【01-暑假复习】专题03 构词法 (学生版)-2025年新高一英语暑假衔接讲练 (译林版)

这是一份【01-暑假复习】专题03 构词法 (学生版)-2025年新高一英语暑假衔接讲练 (译林版)，共11页。试卷主要包含了 合成名词， 合成形容词， 合成动词， 合成副词， 合成代词， 合成介词， bleed v， injure vt等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点聚焦：核心考点+高考考点，有的放矢
重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺
难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升
复习提升：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破
核心考点聚焦
构词法
考点一
合成法
许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。主要掌握合成法，转换法和词缀/派生法。
把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
1. 合成名词
(1)名词/代词+名词
newspaper bld-test she-wlf
(2)动词+名词
typewriter pickpcket daybreak
(3)形容词+名词
greenhuse highway
(4)副词+名词
vercat utside
(5)名词+v.-ing/ v.-ing+名词
handwriting reading-rm freezing-pint
(6)动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词
breakthrugh get-tgether utbreak utcme
(7)名词+介词+名词
sister-in-law editr-in-chief
2. 合成形容词
(1)名词+形容词/形容词+名词
wrld-famus duty-free large-scale lng-term
(2)副词+形容词
ver-anxius evergreen
(3)名词+过去分词
man-made sun-burnt
(4)名词+现在分词
peace-lving English-speaking
(5)形容词+现在分词
gd-lking easy-ging
(6)副词+过去分词
well-infrmed widespread
(7)副词+现在分词
hardwrking far-reaching
(8)形容词+名词+ed
warm-hearted absent-minded
(9)数词+名词+ed
three-legged ten-stried
(10)数词+名词
ne-way five-star
(11)数词+名词+形容词
ten-year-ld 800-meter-lng
(12)名词+t+名词
face-t-face dr-t-dr
3. 合成动词
(1)名词+动词
baby-sit sleepwalk
(2)副词+动词
utnumber underestimate verwrk
(3)形容词+动词
whitewash
4. 合成副词
(1)形容词+名词
meanwhile anyway
(2)形容词+副词
everywhere anyhw
(3)副词+副词
hwever
(4)介词+名词
befrehand verhead
(5)介词+副词
frever
5. 合成代词
(1)代词宾格+self/selves
herself themselves
(2)物主代词+self/selves
myself yurselves
(3)形容词+名词
anything nthing
6. 合成介词
(1)副词+名词
inside utside
(2)介词+副词
withut within
(3)副词+介词
int
1.(2025高一上·广东·期中)Which f the fllwing is NOT a cmpund wrd?
A. helplessB. eggplantC. hard-wrkingD. sleepwalk
2. As we all knw, wrds frmed by cmbining ther wrds are called cmpunds, fr example, ________.
A. cllectinB. lifebatC. WTOD. exchange
3. Which f the fllwing wrds is created the same way as sunflwer!
A. hmewrkB. winnerC. untidyD. musician
4. His _____ English is very gd, because he is frm Australia, an ________ cuntry.
A. spken; English-spken
B. speaking; English-speaking
C. spken; English-speaking
考点二
转化法
D. speaking; English-speaking
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。
1. 动词转化为名词
try (v. 尝试→n. 尝试) read (v. 阅读→n. 阅读)
swim (v. 游泳→n. 游泳) sigh (v. 叹气→n. 叹气)
cry (v. 哭→n. 哭) shut (v. 呼喊→n. 呼喊)
kiss (v. 吻→n. 吻) guess (v. 猜测→n. 猜测)
2. 名词转化为动词
chair(n. 椅子→ v. 主持)hand(n. 手→v. 上交)
land(n. 土地→v. 着陆)ck(n. 厨师→v. 烹调)
rder(n. 命令→v. 订购)name(n. 名字→v. 取名)
lift(n. 电梯→v. 举起) picture(n. 画→v. 描绘)
press(n. 报刊→v. 挤压)nurse(n. 护士→v. 照料)
smke(n. 烟→v. 吸烟) stand(n. 看台→v. 站)
3. 形容词转化为动词
better(adj. 更好的→v. 改善) calm(adj. 安静的→v. 使安静)
cl (adj. 凉快的→v. 冷却) spare(adj. 空闲的→v. 节省)
wn (adj. 自己的→v. 拥有) clse(adj. 亲密的→v. 关闭)
slw (adj. 慢的→v. 减慢) last (adj. 最后的→v. 持续)
4. 形容词转化为名词
cld(a. 冷的→n. 感冒) back(a. 后面的→n. 背部)
quiet (a. 安静的→n. 恬静) calm (a. 平静的→n安静)
5. 形容词转化为副词
deep(a. 深的→ad. 深地) wide(a. 宽的→ad. 广泛地)
hard(a. 困难的→ad. 努力地) well(a. 健康的→ad. 很好地)
6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词
must (mtal verb 必须→n.必须)
1. The delay in delivery has put us t great (cnvenience).
2. His illness caused him t lse his ________(memrize).
3. Sme cmedians tell jkes abut the way peple ________(behavir).
考点三
词缀/派生法
4. The first bubbles t escape frm the liquid are a ________(mix)f air and hydrgen.
在一个词的词根前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法或词缀法。分为后缀法和前缀法。加在前面的词缀叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫后缀。
1.前缀
(1)表示“否定”、“相反”意义的前缀：
Ab- abnrmal 不正常的
nn- nnsense 胡言乱语； nnstp直达的；nnvilent非暴力的；
de- decrease减少；decentralize分散；degrade降级，降低……的地位；
dis- dislike不喜欢；disagree不同意；distrust不信任；disappear消失；
il- illegal不合法的；illgical不合逻辑的；illegible不易辨认的；
im- impssible不可能的；immral不道德的；impractical不现实的；
in- infrmal 非正式的 indirect adj. 间接的
un- unwilling 不情愿的； unbelievable 难以置信的；unnecessary 不必要的；
mal- maltreat 虐待； malnutritin 营养不良； malfunctin失灵
(2)表示时间先后的前缀
ex- ex-husband前夫；ex-president前总统；
fre- fretell语言；fresight先见之明，预见；fresee预见，预知；
mid- midterm其中的；midnight午夜；
pst- pstwar战后的；pstgraduate研究生；pstdctral博士后的
(3)表示方向位置的前缀
ex- exprt出口；exclude把……排斥在外；external外部的；
in- input输入；indr室内的；inrush涌入；incming进来的
(4)表示程度的前缀
extra- extrardinary非凡的，惊人的；extracurricular课程以外的；
ut- utnumber比……多；utrun超过，跑得比……快；
sur- surpass超过，优于；surplus剩余的；surrealism超现实主义
(5)表示数量的前缀
bi- bilateral双边的，两边的；bipartisan两党的；bilingual两语的；
mn- mmcycle独轮车；mnlgue独白；mn-drama独角戏，单人剧；
ply- ply-acid多酸的；plyclinic多科联合诊所；plycentric多中心的
(6)表示方式的前缀
anti- antiwar反战的；antifascist反法西斯的；antiscial反社会的；
c- cperatin合作；cexist共存；c-prsperity共同繁荣；
re- recnstruct重建；refrm改革；rewrite重写
(7)其他常见前缀
aut- autbigraphy自传；autgraph亲笔；autmat自动售货机；
bi- bigraphy传记；bilgy生物学；bichemistry生物化学；
bi-effect生物效应；bilgical clck生物钟；bi-chip生物芯片；
ec- eccide生态灭绝；ec-car生态汽车；ec-efficient生态效率；
macr- macrbitic长寿的；macr-climate大气候；macrecnmics宏观经济学
micr- micrbilgy微生物学；micrbus小型公共汽车；micrfilm缩微胶卷
2后缀
(1)构成人或者物的名词的后缀
-er thinker思想家；painkiller止痛药；cker灶具；printer打印机；dishwasher洗碗机
-r actr演员；semicnductr半导体；mnitr监视器；calculatr计算机
-ist physicist物理学；dentist牙科医生； artist 艺术家
-(i)an plitician(政治家)Italian (意大利人)American(美国人)
-ese Chinese (中国人) Japanese(日本人) Vietnamese(越南人)
-ant assistant(助手) cntestant(竞争者) servant(仆人)
-ry factry工厂；drmitry集体宿舍；labratry实验室
-ics ecnmics经济学；physics物理学；acustics声学
-lgy scilgy社会学；bilgy生物学；archaelgy考古
(2)构成表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀有：-al, -tin, -sin, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ure,等。
-ment argument争论；judgment判断；disappintment失望
-al arrival到达；refusal拒绝；survival幸存
-ance/-ence acceptance接受；assistance 帮助；dependence依靠
-tin/-sin discussin讨论；preparatin准备；repetitin 重复
-ness greatness 伟大；hardness 硬度；kindness善良
-th warmth温暖；length长度；grwth成长
-ure failure失败；pressure压力；mixture 混合物
-ship friendship友谊；leadership领导；relatinship关系
(3)构成形容词的后缀
-ful faithful忠实的；meaningful有意义的；painful疼痛的；fruitful富有成效的
-less fearless无畏的；useless无用的；helpless 无助的
-able acceptable可以接受的；applicable可适用的
-ive active积极的；decisive决定性的
-ant ignrant无知的；significant有重要意义的；imprtant重要的
-us famus著名的；cntinuus连续不断的；delicius 可口的
-ic histric有历史意义的；scientific科学的；electrnic 电子的
-ly friendly友好的；lively活泼的；lvely 可爱的
-(t)y thirsty口渴的； nisy喧闹的； healthy 健康的
-ary secndary次要的； imaginary想象中的；rdinary 普通的
-en glden金色的； wden木制的；wlen 毛纺的
(4)构成动词的后缀
-en widen使变宽；strengthen加强
-ize realize 实现 rganize 组织
-(i)fy satisfy 满意；mdify修饰；beautify 美化
(5)构成副词的后缀
-ly really真正地；happily幸福地；luckily幸运地
-ward frward向前；backward向后；westward向西
1. It’s (plite) t speak ludly in public.
2. I’m srry fr the caused by mistakes. Is it fr yu t cme n Thursday? If nt, yu can cme at yur .(cnvenient)
3. Please accept ur aplgies fr any (cnvenience) we have caused.
4. He has nly been playing ftball as a ________(prfessin) fr tw years.
单项选择
1.(2025高一上·广东·期中)Which f the fllwing wrds CAN’T frm a new wrd with “-ship”?
A. friendB. relatinC. schlarD. business
单句语法填空
2. If yu have been wrking hard, dn’t be afraid t take a break and give yurself a well-________(deserve) pat n the back r t reflect n yur gals.
按照单词构词法的规则写出单词的适当的形式
1. cnfirm v. 证实，证明→ n. 证实;确认
2. crwd n. 人群→ adj. 拥挤的
3. fail vi. & amp; vt. 失败;不及格;使失望→ n. 失败
4. aware adj. 意识到的;知道的→ adj. 未觉察到的，未意识到的→ n.知道，认识;意识
5. clth n. 布→ n. 衣服→ n.(总称)衣服
6. wl n. 羊毛，毛织物→ adj. 羊毛的
7. bleed v. 流血→ n. 流血，失血→ n. 血
8. injure vt. 损害;伤害→ n. 伤，损害
9. permit v. 允许，准许，许可→ n. 许可;允许
10. relate v. 相联系，有关联;讲述→ n. 关系，联系;亲属;亲戚→ n. 关系;关联
11. astnish v. 使吃惊，使惊讶→ adj. 感到惊讶的→ adj. 令人感到惊讶的→ n. 惊讶
12. gradual adj. 逐渐的→ adv. 逐渐地，逐步地
13. surrund v. 环绕，围绕→ adj. 周围的;附近的→ n.(复)周围的事物;环境
14. deep adj. 深的→ v. 加深→ n. 深，深度
15. mass+ive=adj.
16. art+ist=n.
17. clean+up=n.
18. dis+appear=vi.
19. ft+print=n.
20. n(无)+where(哪里)→ adv. 无处;任何地方都不
21. ther(以其他方式)+wise(明智的)→ adv. 否则;另外
22. helicpterist n. 直升机驾驶员→ n. [航] 直升飞机
23. mid(中间的;中央的)+night(夜晚)→ n. 午夜
24. threaten vt. 威胁;恐吓→ n. 威胁，恐吓
25. prpertyless adj.无财产的→ n. 性质，性能;财产
26. sufficient adj.足够的，充足的→ adv. 足够地，充足地
27. sheltery adj. 庇护的，遮盖的→ n. 庇护;避难所
28. n. 样本，样品→vt. 品尝，尝试；对……做抽样调查
29. n. 估计，估算→vt. 估计，估算
30. vt. 造成，引起，产生(问题、危险、困难等)→n.(为画像、拍照等而摆的)姿势，姿态
31. base(基础)+line(线)→ n.(医学或科学中的)基线，准线
32. wide(广泛地)+spread(传播)→ adj. 分布广的，广泛流传的
33. ut(出来)+break(突破)→ n.(战争)爆发；(疾病)暴发，突然发生
34. under(在……下面)+line(线)→ vt. 强调，使突出；在……之下画线
提升练习
I.阅读下面短文，分析并写出加黑单词的构词法。
Last weekend 1 , I was traveling hme frm business. It was t late, s I decided t g t a htel near the bus stp. At the entrance t the htel, I met a man wh was disabled 2 , and I made up my mind t ffer him sme help. He spke t me and explained his past life when he was healthy 3 . He had wrked in a car factry fr five years. Then an accident left him disabled. While listening t his stry I realized that he had experienced 4 a lt in his life. I tld him that althugh he was physically 5 disabled, his heart was strng, and he culd always depend n it. I ffered him sme mney t buy fd and drinks 6 and then he went hme. I have learnt that if yu say a few gd wrds and ffer a little help t thers, it will nt nly bring happiness 7 t yu, but it will als be in peple’s hearts frever.
II.从下面两组单词中各选择一个单词合成一个新单词(每个单词限用一次)
sun, free, wrth, child, ver, thrugh, pan, dwn, space, wrld
ship, way, cme, light, hd, ut, twn, cake, wide, while
Ⅲ.阅读理解
(2025学年高一上·江苏无锡·开学考试)Educatinal technlgy such as apps can help students with time management, study skills, hmewrk and mre. Belw is a list f apps fr cllege students advised by educatinal technlgy experts(专家). The need f every student is different and experts suggest that students try ut several apps t find the right ne. Unless csts are mentined in the app descriptins belw, these learning tls are free t users:
Blackbard App. A ppular learning management system, Blackbard is used at many clleges acrss the U.S. It allws students t get cursewrk fr nline classes r in-persn classes. Students can cmplete hmewrk and tests, view grades and mre.
Duling. Advertising itself as “the wrld’s best way t learn a language”, Duling ffers lessns in mre than 35 languages, helping users with speaking, reading, listening, writing, grammar and vcabulary. Duling ffers bth free and paid versins, the secnd ne with a free-advertisement experience and ff line way t lessns.
Evernte. A nte taking and task management system that ffers the ability t sync (同步) acrss it. Evernte allws users t create t-d lists and change dcuments int a digital (数字) frm thrugh a camera. Evernte is free, thugh a tp versin csts $7.99 a mnth r $69.99 a year.
Cllege mbile apps. Apps specially designed fr cllege students have becme fairly cmmn amng U.S. cllege students. While these apps may be different cllege by cllege, users can ften find schl maps, news, safety infrmatin, imprtant events and mre.
1. Which app will yu use if yu want t make a t-d list?
A. Blackbard App.B. Duling.C. Evernte.D. Cllege mbile apps.
2. What’s the meaning f the underlined wrd “versins”?
A. Views.B. Frms.C. Things.D. Series.
3. What d the apps have in cmmn (共同处)?
A. They cannt be used cntinuusly unless paid.
B. They can help cllege students learn better.
C. They have different versins fr cllege students.
D. They have been quite ppular amng cllege students.
Ⅳ.完形填空
(2025高一上·江苏宿迁·期末)Every child gt a part in ur annual pageant(盛会). I always wanted t be 4 t play Mary—the star f the shw. This year, when Pastr Buckley chse sme ther girl as Mary—again—and gave me a 5 t pen with, I gt dwn t learning it right away. Maybe I wuldn’t be the star, but if I wrked hard enugh, I culd cme 6 . Surely reciting(背诵) a pem alne at the micrphne wuld get the audience’s 7 .
“Gentle Jesus...” I 8 as I lay in bed at night. “Lk upn a little child...” I mumbled(咕哝) int the bathrm mirrr with my muth full f tthpaste. I 9 myself n stage, the audience clapping.
On the big night, during the first half, I recited the pem 10 . Suddenly, my mind went 11 . I std there fr what seemed like frever befre returning t my seat with 12 . S much fr being a(n) 13 .
I was hardly aware f the pageant that fllwed. But when Mr. Buckley annunced it was ver, the 14 wrds came t me ut f nwhere. “I remember!” I 15 .
Mr. Buckley lked my way and 16 . He reintrduced me. I tk my 17 n stage, and recited the pem frm start t finish. The rm burst int thunderus applause, nt just fr my recitatin, many tld me later, but fr my 18 in trying again.
4. A. frcedB. remindedC. chsenD. advised
5. A. jkeB. sngC. pemD. speech
6. A. clseB. verC. dwnD. arund
7. A. inspiratinB. cncernC. impressinD. attentin
8. A. restedB. practisedC. listenedD. reflected
9. A. picturedB. challengedC. taughtD. cncentrated
10. A. shylyB. ccasinallyC. fluentlyD. nervusly
11. A. wildB. smthC. wrngD. blank
12. A. shameB. interestC. shckD. cnfidence
13. A. playerB. starC. actrD. artist
14. A. lstB. newC. writtenD. simple
15. A. addedB. criedC. warnedD. insisted
16. A. stppedB. nddedC. shkD. waited
17. A. turnB. fferC. placeD. duty
18. A. anxietyB. hnestyC. genersityD. bravery
V.语法填空
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。
(2025高一上·江苏无锡·开学考试)It lks like Disney has dne it again! Pincchi is just the latest f the cmpany’s cartn classics, 19 will be adapted int a live-actin(真人版) film. Like Disney’s previus live-actin adaptatins, the creatrs have hnred the riginal while making changes based 20 the riginal surce.
The hand-drawn 1940 film Pincchi was 21 (riginal) adapted frm the classic Italian nvel written in the 1800s. 22 the bk and riginal mvie are quite different, they bth fllw the adventures f the wden by Pincchi. The riginal tale 23 (mean) t teach children lessns n mrality(道德).
The 24 (creatr) als made sure t keep the belved characters frm the 1940 film. Many familiar faces such as Pincchi’s lving father, the wise Jiminy Cricket will appear. Besides, several actrs with previus Disney films 25 (accept) sme f these characters recently.
Befre yu start t wrry that this film will be just a cpy f the riginal, let’s g ver its differences.
One change t the stry is the additin f a new character—Sfia the Seagull. 26 change t the stry is made by an actr wh is nt new t Disney live-actin adaptatins. Accrding t him, his character plays a bigger and 27 (frightening) rle in this film than in the 1940 tale. He’s an unusual creature. T see Pincchi’s puppet brught t life in this exciting 28 (adapt), yu can catch it n Disney this mnth!