest attentin.
11．What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage?
A．T advcate reducing traffic.
B．T preserve wildlife diversity.
C．T analyze rads’ effects n wildlife.
D．T highlight radkill danger t animals.
考点五 考查推理判断之写作态度
推理判断之写作态度考点是高考中的常考点。作者发表文章总有自己的观点和主张，也会自然流露出对某事的态度。做这类题时，我们一定要站在作者的角度上看问题。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
1.What is the authr’s attitude t
2. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude
3. The authr’s attitude twards may best be described as .
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如pssible, impssible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supprtive(支持的)；psitive(积极的)；ptimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；irnic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappinted(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；bjective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
1.（2024全国甲卷）
The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
2.（2021年新高考I卷之D篇）
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）If yu’re the kind f persn wh gets a lt dne, yu’re grateful fr every ne f the 86,400 secnds that make up a day. On July 9, hwever, as well as n July 22, and August 5, yu wn’t get yur full cmplement f secnds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rtatin (旋转), shaving frm 1.3 t 1.5 millisecnds ff f the usual 24 hurs the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the psitin f the mn. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the mn tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) rbit arund the Earth. At its clsest apprach—r perigee—the mn is nly 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—r apgee—that gap widens t 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the mn will be at r near apgee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends t slw dwn, nt speed up, when the mn is farther away.
The mn’s rbit is nt nly elliptical, hwever, but cckeyed(倾斜的) t, angled anywhere frm 18° t 28° relative t the Earth’s equatr. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth rbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, ffsetting the slwing effect that lunar apgee usually applies. On the three days in questin this summer, the mn will be clse t its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a rle t. Last year, tw NASA-funded studies fund that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) f the planet t shift by abut 30 ft, changing the speed f rtatin. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet t decelerate, nt speed up—by abut 1.33 millisecnds per century.
Anyway, we dn’t need t lse sleep ver the slightly shrter days. The Earth and the mn have been ding their dance fr the better part f 4.5 billin years, and it’s always been a stable ne. Here’s betting they’ve gt a few billin mre years yet in their run.
8．What will happen n July 9, July 22, and August 5 accrding t the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing hw time is measured.
B．The mn’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rtatin speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rtate faster, making the day less than 24 hurs.
9．What mainly causes the phenmenn n thse days?
A．The speed f the mn’s rtatin.
B．The angle f the mn’s cckeyed rbit.
C．The temperature n the mn’s surface.
D．The distance frm the mn t the Earth.
10．What is the authr’s attitude twards the change f the days?
A．Anxius and alarmed.B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unwrried.D．Cnfused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Shrter Days: The Mn’s Hidden Rle
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rtatin
C．Earth’s Rtatin: A 4. 5-Billin-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
考点六 考查说明文的主旨大意
题型特点：考查对文章整体内容的概括和归纳能力，包括文章的主旨、标题、段落大意等。常见的提问方式有“What is the main idea f the passage?”“The best title fr the passage might be...”“What des the first/secnd/... paragraph mainly talk abut?”等。
解题技巧：
关注文章的首段和尾段，这两个部分往往是文章主旨的集中体现。首段可能引出话题，提出中心论点；尾段可能总结全文，再次强调主旨。
分析文章的结构，如果是“总 - 分”结构，开头的总述部分就是主旨；如果是“总 - 分 - 总”结构，首尾的总结部分是关键；如果是递进式结构，要综合各段落内容，找出贯穿全文的核心线索。
对于标题类题目，标题要简洁明了，能够准确概括文章的主要内容，同时具有一定的吸引力。避免选择过于宽泛或过于具体的选项。
1. (2025全国二卷D篇片段)
…
It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine.
…
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Why the ingredients were used.B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made f.D. Where the ingredients were bught.
2.（2020·全国新课标II）
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly abut?
A．A mathematical methd.B．A scientific study.
C．A wman psychlgistD．A teaching prgram.
3.（2023年1月·浙江卷）
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB．Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD．Slar Farms: A New Develpment
1.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）A leading fssil expert has suggested that the climate crisis might make humans smaller ver time because smaller mammals ften handle rising temperatures better.
Steve Brusatte, a fssil expert frm the University f Edinburgh, thinks lking at hw animals dealt with past climate changes can help us guess what might happen t humans. Fr example, abut 55 millin years ag, when the wrld gt htter, early hrses became smaller. He wnders if humans culd fllw a similar pattern.
In his bk The Rise and Reign f the Mammals, Brusatte talks abut smething called Bergmann’s rule. It’s an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than thse in cld areas. “We’re nt sure exactly why,” he explains, “but smaller animals prbably have an advantage. Their bdies have mre surface area cmpared t their size, which helps them emit extra heat mre easily.”
Brusatte says getting smaller is “a cmmn way mammals survive when the climate changes fast.” He adds, “Nt every mammal wuld shrink, but it’s a trick many use when temperatures rise quickly. S culd humans get smaller if it gets ht fast? I think that’s pssible.”
But nt all experts agree. Adrian Lister, frm Lndn’s Natural Histry Museum, says the link between heat and shrinking in mammals isn’t strng, especially fr humans. “Natural selectin desn’t cntrl us like it used t,” he argues. “Fr humans t get smaller, bigger peple wuld have t die befre having kids because f the heat. But that’s nt happening. We have clthes, heaters, and air cnditiners t handle temperature changes. These things reduce the need fr ur bdies t evlve t cpe with heat.”
S while sme think humans might shrink due t climate change, thers dubt it. It’s an interesting debate—ne that shws hw nature and human technlgy might shape ur future.
28．Why des Steve Brusatte mentin early hrses that lived 55 millin years ag?
A．T cnfirm Bergmann’s rule applies universally.
B．T suggest humans are bund t becme smaller.
C．T demnstrate temperature’s effect n hrse evlutin.
D．T shw hw mammals adapted t histrical climate shifts.
29．What can be learned frm Bergmann’s rule as explained in the passage?
A．Surface area alne affects animals’ heat emissin.
B．Smaller animals are mre adaptable t warm envirnments.
C．Warm-regin mammals evlve faster than cld-regin nes.
D．Smaller animals will replace larger nes as the climate warms.
30．What des Adrian Lister imply abut human evlutin?
A．Humans tend t grw larger in ht climates.
B．Natural selectin still shapes human bdy size.
C．Climate change n lnger affects human evlutin.
D．Technlgy reduces the need fr climate adaptatin.
31．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Climate crisis’s impact n human size evlutin.
B．Mdern technlgy’s impact n natural selectin.
C．Mammal evlutin in respnse t climate change.
D．The applicatin f Bergmann’s rule in mdern sciety.
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）The best and mst-cmmnly used surces fr the pills we have are ily fish like salmn (鲑鱼), mackerel (鲭鱼) and sardine (沙丁鱼). Many envirnmentalists fear that sme species are being verfished fr this purpse. We may have an endless vracity fr fish il, but we dn’t have an endless supply f fish.
Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, ft-lng fish”, is in great danger. Althugh prized fr dinner in the 18th century, the species has becme the unknwn victim f the fish il business, which presents us with ptential selfish. Menhaden feeds almst entirely n algae (海藻) and is especially gd at changing it int mega-3 fatty acids, which make it a gd target fr fish il cmpanies.
One particular cmpany, Prtein f Hustn, has been fishing 90 percent f the cuntry’s menhaden. It’s becme such a big prblem that 13 f the 15 Atlantic states have banned the cmpany’s bats frm their waters. Yet the cmpany is still allwed t fish in Nrth Carlina and Virginia, as well as federal waters; the cmpany’s effrts result in the remving f half a billin menhadens every year.
Aside frm a public natural resurce running ut fr a cmpany’s private prfit, the damage t the ecsystem is the cause fr alarm. The muddy brwn clur f the Lng Island Sund is the direct result f lacking water filtratin (过滤) — a jb that was nce dne by menhaden.
Menhaden keeps the cean waters f the Atlantic and Gulf casts clean. A menhaden filters fur t six gallns f water f algae in a minute, which prevents underwater dead znes.
Measures shuld be taken t avid the verfished situatin. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their ils — are gd vegetarian surces f mega-3 fatty acids, althugh the mix f specific acids is different frm which ne can get frm fish.
4．What des the underlined wrd “vracity” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Truble.B．Shrtage.
C．Resurce.D．Appetite.
5．Why des menhaden becme a gd fish fr cmpanies t make pills?
A．It is gd at frming mega-3 fatty acids.
B．It feeds mainly n the harmful algae.
C．It is well-knwn fr its rich prtein.
D．It is relatively easy fr cmpanies t catch.
6．What des the authr intend t suggest us in the last paragraph?
A．T grw mre plants fr their seeds t make il.
B．T use sme substitutes instead f mre fish il.
C．T call n the gvernment t make laws in fishing.
D．T take part in mre activities t prtect the envirnment.
7．What is the best title fr the text?
A．The Brken Natural EcsystemB．The Prcess f Making Fish Oil
C．Bad Effects f Fish Oil MakingD．Hw t use natural resurces.
考点七 考查词义猜测题
通过阅读理解中的猜测词义，考查考生推测词义的能力、培养学生整体把握文章内容，不拘泥于细节，对于生词可以通过上下文理解其含义。猜测词义的考查类型：1.单个单词的意思；2.考查短语的意思；3.考查句子的意思；4.考查代词的意思；5.考查熟词生意；6.考查生词生意。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
1. What d the underlined wrds “” mean in paragraph 7?
2． What des “” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
3． The wrd "" in paragraph 2 means _________?
4．What d the underlined wrds “” prbably mean?
规律方法
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转
化法和合成法，现在高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题考查派生和合成词形式的较少，主要是需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。
（2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable,befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude(独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
( )29.What des the underlined wrd“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Clear-up.
B.Add-n.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-ver.
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8月第一次联考）In recent years, the cncept f “slw travel” has emerged as a reactin t the fast paced, mass turism that dminates the industry. Slw travel encurages travelers t engage prfundly with lcal cultures, stay lnger in destinatins, and frm meaningful cnnectins with lcal cmmunities.
One f the key principles f slw travel is t reduce envirnmental impact. By chsing t stay in lcally-wned accmmdatins, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transprtatin r bicycles, travelers can significantly decrease their carbn ftprint. Fr instance, a study fund that turists wh engage in slw travel prduce up t 70% less greenhuse gas emissins cmpared t thse n traditinal package turs.
Slw travel als allws fr a deeper cultural understanding. Instead f rushing thrugh turist attractins, slw travelers take the time t participate in lcal traditins, learn abut histrical significance, and interact with residents. This nt nly enriches the travel experience but als prvides ecnmic benefits t lcal cmmunities. In sme rural areas, slw travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying traditins.
Hwever, slw travel is nt withut challenges. It requires mre planning and flexibility, as travelers need t research lcal custms, transprtatin ptins, and authentic experiences. Additinally, slw travel may nt be feasible fr everyne due t time r budget cnstraints (约束). Fr busy prfessinals r families with limited vacatin days, spending weeks in a single destinatin may seem unrealistic.
Despite these challenges, the slw travel mvement cntinues t grw. Travelers are becming mre cnscius f their envirnmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking mre authentic and sustainable ways t explre the wrld. As a result, travel cmpanies are starting t ffer mre slw-travel ptins. such as extended hmestays and cultural immersin prgrams.
8．What is the benefit f slw travel?
A．It can save mney n traveling.
B．It can be mre envirnmentally friendly.
C．It can allw travelers t visit mre places hurriedly.
D．It can increase the financial incme f travel cmpanies.
9．What can we learn abut slw travel frm the third paragraph?
A．It has little impact n lcal ecnmies.
B．It fcuses n superficial interactins with lcals.
C．It discurages travelers frm learning abut histry.
D．It may cntribute t the preservatin f traditinal crafts.
10．What des the underlined wrd “feasible” mean in this cntext?
A．practicalB．inevitableC．cntradictryD．desirable
11．What can be inferred abut the future f slw travel?
A．It will replace traditinal turism entirely.B．It may becme mre ppular in the future.
C．It will cst less as time passes.D．It will nly be accessible t wealthy travelers.
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）Yu stayed up t late brwsing thrugh yur phne, answering emails r watching just ne mre episde. The next mrning, yu feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert r sandwich suddenly lks mre appealing than yur usual ygurt and berries. This isn’t just abut willpwer. Yur brain, shrt n rest, is pushing yu tward quick, high-calrie fixes.
Research shws that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-cntrl and increases yur risk f weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millins. Mre than ne-third f U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hurs f sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters f adlescents fall shrt f the recmmended 8-10 hurs sleep during the schl week. First respnders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency wrkers, are especially vulnerable due t night shifts and varying uncntrllable schedules. These patterns disturb the bdy’s internal clck and are linked t increased appetite, pr eating habits and elevated risks fr besity and metablic disease.
Studies shw that after just ne night f sleep deprivatin (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part f the brain that drives mtivatin and reward-seeking, becme mre reactive t inviting fd. Yur brain becmes mre excited by junk fd and less capable f resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivatin studies nt nly rated high-calrie fds as mre desirable but were als mre likely t chse them, regardless f hw hungry they actually felt.
Sleep is as imprtant as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Frtunately, even a few nights f cnsistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start t reverse sme f these effects. In a culture that glrifies hustle and late nights, sleep is ften treated as ptinal. S the next time yu find yurself reaching fr junk fd after a shrt night, recgnize that yur bilgy is reacting t stress. Sleep is yur mst pwerful tl fr appetite cntrl, energy regulatin and lng-term health.
8．What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A．High-calrie fds are mre attractive.
B．Staying up late can make peple dizzy.
C．Sleep lss stimulates the brain fr appetite.
D．Peple are addicted t using mbile phnes.
9．Why are first respnders mre likely t suffer frm sleep deprivatin?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectatin f the sciety.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure frm the wrklad.
10．Why is the brain mre likely t shift int the reward mde after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becmes mre excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep lss changes hw the brain evaluates fd.
C．The brain reacts mre quickly t the envirnment.
D．Sleep lss changes hw the bdy absrbs nutrients.
11．What des the authr advcate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enugh sleep.B．Putting dwn the electrnics.
C．Staying away frm junk fd.D．Cntrlling ur weight.
3.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））Tipping has lng been a widely accepted scial nrm in Nrth America. But nw mre and mre peple are feeling tip fatigue frm being “frced” t tip mre frequently.
Sme cnsumers are psting n scial media cmplaining abut tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired f being asked t leave a tip fr a simple cup f cffee. What’s next, they wnder — are we ging t be tipping ur dctrs and dentists, t?
As mre businesses start t include digital frms f payment, custmers are autmatically being asked t leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they nrmally wuldn’t. And sme say it has becme mre frustrating as the price f items has skyrcketed due t inflatin (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can prduce scial pressure and are mre difficult t avid. In the past, shppers culd easily ignre tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nwadays, yur genersity — r lack f it — can be laid bare fr anyne clse enugh t glance at the screen — including the wrkers themselves.
Tipping was brn in the Middle Ages in Eurpe, a custm where servants wuld receive an extra tip frm their masters fr excellent perfrmance. Tips were left in Eurpean pubs t ensure quick and gd service. Wealthy Americans discvered the traditin fr themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brught it back t the states as a way t feel nble.
Traditinally, cnsumers have taken pride in being gd tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their wrkers lwer than the minimum wage. But many cnsumers are nw feeling annyed by autmatic tip requests at cffee shps and ther cunter service eateries where tipping has nt typically been expected.
The pandemic has als sped up the trend twards mre tipping. Michael Lynn, a cnsumer behavir prfessr, said cnsumers were mre generus with tips during the early days f the COVID-19 pandemic. They were shwing supprt fr wrkers wh held jbs that put them mre at risk f catching the virus.
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter f 2022, while tips at quick r cunter service restaurants went up 16.7% cmpared t the same time perid in 2021, accrding t data. This data shws that this same perid has been experiencing cntinuus grwth since 2019.
8．Which f the fllwing is a reasn why many cnsumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Cnsumers ften have t pay tips fr sme simple services.
B．The inflatin culd prvide peple with mre chances t tip.
C．Cnsumers are wrried they have t tip dctrs in the future.
D．The digital frms f payment allw custmers t tip freely.
9．The digital frms f payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a chice
B．decreased the frequency f tipping
C．reduced scial pressure related t tipping
D．remved the need fr tipping altgether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adpt the tipping traditin frm Eurpe?
A．T reward excellent perfrmance by peple.
B．T ensure quick and gd service in pubs.
C．T supprt wrkers during financial crises.
D．T shwcase that they are peple f high scial rank.
11．The last tw paragraphs mainly talk abut ______.
A．the histry and rigins f tipping in Eurpe and America
B．the influence f the COVID-19 epidemic n tipping trends
C．variatin in tipping habits in different types f restaurants
D．scial pressure and frustratin caused by digital tipping
4.（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）Walk arund mst large cities in Eurpe and the United States, and yu’d be thinking that we’re living in a new wrld f affrdable and effrtless mbility fr all, with the smartphne in yur pcket an entrance t shared bikes and electric cars. But if yu’re disabled r elderly, living in a lw-incme area r withut a smartphne r credit card, using these shared mbility services becmes a lt mre difficult.
Shared mbility culd be a key part f a mre sustainable transprtatin system. But t be mst effective, it needs t include everyne. Right nw, varius initiatives and prjects are seeking creative slutins t reach underserved cmmunities.
The E-Bike Library mdel was brn in such cntext. E-bike libraries address a number f barriers: The bikes are free, and the libraries are hsted by places that are already an imprtant part f the cmmunity. In additin t maintaining the bikes, the prgrams als rganize training, grup rides and educatinal events t familiarize peple with cycling culture and safety.
Fr Mbitwin, a scial transprtatin service fr elderly peple and thse with reduced mbility, persnal interactins and affrdability are imprtant. Funded by the Belgian mbility nngvernmental rganizatin Mpact, Mbitwin lets elderly peple request a vehicle ride frm a vlunteer fr a minimal fee. The prgram, which has been running since the 1980s, currently serves arund 40,000 peple in Belgium.
Being able t get ut and abut is a crucial part f participating in sciety, and reduced mbility in ld age ges hand in hand with scial islatin and lneliness, accrding t Esen Köse, prject manager at Mpact. “We want t make sure that peple wh are ften nt in the scial cycle f ging t wrk r schl, wh are actually ften left ut, still have an ptin t get ut f the huse and d the simple daily things, like ging t the grcery stre r seeing families,” he says, “ur big gal is t engage as many peple as pssible in shared mbility, s supprting service is essential t facilitate this shift.”
28．What is the prblem with the current shared mbility accrding t the text?
A．Disturbance t traffic rder.B．Overdependence n smart devices.
C．Limited invlvement f certain grups.D．Heavy financial burden fr vehicle users.
29．Hw des the E-Bike Library help underserved grups?
A．By upgrading cycling facilities.B．By publishing cycling-related bks.
C．By building a cycling-supprt cmmunity.D．By prviding safety guarantees fr cycling.
30．Which f the fllwing wrds best describes Mbitwin?
A．Experimental.B．Cmmercial.C．Accessible.D．Digital.
31．What can yu infer frm Esen Köse’s wrds?
A．Scial mbility depends n financial aid.
B．Shared mbility prmtes green travel shift.
C．Public mbility is mainly based n device updates.
D．Mbility is a key t the elderly’s emtinal wellness.
5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）A recent study reveals that the ability t see things frm thers’ perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. Researchers frm the University f Vienna cnducted experiments with yung Chinese adults t examine hw different types f empathy (同理心) relate t creative thinking and achievement.
The study measured tw kinds f empathy: cgnitive empathy (understanding thers’ pints f view) and emtinal empathy (sharing thers’ feelings). Participants cmpleted questinnaires abut their empathic tendencies and reprted their creative activities ver the past year, such as writing, inventing, r artistic pursuits. Researchers als analyzed lng-term data frm China’s Gene-Brain-Behavir Prject t track creative develpment.
Results shwed that peple with strnger cgnitive empathy engaged in mre creative activities and achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. Interestingly, emtinal empathy didn’t shw the same cnnectin t creativity. The benefits f perspective-taking appeared strngest in areas requiring innvative thinking rather than technical skills like music perfrmance.
Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpints might stimulate creativity by expsing individuals t diverse ways f thinking. Hwever, the emtinal aspect f empathy didn’t cntribute similarly, pssibly because it requires mental energy that culd therwise be used fr creative wrk. The findings highlight hw develping ur ability t see thrugh thers’ eyes might be an effective way t bst creative ptential, especially in fields that value nvel appraches and slutins.
Whatever the case, the findings suggest that increasing yur ability t take smene’s perspectives might be a gd thing fr yur creativity. Frtunately, empathy can be cultivated thrugh deliberate effrt. One effective methd is t engage with bks r watch TV r films and mentally place yurself in the characters’ shes, thereby building yur perspective-taking muscles. Yu can als build empathy by interacting with peple wh are different frm yu in sme way, while being curius abut their inner life and deeply listening t their perspectives.
28．What des the underlined wrd “augment” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Put ff.B．Call fr.C．Hld back.D．Add t.
29．Why is cgnitive empathy linked t greater creative achievement?
A．It shares thers’ emtinal experiences.B．It intrduces different thught prcesses.
C．It ffers mental energy amng innvatrs.D．It helps individuals master technical skills.
30．Hw can peple develp empathy?
A．By rle-imagining.B．By expsing inner wrld.
C．By wrking ut.D．By cmparing backgrunds.
31．Which can be the best title fr the text?
A．The Science f Creativity: Hw It Unlcks Empathy
B．The Mental Prcess f Seeing Thrugh Others’ Eyes
C．Understanding Others: the Key t Yur Next Big Idea
D．Seeing Differently Rarely Meaning Thinking Differently
6.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A new study shws chsing exercise yu enjy is vital fr lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief. “Peple try t becme mre active but struggle t sustain the changes,” said Dr. Rnca frm UCLA．“We examined hw persnality affects this t develp better health interventins.”
In this study, researchers assessed 132 participants’ fitness level and persnalities, and then divided them int tw grups: half tk part in an eight-week prgram cmbining cycling and strength training, while the ther half were a nn-exercise cntrl grup. During the exercise prgram, participants were asked t rate their enjyment f each exercise sessin, befre having their fitness level tested again nce the prgram had been cmpleted.
Clear links appeared between persnality and preference. Extrverts (外向者)particularly enjyed high-intensity exercise sessins. Participants wh scred high n anxiety engaged well with the prgram but preferred shrt bursts f intensity ver lnger effrts. They als preferred nt being mnitred, suggesting these individuals might appreciate being given space fr independence and privacy. Highly hardwrking and reliable individuals demnstrated strng self-discipline and verall fitness gains, likely mtivated by health benefits rather than enjyment itself.
At the beginning f the study, the stress levels f the interventin grup and the cntrl grup were similar. Hwever, the nly participants t experience a significant reductin in stress levels after exercising were thse with high tendency t wrry, suggesting tailred exercise ffers them particular stress relief benefits.
When chsing a sprt, the public shuld cnsider persnal interests rather than blindly fllwing trends. The mst imprtant thing peple can d t imprve their activity levels is t find smething that they enjy, making exercise a truly sustainable habit. “We fund sme clear links between persnality and exercise preferences, which culd ptentially be used t persnalize physical activity recmmendatins and help peple t becme and remain mre active,” said Dr. Rnca.
8．Hw were participants’ respnses measured?
A．By recrding their heart rate.B．By assessing their sense f pleasure.
C．By attending interview sessins.D．By tracking exercise preferences.
9．Wh is mst likely t stick t a 4-hur bxing grup class?
A．Mr. Yu, an extrvert wh avids tiring wrkut.
B．Kevin, a shy by wh lves watching bxing games.
C．Mnica, a trendy blgger wh values persnal space.
D．Ms. Li, a disciplined teacher wh seeks weight lss.
10．What can we learn abut participants with high anxiety?
A．Their stress gt relieved after exercises.B．They preferred intense exercises.
C．Their fitness imprved mre with cmpany.D．They made health benefits a pririty.
11．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Why High-Intensity Wrkuts Suit Extrverts
B．Hw Fitness Testing Imprves Exercise Enjyment
C．Persnality Preferences: Key t Sustainable Exercise
D．Exercise Enjyment: Benefits f Mnitring Exercise
1.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）When discussins are getting heated, divisins n pinins ptentially lead t sme awkward mments. This causes many f us t struggle with hw t cnvince peple t change their minds and hw t argue ur side effectively. Unfrtunately, we’ve already becme quite divided.
One study shwed that when peple receive infrmatin against their beliefs, their brains aren’t as active as when they receive infrmatin that cnfirms their beliefs. Humans have a well- dcumented bias (偏见) called the “cnfirmatin bias”, which is a tendency t seek ut infrmatin that cnfirms ur existing views and t avid infrmatin that discnfirms them.
Thrwing data at peple isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts. Instead, peple just find it super annying. Luckily, research has prvided sme guidance abut best practices, and, nt surprisingly, they all suggest what ur parents have been telling us fr decades: Yu catch mre flies with hney than with vinegar. In fact, it turns ut that instead f citing why yu are right and smene else is wrng in a heated cnversatin, ne f the mst effective strategies yu can use fr changing smene’s mind is t find areas where yu agree.
Anther thing we can d is t be pen t ther perspectives (观点) . We can start by acknwledging ur wn cnfirmatin bias and making a cnscius effrt t verride it. We can als try t take ther peple’s perspectives. And better yet — ask them fr it. Ask them why they feel the way they d and what wuld change their mind. Be pen t admitting that yu culd be wrng and make it easy fr thers t admit their wn mistakes.
Finally, make new friends — friends that are different frm yu. Make yur bias a discnfirmatin bias;in ther wrds, when yu have an pinin n smething, dn’t just read infrmatin that cnfirms it. Instead, make an effrt t find infrmatin that culd ptentially prve yu wrng. If yu were right all alng, this exercise will nly make yur arguments strnger. If yu were wrng, yur mind will have been pened up t new ideas. Either way, this kind f pen-mindedness will give yu a brand-new perspective n life, and yu might even make sme unlikely new friends in the prcess.
8．Which can illustrate “cnfirmatin bias”?
A．We tend t welcme different ideas.
B．We accept messages frm the thers.
C．We argue against pints f disagreement.
D．We prefer infrmatin in line with ur views
9．What des the underlined wrd “hney”in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Fllwing advice.B．Sharing cmmn grund.
C．Admitting mistakes.D．Blcking different ideas.
10．Hw can we benefit frm ur bias accrding t the last paragraph?
A．By letting g f ur wn pinin.
B．By making arguments mre reliable.
C．By pening up minds t new friends.
D．By securing infrmatin ppsite t urs.
11．What is the best title f the text?
A．Hw t negtiate with thers
B．Why it’s s hard t change hearts and minds
C．Hw t shift minds in plarized cmmunicatin
D．Why pen-mindedness is effective in cnversatins
2.（2026·湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8月测试）Plar bears have a hidden-in-plain-sight superpwer that has lng been knwn t Indigenus peples f the Arctic, but nly nw has been nticed and studied by scientists.
Bdil Hlst at the University f Bergen in Nrway is a physicist wh studies the prperties f surfaces. Her interest in plar bear fur began when, while watching a TV quiz prgramme, she saw that the bears hardly shw upn infrared (红外线的) cameras because they are s well insulated (被隔热的). That means the temperature f their uter fur is belw freezing, Hlst realised, but she had never seen a plar bear in wildlife films that was cated with ice, even after swimming in sub-zer waters. “And then I thught, well, hw cme freezing is nt a prblem?” she says.
This is, after all, a prblem fr many ther land mammals in cld envirnments. Hlst asked researchers at the Nrwegian Plar Institute if they knew why plar bear fur desn’t ice up. Nne did, but they decided t investigate tgether. Hlst and her clleagues btained samples f plar bear fur frm the wild and cmpared them with human hair. They fund that the frce required t remve ice frm plar bear hair was a quarter f what was needed fr human hair.
Washing plar bear fur remved its ice resistance, suggesting that the ily cating n the hairs, knwn as sebum (皮脂), is the key t its prperties. This substance lacks squalene (角鲨烯) but cntains sme unusual fatty acids which culd be unique t plar bears, but we need further studies t lk at the cmpsitin f animal sebum, says Hlst.
Arctic peples have traditinally used the fur in ways that make use f its ice-resistant prperties. Fr instance, Inuit hunters in Greenland have placed small pieces f plar bear fur under the legs f the benches t stp them sticking t ice. They als strapped plar bear fur t the sles f bts while tracking animals, t avid the nise made by ice-cated surfaces.
Hlst’s team is nw explring ptential applicatins, such as creating envirnmentally friendly ski waxes that cntain n lng-lasting flurcarbn (碳氟化合物) currently used t prevent icing. A hair wax based n plar bear sebum culd als help peple wh wrk in cld envirnments. “I had nt thught abut that applicatin, but abslutely, that shuld wrk,” says Hlst.
8．What made Hlst curius abut plar bear fur?
A．Plar bear’s lw inner bdy temperature.
B．Plar bear’s invisibility n infrared cameras.
C．Plar bear’s resistance t sub-zer envirnments.
D．Plar bear’s appearance in a TV quiz prgramme.
9．Hw did Hlst and her clleagues carry ut their research?
A．By keeping track f plar bears in the Arctic.
B．By cntrasting plar bear fur with human hair.
C．By remving plar bear fur’s warming functin.
D．By bserving Arctic peples using plar bear fur.
10．What cntributes t the ice resistance f plar bear fur?
A．Its physical prperties.B．Its similarity t human hair.
C．Its ily cating called sebum.D．Its unique squalene cmpsitin.
11．Which f the fllwing is the ptential applicatin f plar bear fur?
A．Designing nn-stick bts.B．Making nise-reducing cats.
C．Creating heat-resistant benches.D．Develping ice-free hair prducts.
3.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Prper questining has becme a lst art. The curius fur-year-ld asks a lt f questins—incessant streams f “Why?” and “Why nt?” might sund familiar—but as we grw lder, ur questining decreases. In a recent survey f mre than 200 f ur clients, we fund that thse with children estimated that 70-80% f their kids’ dialgues with thers were cmprised f questins. But thse same clients said that nly 15-25% f their wn interactins cnsisted f questins. Why the drp ff?
Think back t yur time grwing up and in schl. Chances are that yu received the mst recgnitin r reward when yu gt the crrect answers. Later in life, that mtivatr cntinues. At wrk, we ften reward thse wh answer questins, nt thse wh ask them. Questining cnventinal wisdm can even lead t being distanced, r cnsidered a threat.
Because expectatins fr decisin-making have gne frm “get it dne sn” t “get it dne nw” t “it shuld have been dne yesterday”, we tend t jump t cnclusins instead f asking mre questins. And the unfrtunate side effect f nt asking enugh questins is pr decisin-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slw dwn and take the time t ask mre and better questins. At best, we’ll arrive at better cnclusins. At wrst, we’ll avid a lt f rewrk later n.
Aside frm nt speaking up enugh, many prfessinals dn’t think abut hw different types f questins can lead t different utcmes. We shuld lead a cnversatin by asking the right kinds f questins, based n the prblem we’re trying t slve. In sme cases, we’ll want t expand ur view f the prblem rather than keeping it narrwly fcused. In thers, we may want t challenge basic assumptins r cnfirm ur understanding in rder t feel mre cnfident in ur cnclusins. Therefre, asking the right kinds f questins is what cunts in achieving a gal.
8．What des the underlined wrd “incessant” in paragraph 1 mst prbably mean?
A．Simple.B．Randm.C．Cnstant.D．Annying.
9．What accunts fr the decline f questining in adulthd?
A．One pses a threat t the cmpany if they ask questins.
B．Adults dn’t get as many chances as they did in childhd.
C．Thse wh questin ppular beliefs are thught t be wise.
D．Thse asking questins dn’t always get psitive feedback.
10．What can we infer frm paragraph 3?
A．Reding is unavidable despite thughtful questins.
B．Decisins made in a hurry may turn ut t be wrng.
C．Better questins can surely bring desirable utcmes.
D．Mre attentin shuld be paid t making cnclusins.
11．What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A．Prper questins that shuld be raised.B．Imprtant gals that we are t achieve.
C．Right kinds f answers t the questins.D．Ways t expand ur view f the prblem.
4.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8月月考）Yu stayed up t late brwsing thrugh yur phne, answering emails r watching just ne mre episde. The next mrning, yu feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert r sandwich suddenly lks mre appealing than yur usual ygurt and berries. This isn’t just abut willpwer. Yur brain, shrt n rest, is pushing yu tward quick, high-calrie fixes.
Research shws that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-cntrl and increases yur risk f weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millins. Mre than ne-third f U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hurs f sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters f adlescents fall shrt f the recmmended 8-10 hurs sleep during the schl week. First respnders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency wrkers, are especially vulnerable due t night shifts and varying uncntrllable schedules. These patterns disturb the bdy’s internal clck and are linked t increased appetite, pr eating habits and elevated risks fr besity and metablic disease.
Studies shw that after just ne night f sleep deprivatin (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part f the brain that drives mtivatin and reward-seeking, becme mre reactive t inviting fd. Yur brain becmes mre excited by junk fd and less capable f resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivatin studies nt nly rated high-calrie fds as mre desirable but were als mre likely t chse them, regardless f hw hungry they actually felt.
Sleep is as imprtant as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Frtunately, even a few nights f cnsistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start t reverse sme f these effects. In a culture that glrifies hustle and late nights, sleep is ften treated as ptinal. S the next time yu find yurself reaching fr junk fd after a shrt night, recgnize that yur bilgy is reacting t stress. Sleep is yur mst pwerful tl fr appetite cntrl, energy regulatin and lng-term health.
8．What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A．High-calrie fds are mre attractive.
B．Staying up late can make peple dizzy.
C．Sleep lss stimulates the brain fr appetite.
D．Peple are addicted t using mbile phnes.
9．Why are first respnders mre likely t suffer frm sleep deprivatin?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectatin f the sciety.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure frm the wrklad.
10．Why is the brain mre likely t shift int the reward mde after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becmes mre excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep lss changes hw the brain evaluates fd.
C．The brain reacts mre quickly t the envirnment.
D．Sleep lss changes hw the bdy absrbs nutrients.
11．What des the authr advcate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enugh sleep.B．Putting dwn the electrnics.
C．Staying away frm junk fd.D．Cntrlling ur weight.
5.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）Electric vehicles (EVs) are cars with engines pwered by electricity rather than the internal cmbustin engines (内燃机) fund in gasline-pwered cars.
Acrss the wrld, traditinal prducers are adding EVs t their prduct lineups, as well as imprving battery technlgy and vehicle range. In many markets, EVs are nw cheaper t perate than traditinal gasline-pwered vehicles, thugh upfrnt csts are higher. And EVs are nly expected t get cheaper. But d they have any advantages in saving ur envirnment?
In shrt, yes. A cmmn sense abut EVs is that harvesting the elements needed t prduce their batteries is mre harmful fr the envirnment than building an ICEV (内燃机汽车) is. Despite the higher greenhuse gas emissins (排放) assciated with building EVs, their ttal emissins ver the life f the car can be 40% t 60% lwer than the emissins f ICEVs, because EVs d nt prduce any carbn dixide when driven.
Althugh the harvesting f rare earth minerals and ther elements needed fr EV batteries is envirnmentally harmful, EV batteries can be recycled at the end f their lifetime. Fr instance, battery recycling cmpany Umicre says it can reclaim 95% f metallic substances such as nickel, cpper and cbalt in EV batteries fr reuse.
Because EVs tend t be heavier than ICEVs and prduce higher trque (扭矩), sme have argued that EVs wear thrugh tyres mre quickly and prduce mre particulate matter — a harmful material than gas-pwered cars d. A study by researchers at the University f Prtsmuth in the U.K. fund that tyre breakdwn accunted fr 28% f the wrld’s micrplastics.
But tyre frictin in bth ICEVs and EVs prduces particulate pllutin, and driving style and rad quality have bigger impacts n hw much pllutin is prduced, German tyre prducer Cntinental tld The Guardian.
Finally, if pwer plants and car prducing plants increasingly use renewable surces f energy, the initial emissins assciated with making EVs will apprach zer. ICEVs, in cmparisn, will always release CO2.
8．What is a difference in cst between EVs and ICEVs?
A．ICEVs need cheaper repairs.B．ICEVs save mre n fuel.
C．EVs have lwer upfrnt csts.D．EVs have less driving expense.
9．What des the example f Umicre shw abut EV battery recycling?
A．It recvers mre renewable items.
B．It is nt yet widely adpted in EVs.
C．It causes new envirnmental prblems.
D．It fcuses n nn-metallic elements.
10．Why might future EVs be even better fr the envirnment?
A．They will use fewer rare Earth minerals.
B．Mre industries may use renewable energy.
C．They will becme lighter than traditinal cars.
D．Tyre technlgy will stp prducing micrplastics.
11．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Hw Are EV Batteries Recycled?
B．EVs vs ICEVs: Cst Cmparisn?
C．The Future f Renewable Energy in Cars?
D．Mre Envirnmentally Friendly, ICEVs r EVs?
6.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8月开学）As dust frm the Sahara blws thusands f kilmeters acrss the Atlantic Ocean, it becmes prgressively mre nutritius fr marine micrbes (海洋微生物), a new study suggests.
“Dust cluds settling n the Atlantic can generate phytplanktn (浮游植物) blms that supprt marine ecsystems,” said Timthy Lyns, a scientist at the University f Califrnia, Riverside. “Irn in the dust is incredibly imprtant fr life,” he said. Phytplanktn require it t change carbn dixide int sugars.
Over 240 millin metric tns f Saharan dust blws ver the Atlantic Ocean each year. T knw whether the types f dust settling n the Atlantic had changed ver the past 120,000 years, Lyns and the marine gelgist Jeremy Owens, analyzed dust-derived (灰尘衍生的) minerals in fur cres cllected frm the muddy seaflr — tw in the eastern Atlantic near Africa, and tw frm farther west near Nrth America.
In dust wrldwide, apprximately 40% f irn is rdinarily present within “reactive” minerals like pyrite. This kind f irn can break dwn with weak acids and ptentially be used by life. In the cre samples frm the bttm f the Atlantic, nly abut 9% f irn in the dust minerals sampled frm farther west cnsisted f reactive irn minerals, cmpared with abut 18% in dust minerals taken frm clser t Africa.
“There’re phtchemical transfrmatins that tend t make the irn mre sluble (可溶解的) in water,” said Lyns. He and Owens cncluded that during the dust’ s several-day transatlantic flight, mre and mre f its reactive irn was changed — attacked by acids and radiatin. As that imprved irn later settled int the cean, it was eaten directly by phytplanktn. The nly reactive irn that made it t the seaflr was the stuff that wasn’t changed during air transprt, and wasn’t taken in later.
“The new results are plausible because previus studies have shwn that irn minerals react in the atmsphere,” said Natalie Mahwald, an atmspheric scientist wh studies dust at Crnell University. “Their cnclusin ges alng with what I thught was happening,” she said.
28．Why is irn imprtant fr marine ecsystems?
A．It makes carbn dixide mre.B．It leads t the absrptin f sugars.
C．It prtects phytplanktn frm attack.D．It prvides nutritin fr phytplanktn.
29．What can be cncluded frm the findings f the research?
A．Weak acids seldm change reactive irn minerals.
B．The dust minerals frm farther west are rich in irn.
C．The fewer minerals there are, the mre sensitive weak acids are.
D．The farther the desert dust flies, the less the reactive irn is left.
30．What can be learned frm paragraph 5?
A．Hw phytplanktn makes it t the seaflr.
B．Hw reactive irn cperates with radiatin.
C．Hw irn in dust becmes easier t absrb.
D．Hw atmspheric chemical reactins fail.
31．What des the underlined wrd “plausible” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Reliable.B．Uncertain.C．Abstract.D．Cntradictry.
7.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）Huge piles f research n diet are published annually. The mst shcking f these get reprted in the media. All claim t be based n the latest research and each claims t prve the last study wrng. D scientists really nt knw what’s gd fr us, r is the news reprt t blame fr the cnfusin?
Misleading media cverage plays a rle, but publicatin bias (偏见) is ne majr surce: studies that shw surprising results are mre likely t get published. “What yu see published in the nightly news is the end result f a system where everyne is encuraged t cme up with a psitive result,” says Vinay at Oregn Science University.
One way t get arund this prblem is t cnduct large, randmized cntrlled trials, which invlve randmly assigning participants t different grups t cntrl variables. But these kinds f studies are difficult t d fr fds, as few wuld risk eating habits n chance; fewer still sustain changes lng enugh t benefit. Instead, nutritin scientists usually bserve what peple eat by asking them t fill ut fd diaries, and then track the health f participants ver a given perid f time.
In these “bservatinal” studies, peple track their diets while ging abut their lives. Differences between subjects in what they d utside f mealtimes can make all the difference. Peple wh eat what is seen as an unhealthy diet — with mre fast fd, fr instance — might have unhealthy lifestyles in ther ways, such as smking. Cnsequently, dietary effects are hard t set apart.
Because f these difficulties, even tday’s mst recmmended dietary advice lacks gd quality evidence. This desn’t mean we can eat as much cake as we like. But it des suggest that within limits f cmmn sense, ne way f eating is abut as gd as anther. While admittedly simple advice, it remves the pressure t cnstantly run after the latest amazing diet r fear seemingly harmful fds. Within reasn, trusting yur stmach is mstly fine.
28．What phenmenn is presented in paragraph 1?
A．Scientists fail t figure ut truth.B．News spreads cnfusin n purpse.
C．Research n diet astnishes peple.D．Media reprts cnflicting diet studies.
29．Which f the fllwing news items suggests publicatin bias?
A．Chclate unexpectedly aids weight lss.B．Calrie restrictin helps t slw aging.
C．Effects f zer fat diet require further tests.D．Whle grain diet imprves heart health.
30．What d paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly discuss?
A．The reliability f self-reprted diet data.B．Hw lng-term diet tracking imprves health.
C．The main prblems in studying dietary effects.D．Hw lifestyle factrs affect diet research results.
31．What is the authr’s suggestin fr fd chice?
A．Avid ptentially unhealthy fds.B．Cnsume varieties f fds.
C．Cunt n the latest dietary advice.D．Fllw bdy signals sensibly.
8.（2026·浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）Britain’s husing crisis has created a distinct generatinal divide. While lder generatins ften wn prperty, millins f yung adults face increasing rents and unachievable hmewnership. A recent fficial reprt warns that 630, 000 peple under 35 may face hmelessness in ld age due t chrnic shrtages f affrdable hmes.
This crisis riginates frm decades f plicy failure. Since the mid-1990s, huse prices have skyrcketed dramatically, widening the gap between prperty wners and thers. Gvernment prjects like “Help-t-Buy” intended t assist first-time buyers instead inflated prices further, making husing less accessible. University graduates carry heavy debts frm tuitin fees exceeding £9, 000 annually since 2010, weakening their savings ptential.
The rental market ffers little relief. Private renters have jumped frm 2. 8 millin t 4. 5 millin husehlds since 2007, with thse aged 25-34 cnsisting f ver a third. Yet renters face instability and explitatin. “N-fault drivings” allw landlrds (房东) t end rentings withut cause, while rents exceed wage grwth. Even scial husing renters experience widening inequality cmpared t hmewners.
Plicy respnses are emerging but cntrversial. Lndn Mayr Sadiq Khan prpsed a landlrd registry and rent cntrl cmmissin t regulate the private sectr. Sctland has established “rent pressure znes” t stp increases. The Labur Party advcates ablishing n-fault drivings, arguing that secure right f habitatin are essential fr dignity.
Ultimately, this is abut intergeneratinal fairness. A functinal sciety cannt thrive when yunger citizens bear unreasnable burdens. As ne analyst ntes: “We depend n the yung t sustain ur future — denying them husing security damages everyne.”
28．What des the fficial reprt predict abut yung adults?
A．Universal elderly pverty.B．Persistent renting difficulties.
C．Lng-term husing insecurity.D．Unachievable huge prperty.
29．What brings abut the husing crisis?
A．Stable rental market.B．Students’ reduced debt burden.
C．Decades-lng plicy failure.D．Cnsistent plicy respnses.
30．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Yung adults’ husing security shuld be guaranteed.
B．Effrts shuld be made t create a sustainable sciety.
C．The prperty f lder generatins shuld be passed n.
D．The yung shuld be respnsible fr intergeneratinal fairness.
31．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Husing: Pricing ut the Yung?
B．Plicy: Regulating the Private Owners?
C．Landlrds: Frced t Accept Rent Hikes?
D．Rental Cntrl: Slving the Renter-landlrd Cnflicts?
1 (2025浙江1月卷)
A nvel design apprach t gardening has been gaining in ppularity wrldwide. Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.
The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War II in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that culd be used mdularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are gruped s that they will grw tgether abve and belw grund, frming a cperative ecsystem that cnserves water and discurages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife. Beautiful year-rund, they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail, frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.
It takes a lt f thught t lk this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first cnsideratin. Led by the cncept f “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjy the same sil, sun and weather cnditins, and arrange them accrding t their patterns f grwth.
The benefits are substantial fr bth gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s eclgy can develp well. Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Cmpared t traditinal garden plts, they increase carbn absrptin, reduce strm water runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.
28. What des the underlined wrd “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A. Running ut f.B. Keeping away frm.
C. Putting up with.D. Taking advantage f.
29. Why was the idea f matrix planting intrduced?
A. T cntrl weeds in large gardens.B. T bring in freign species f plants.
C. T cnserve sil and water resurces.D. T develp lw-maintenance parkland.
30. Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens?
A. Traditinal.B. Odd-lking.C. Tasteful.D. Well-prtected.
31. Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. The future f gardening is WILDB. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need mre CARED. Old garden plts wrk WONDERS
2. (2023全国乙卷)
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
28. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
29. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
3.(2020全国I卷)
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
24. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence. B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl. D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
25. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment?
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin. D. Child-parent relatinship.
26. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften. B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd. B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist.D. A teaching prgram.
4.【2020全国I卷】
Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity — but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtazar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24. Why des the authr like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.
B. It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.
C. It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding f neself.
25. What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief accunt f a trip.
B. It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.
C. It’s a recrd f a histric event.
D. It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt.B. Reward.C. Allwance.D. Face value.
27. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He lves petry. . He’s an editr.C. He’s very ambitius. D. He teaches reading.
5.【2020全国I卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries (卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective. C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
6.【2024全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
28. Hw is the Saint Lukas different frm ther trains?
A. It runs acrss cuntries.B. It reserves seats fr the senirs.
C. It functins as a hspital.D. It travels alng a river.
29. What can we infer frm paragraph 3 abut Krasnyarsk?
A. It is heavily ppulated.B. It ffers training fr dctrs.
C. It is a mdern city.D. It needs medical aid.
30. Hw lng can the Saint Lukas wrk with ne supply?
A. Abut a year.B. Abut ten mnths.
C. Abut tw mnths.D. Abut tw weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
7.【2023新课标I卷】
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
8.【2023新课标II卷】
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
9.【2023全国甲卷】
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
29. Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?
A. T cmpare Weiner with them.
B. T give examples f great wrks.
C. T praise their writing skills.
D. T help readers understand Weiners bk.
30. What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?
A. Its views n histry are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied t daily life.
C. It includes cmments frm readers.
D. It leaves an pen ending.
31. What des the authr think f Weiners bk?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitius.
C. Serius and hard t fllw.
D. Humrus and straightfrward.
10.【2022新课标I卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.
B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.
D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.
D. She has develped a strng persnality.
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.
C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
11.【2022新课标II卷】
Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
28. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent.D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm.B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer.
12.【2024新课标I卷】
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
28. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
29. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
30. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
31. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
13.【2024全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音)that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
24. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
25. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.
C. Act strangely.D. D better.
27. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
14.【2024浙江1月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (花暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
28. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.
B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.
D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
30. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
31. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.
15.【2022全国甲卷】
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
25. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
16.【2020全国II卷】
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装) enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种). It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mrgan says，“T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them—I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She is trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abut wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
年份
卷次
主题语境
字数
题型分类
细节理解
推理判断
主旨大意
词义猜测
2025年
2025全国一卷
D减少自来水中微塑料
330+135
2
2
0
0
2025全国二卷
D餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材
334+135
1
2
1
0
C室内植物利于身心
264+126
2
1
1
0
2025浙江1月卷
C矩阵式种植方法
299+121
1
1
1
1
2024年
2024·新高考I卷
C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异
323+160
1
2
0
1
D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性
366+122
1
3
0
0
2024·新高考II卷
B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
276+126
2
2
0
0
C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场
272+125
2
1
1
0
D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》
321+160
0
3
0
1
2024·全国甲卷
B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为
312+124
1
1
1
1
C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车
282+111
1
3
0
0
D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局
351+146
1
3
0
0
2024·浙江卷1月卷
人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考
340+149
1
1
1
0
2023年
2023·新高考I卷
C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式
322+ 107
1
2
0
1
D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效
339+112
1
2
1
0
2023·新高考 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷
人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然
320+156
1
3
0
0
2023·全国甲卷
人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头
321+149
2
2
0
0
2023·全国乙卷
人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响
295+103
2
2
0
0
2023·浙江卷
人与社会：新型的太阳能农场
317+149
2
1
1
0
张冠李戴
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点
无中生有
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干
曲解文意
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解
鱼目混珠
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义
扩缩范围
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法
偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变