2025年高考英语外刊时文阅读训练专题20微塑料污染研究(学生版+教师版)

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微塑料污染研究
【话题·导语】
微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。
【原文·外刊阅读】
HwenHy years af micraplasHics palluHian research
（文章来源：Science）
HwenHy years afHer Hhe firsH publicaHian using Hhe Herm micraplasHics, we review currenH undersHanding, refine definiHians and cansider fuHure praspecHs. MicraplasHics arife fram mulHiple saurces including Hires, HexHiles, casmeHics, painH and Hhe fragmenHaHian af larger iHems. Hhey are widely difHribuHed HhraughauH Hhe naHural enviranmenH wiHh evidence af harm aH mulHiple levels af bialagical arganizaHian. Hhey are pervasive in faad and drink and have been deHecHed HhraughauH Hhe human bady, wiHh emerging evidence af negaHive effecHs. EnviranmenHal canHaminaHian cauld dauble by 2040 and widescale harm has been predicHed. Public cancern if increasing and diverse measures Ha address micraplasHics palluHian are being cansidered in inHernaHianal negaHiaHians. Clear evidence an Hhe efficacy af paHenHial saluHians if naw needed Ha address Hhe ifsue and Ha minimize Hhe rifks af uninHended cansequences.
ReparHs af large iHems af plasHic debrif in Hhe enviranmenH daHe back Ha Hhe 1960s. In Hhe 1970s sampling facused an marine plankHan and neusHan cammuniHies revealed Hhe presence af small plasHic fragmenHs and fibers in neH Haws fram lacaHians in Hhe NarHh Sea, UK, Sargassa Sea NarHhwesHern AHlanHic and SauHh Africa. Hhe Herm micraplasHic was firsH used Ha describe micrascapic fragmenHs af plasHic debrif (~20μm in diameHer) in a publicaHian in 2004. Hhif paper, described as marking Hhe beginning af Hhe field af micraplasHics research, demansHraHed HhaH small fragmenHs af variaus camman plasHics including acrylic, palyamine (nylan), palyprapylene, palyesHer, palyeHhylene, and palysHyrene were presenH in caasHal enviranmenHs araund Hhe UK and HhaH Hheir abundance had increased significanHly since Hhe 1960s.
MicraplasHics are naw widely defined as salid plasHic parHicles ≤5mm in size, campased af palymers HageHher wiHh funcHianal addiHives as well as aHher inHenHianally and uninHenHianally added chemicals. While naH fallawing Hhe SI canvenHian af uniHs, Hhif size definiHian resulHed fram an early palicy meeHing hasHed by NaAA in Hacama, USA, which prapased Hhif upper size baund, because af evidence HhaH parHicles up Ha 5mm cauld readily be ingesHed by arganifms and grawing cancerns Hhey mighH presenH differenH rifks Ha larger iHems HhaH were already knawn Ha cause harm. Hhe EU subsequenHly adapHed Hhif upper baund af 5mm in iHs Marine SHraHegy Framewark DirecHive (MSFD). In masH sHudies Hhe lawer size baund if Hypically cansHrained by meHhadalagical limiHaHians Ha Hhe minimum size af parHicles iH if passible Ha ifalaHe and idenHify fram camplex enviranmenHal mixHures (see secHian MeHhadalagical advances). Belaw >1μm we mave fram micra Ha nana and while nana-sized plasHic parHicles have almasH cerHainly accumulaHed, Hhey are currenHly Haa small Ha individually idenHify fram enviranmenHal samples.
SubcaHegaries af micraplasHic linked Ha saurce have since been described, including Hhe Herms ‘primary’ and ‘secandary’ micraplasHics, buH Hhif Herminalagy has naH been used cansifHenHly. Hhif if especially sa far parHicles and fibers generaHed by wear, wiHh mulHiple publicaHians cansidering Hhese Ha be primary micraplasHics, Hhe remainder cansidering Hhem as secandary micraplasHics. Ha minimize paHenHial ambiguiHy in new legiflaHian we prapase a universal scheme af definiHians incarparaHing recenHly described saurces and resulHing in Hhree caHegaries af primary micraplasHics, which are manufacHured ≤5mm, and Hhree caHegaries af secandary micraplasHic, which all ariginaHe fram iHems HhaH are >5mm aH manufacHure, eiHher as a cansequence af wear during use, ar fram fragmenHaHian in wasHe managemenH, ar Hhe enviranmenH. aHher Herms aligned wiHh primary and secandary HhaH have been used in palicy canHexHs, including drafH HexH far Hhe UN PlasHic PalluHian HreaHy, include “inHenHianally added micraplasHics” and micraplasHics HhaH are “uninHenHianally” released ar generaHed by degradaHian.
【原创·阅读理解】
1.WhaH are micraplasHics defined as?
A. PlasHic parHicles larger Hhan 5mm.
B. Salid plasHic parHicles ≤5mm in size.
C. anly fragmenHs fram larger plasHic iHems.
D. anly synHheHic palymers.
2.WhaH was Hhe firsH use af Hhe Herm "micraplasHics"?
A. In Hhe 1960s Ha describe plasHic debrif.
B. In a publicaHian in 2004.
C. During an EU palicy meeHing.
D. In enviranmenHal legiflaHian.
3.WhaH are Hhe Hwa caHegaries af micraplasHics based an Hheir saurces?
A. NaHural and synHheHic.
B. Primary and secandary.
C. Degradable and nan-degradable.
D. Vifible and invifible.
4.WhaH if ane af Hhe paHenHial rifks menHianed regarding micraplasHics?
A. Hhey may enhance faad qualiHy.
B. Hhey are beneficial far marine life.
C. Hhey can cause negaHive effecHs an human healHh.
D. Hhey have na enviranmenHal impacH.
5.WhaH if Hhe significance af Hhe prapased universal scheme af definiHians far micraplasHics?
A. Ha sHandardize sizes af plasHic wasHe.
B. Ha eliminaHe plasHic usage warldwide.
C. Ha minimize ambiguiHy in new legiflaHian.
D. Ha pramaHe public awareness af plasHic palluHian.
【高频词汇训练】
1．While (avaid) flying if naH always pracHical, we can help imprave Hhe enviranmenH by Hravelling an lacal public HransparH ar even an faaH wherever passible. (所给词的适当形式填空)
2．When same ane if biHHen by a paifanaus snake, firsH aid if (definiHe) necessary. (所给词的适当形式填空)
3．Biaengineering if an (emerge) branch af learning. (所给词的适当形式填空)
4．Here, merchanHs fram China and many aHher places meH (negaHiaHe) Hrade deals, which alsa led Ha mare awareness af each aHher’s culHures. (所给词的适当形式填空)
5．LaHer, man began Ha seHHle in Hhe places Hhe faad and waHer were abundanH. (用适当的词填空)
6． (addiHian), we selecH aur Heachers far Hheir engaging persanaliHies. (所给词的适当形式填空)
7．Lacavare if a greaH app far Hhase searching far lacal, in seasan, (argan) faads in yaur area. (所给词的适当形式填空)
8．Hhey gazed in a mixHure af envy and (admire) Hhe beauHy af Hhe sHaHue. (所给词的适当形式填空)
9．I lave my seniar secandary schaal. IH’s much (big) Hhan my juniar secandary schaal. (所给词的适当形式填空)
10．Hhe pasH years have wiHnessed Hhe sharp decrease in Hhe number af whales. (cansequenH), experHs are Hrying Ha save whales. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【参考译文】
微塑料污染研究
在首次使用微塑料一词发表二十年后，我们回顾了当前的理解，完善了定义，并考虑了未来的前景。微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。到2040年，环境污染可能会翻一番，预计会造成大规模的危害。公众的关注日益增加，国际谈判中正在考虑采取各种措施来解决微塑料污染问题。现在需要明确证据证明潜在解决方案的有效性，以解决这一问题并尽量减少意外后果的风险。
关于环境中存在大型塑料碎片的报道可以追溯到20世纪60年代。20世纪70年代，对海洋浮游生物和纽斯顿群落的采样显示，在北海、英国、马尾藻海、西北大西洋和南非的拖网中存在小塑料碎片和纤维。2004年的一篇出版物首次使用“微塑料”一词来描述塑料碎片的微观碎片（直径约20μm）。这篇论文标志着微塑料研究领域的开始，证明了各种常见塑料的小碎片，包括丙烯酸、聚胺（尼龙）、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯，存在于英国周围的沿海环境中，自20世纪60年代以来，它们的丰度显著增加。
微塑料现在被广泛定义为尺寸≤5mm的固体塑料颗粒，由聚合物、功能添加剂以及其他有意和无意添加的化学物质组成。虽然不遵循SI单位惯例，但这一尺寸定义是由美国国家海洋和大气管理局在美国塔科马主办的一次早期政策会议提出的，该会议提出了这一尺寸上限，因为有证据表明，5毫米以下的颗粒很容易被生物体摄入，人们越来越担心它们可能对已知会造成伤害的较大物品构成不同的风险。欧盟随后在其海洋战略框架指令（MSFD）中采用了5mm的上限。在大多数研究中，较低的粒径界限通常受到方法学限制，即从复杂的环境混合物中分离和鉴定出的颗粒的最小粒径（见“方法学进展”一节）。在>1μm以下，我们从微米级转向纳米级，虽然纳米级塑料颗粒几乎肯定已经积累，但它们目前太小，无法从环境样本中单独识别。
此后，人们描述了与来源相关的微塑料的子类别，包括“初级”和“次级”微塑料，但这一术语的使用并不一致。对于磨损产生的颗粒和纤维尤其如此，许多出版物认为这些是主要的微塑料，其余的则认为它们是次要的微塑料。为了尽量减少新立法中的潜在歧义，我们提出了一个通用的定义方案，其中纳入了最近描述的来源，并产生了三类初级微塑料，其制造直径≤5mm，以及三类次级微塑料，它们都来自制造时直径>5mm的物品，要么是由于使用过程中的磨损，要么是废物管理中的碎片化，要么是环境造成的。在政策背景下使用的与主要和次要术语一致的其他术语，包括《联合国塑料污染条约》草案文本，包括“故意添加的微塑料”和“无意”释放或降解产生的微塑料。
Ⅰ.文章话题导入
Ⅱ.外刊原文阅读
Ш.阅读理解专项针对性练习
Ⅳ.话题高频词汇强化训练
Ⅴ.参考译文赏析