专题05：阅读长难句分析+能力综合练-2022年高考二轮复习能力提升精品讲义15讲（上海）

第五讲 阅读长难句分析+阅读C篇 词汇拓展专题突破实战演练能力提升练词汇拓展四级词汇拓展专题突破（一）阅读理解长难句分析1. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.【词汇突破】the treasury secretary 财政部长（美） anecdote 轶闻，趣闻 statistics 数据（还有一个我们不熟悉的意思：表格） picture 情况，事态，局面，状况，情形，形势【主干识别】There is a disjunction.【其他成分】as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says 插入语；between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics后置定语修饰a disjunction.【微观解析】between the mass of business anecdote and the picture; 为定语的主体部分；that points to a leap in productivity修饰anecdote；reflected by the statistics修饰statistics。【难点揭秘】由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在between… and…结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于理解。【译文赏析】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。【翻译点拨】也可以把比较长的那个部分单独翻译，这样更符合中文的习惯：有大量表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事，但是财长罗伯特.鲁宾认为现实的数据表明的情况并不能支持这些传奇。2.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.【词汇突破】estimate 估量，评估；not…but 不是……而是……【主干识别】Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass but changes.【其他成分】括号中的内容对biomass进行解释和说明；of species和in particular parts of the ocean做后置定语修饰biomass， in that biomass over time后置定语修饰changes；【难点揭秘】estimate的宾语为the actual biomass 和changes的并列，并列连词为but , 在阅读的过程中往往 会由于长定语的分割而产生阅读的障碍；【译文赏析】他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区鱼类的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。【翻译点拨】多个定语在修饰着changes因此顺序应该做符合中文习惯的调整。3. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.【词汇突破】authority 权威harness 使……停止的意思 conscious 有意识的 intensely powerful mental event在原文中就等于dreams;【主干识别】one leading authority says that+宾语从句；【其他成分】宾语从句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control; 并列连词not only …but also…连接两个并列的动词harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 为目的状语【难点揭秘】动词的并列造成识别上的困难。【译文赏析】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。4.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selves—goals that pose a real challenge.【词汇突破】utility 运用； supervision 监管【主干识别】they will have to operate and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的两个谓语由and 连接；【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility状语；with less human supervision状语；at least状语；goals that pose a real challenge整个句子的同位语。【微观解析】同位语goals 被定语从句修饰；【难点揭秘】动词的并列，状语的隔离；同位语的识别需要关注。【译文赏析】但是如果机器人能在下一个阶段达到节省人工的运用，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要至少能够自己做出几个决定--这些目标才会带来真的挑战。【翻译点拨】对于the next stage of laborsaving utility的处理，如果直译就是：如果机器人要达到节省人工的运用的下一个阶段在，这样的表达不仅拗口而且难懂，就是典型的死译，所以把定语转译为状语。5. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼；disregard 抛弃，丢弃；irrelevant 不相干 instantaneously 立即；winding 蜿蜒曲折的；suspicious 可疑的【主干识别】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent并列的两个动词glimpse和disregard【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语作状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语human mind。【微观解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face 为focus on 的并列宾语【难点揭秘】动词的并列在主句中出现；而在现在分词短语中出现并列宾语；【译文赏析】但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。6.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.【词汇突破】reveal 揭露；constitutes 包含；primacy 重要性，首要地位【主干识别】A comparison reveals not…but also …主谓宾结构【其他成分】of British geological publications定语修饰comparison, over the last century and a half定语修饰publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research宾语，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列宾语【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修饰emphasis;research修饰definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作of 的宾语，what为宾语从句中的主语。【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是comparison，还有一个为emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词changing；在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。7. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.【词汇突破】M&A 为mergers and acquisitions 的缩写表示合并和兼并的意思为经济术语。underlie 构成…的基础；导致…发生。trade and investment barriers 贸易和投资壁垒globalization process 全球化进程(可以作为写作词汇使用)【主干识别】I believe that+宾语从句【其他成分】the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same 为宾语从句主干；that underlie the globalization process为定语从句；“：”后为对forces的解释；【微观解析】三种力量的并列为falling transportation and communication costs,以及lower trade and investment barriers 和 enlarged markets后面接一个定语从句 that require enlarged operations和后置定语形容词短语：capable of meeting customers demands【难点揭秘】并列的三种力量，由于修饰语比较长和并列连词较多使其解析较难；【译文赏析】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力和促进全球化进程的力量是一样的：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及为能满足消费者需求而大幅度拓展得市场。8. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员；distract 分散注意力【主干识别】It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句. 形式主语从句【其他成分】for auditors 状语；scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.宾语从句。【微观解析】scientists should not be distracted 宾语从句主干；who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there 定语从句修饰scientist；where they are going and how they will get there定语从句中know的宾语从句；by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.状语；of keeping one eye on the cash register修饰the necessity 作定语。while the other eye is on the microscope状语修饰keeping。【难点揭秘】主语从句中出现定语从句，定语从句中出现并列的宾语这样隔离的障碍就更为显著了。【译文赏析】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。【翻译点拨】by短语在句子中是充当状语，翻译为原因，where they are going and how they will get there处理为知道做什么，知道怎么做，这样的表达符合中文的习惯。如果直接翻译为：知道他们要去哪里和怎么去，就是对于字面含义的翻译。属于死译。9. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的；spectacles 景象；ample 充足的 radical 激进的，根本的；participatory democracy 参与制民主 enrolled in 注册入学，入伍【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。10.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."【词汇突破】explanatory 解释性的；upsetting不安；consists of 包含【主干识别】 it is a little upsetting to read that+宾语从句and then to find that+宾语从句；形式主语句，句子主语为 to read and to find.在主语中带有两个动词不定式中的宾语从句；【其他成分】 in the explanatory notes 状语；a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge宾语从句主干；off which they both fall into the river起连接句子作用的定语从句；the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers宾语从句主干；"Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是Line的同位语。【微观解析】off which they both fall into the river还原为一个句子就是：they both fall into the river off the bridge. 【难点揭秘】主语是两个并列的成分识别并列主语是一大难点；【译文赏析】但当我们先是从解释性注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上格斗并双双掉进河里，而后又发现该行诗中只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的声音以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。【翻译点拨】先把两个比较长的主语单独译成两个句子，再翻译剩下的部分，打破英语中的句子限定，单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧，简单讲就是哪个部分太长就尽量的单独翻译。（二）C篇例题精讲( C ) ESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a catch-all expression for the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are called psychics. Some believe that we all have this ability to some degree but that most of us choose not to develop it. Many people are skeptical about ESP. Alongside the existence of documented evidence, there are plenty of claims that have turned out to be cheating. For most people, it is difficult to accept such claims without having had first hand experience. The lack of scientific evidence is another factor to take into account. On the other hand, most of us have, at some time, experienced a seemingly unexplainable occurrence; hearing the telephone ring and knowing who will be on the other end of the line or cases of coincidence that seem to be too extreme to be accidental. Over the years there have been numerous ESP experiments conducted by serious scientists in serious institutions. Joseph Banks Rhine, a botanist at Duke University published a famous book in 1934 called “Extra-Sensory Perception” in which he claimed to have enormous evidence of ESP. However, other scientists have been unable to copy his results since, which has resulted in the book losing much of its original credibility and fame. The Ganzfield Experiments are considered to have been the most carefully examined ESP experiments. So-called psychics had their eyes covered and ears blocked while a “sender” attempted to transmit messages. Later the psychics would compare the messages received to the original messages sent out. There was a great deal of excitement and interest at the time, but the research failed to produce convincing results. One of the strongest criticisms against ESP is that in order for it to exist, the fundamental laws of physics would necessarily have to be broken. Human beings are attracted to the whole range of supernatural phenomena. ESP will always continue to fascinate. This becomes clear when we see how much of the media is dedicated to the topic: magazines, journals, web sites, television and radio programs. Some of the most successful films in recent years have fuelled interest among the younger generations who are starting to ask the same questions and to look for explanations for the same phenomena as their parents and grandparents before them. Who knows? One day we might just find these answers because one thing is certain: “The truth is out there! ”74. According to the 1st paragraph, a psychic can do the following EXCEPT __________.A. read what his parents are thinking aboutB. transmit one friend’s thought to anotherC. predict what’ll happen at tomorrow’s meetingD. change the position of a chair without touching it答案：B解析：细节题. 考查对句子意思的理解能力，由第一段可以知道，a psychic能recieve transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one pleace to another without physics.只有B选项是无法做到的，因为他们只能输送他们自己的想法，不能把别人的想法输送给另外一个人。75. The underlined word “skeptical” in the second paragraph can be replaced with __________.A. enthusiastic B. doubtful C. particular D. curious答案：B 解析：词义理解题 由下文的出现的turn out可以推出，是对这个现象很怀疑，所以才有后面的turn out(论证过程).76. What can be learned about the book “Extra–Sensory Perception” and “the Ganzfield Experiments”?A. They both failed to prove the existence of ESP scientifically.B. They were both the products of casually-designed research.C. Others followed their examples and got the same consequences.D. The writer and the experiment operators lost their fame eventually.答案：A解析：推理题 由最后一段Who knows? One day we might just fine these answers可以知道，目前还没有十足的证据来论证这个，所以这两本书都是无法证明这个现象的存在。77. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Whether ESP exists. B. How ESP works. C. Who ESP attracts. D. Why ESP fails.答案：A解析：主旨大意题本文一直在讲ESP的话题，先是讨论什么是ESP,然后对ESP表示质疑，进而进行论证，但是到最后都没有足够的证据证明它的存在。所以A是最符合的。实战演练Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.（2018复旦附中质量调研） (C)Lindsay Renwick, the mayor of Deniliquin, a country town in New South Wales, misses the constant whir (嗡嗡声) of the rice mill whose giant fans dried the rice. The Deniliquin mill, the largest rice mill in the Southern Hemisphere (南半球), once processed enough grain to meet the needs of 20 million people globally. But six years of drought have had a destructive effect, reducing Australia’s rice crop by 98 percent and leading to the mothballing of the mill last December.Drought affects every agriculture industry based in Australia, not just rice — from sheep farming, the country’s other backbone, to the cultivation of grapes for wine, the fastest-growing crop there, with that expansion often coming at the expense of rice. The drought’s effect on rice has produced the greatest impact on the rest of the world, so far. It is one factor contributing to skyrocketing prices, and many scientists believe it is among the earliest signs that a warming planet is starting to affect food production.Researchers are looking for solutions to global rice shortages — for example, rice that blooms earlier in the day, when it is cooler, to fight against global warming. Rice plants that happen to bloom on hot days are less likely to produce grains of rice, a difficulty that is already starting to emerge in inland areas of China and other Asian countries as temperatures begin to climb. “There will be problems very soon unless we have new varieties of rice in place,” said Reiner Wassmann, climate change director at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The recent reports on climate change carried a warning that could make the news even worse: that existing models for the effects of climate change on agriculture did not yet include newer findings that global warming could reduce rainfall and make it more variable. Yet the effects of climate change are not uniformly bad for rice. Rising concentrations (浓度) of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, can actually help rice - although the effect reduces or disappears if the plants face unnecessary heat, inadequate water, severe pollution or other stresses. Still, the flexibility of farmers here has persuaded some climate experts that, particularly in developed countries, the effects of climate change may be relieved, if not completely avoided. “I’m not as negative as most people,” said Will Steffen, director of the Fenner School of Environment and Society at Australian National University. “Farmers are learning how to do things differently.”Meanwhile, changes like the use of water to grow wine grapes instead of rice carry their own costs, as the developing world is discovering. “Rice is an essential food，” said Graeme Haley, the general manager of the town of Deniliquin. “Wine is not.”62. By “the mothballing of the mill” (in Paragraph 1) the author most probably means the mill is .A. kept unprocessed B. left unusedC. being entirely restored D. being pushed round63. To find the ways to cope with the global rice shortage, researchers are .A. seeking new types of rice which could bloom at a lower temperatureB. building greenhouses which could provide more heat for rice to growC. studying climate changes in China which may affect rice growing in AsiaD. looking for alternative agriculture industries which may take the place of rice64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Rice plants are fond of higher temperature in the process of growing.B. Global warming has shown few signs of influence on agriculture.C. Rice prices are rising steadily owing to the crop failure in Australia.D. Global warming may contribute to more complicated weather conditions.65. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. Australia is the largest rice producing country around the worldB. most people look on the bright side of the flexibility of farmers C. climate changes have simply brought negative effects to people’s livesD. wine grape cultivation has threatened the rice production in Australia66. Which of the following best serves as the title of the passage?A. Rice shortage and wine boom B. Drought, the enemy of rice productionC. Rice crisis and its solution D. Rice issue, a focus of the public attention62. B 63. A 64. D 65. D 66. C62.解析：由第一段最后一句可知大米产量因干旱减少了90%，因此磨坊的工作也大幅下降，不被使用，故选B。63.解析：由第三段第一句可知，研究人员考虑提前水稻在白天的开花时间，即在更凉爽的时间开花，故选A。64.解析：由第三段第二句可知，大米喜阴，故A错。由第二段可知，全球变暖严重影响农业及畜牧业，可能带来粮食危机，故B错。由第二段第三句可知，大米价格飞涨，故C错。由第三段最后一句可知全球变暖还会影响降雨量，故选D。65.解析：文中并未提及澳大利亚是全球最大的水稻生产国，故A错。第四段第二句指出仅一些专家对农民们的灵活性持积极态度，故B错。由第四段第二句可知，温室气体有助于水稻生长，故C错。由第五段第一句可知葡萄种植正取代水稻种植，故选D。66.解析：本题是一道综合概括题，由全文内容可知，本文核心内容为全球变暖给水稻种植带来的影响，故选C。能力提升练Grammar and VocabularyDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How to Find Happiness without Buying it 　　Our materialistic society has led us to believe that happiness cannot be obtained without having money.　　Rather than learning to be satisfied with what we have, we ___21___ (teach)to want more. We learn from advertising, and from the media, __22____ we need to buy trinkets and toys in order to make ourselves happy, or __23___ (fulfill) emotional needs, and that the purchases they are trying to talk us into will provide us with the psychological comfort we are looking for.　　Unfortunately, as a society we have bought into these ___24___ (misguide)messages and have come to believe that ___25__ (spend) money on certain items will bring us fame, fortune, happiness, beauty, or popularity. As a result, we trade hours of our lives working, sacrificing time that __26___ have been spent with our families, ___27__ the pursuit of the almighty dollar. Actually, there are a number of ways to enjoy life without the need for a great deal of money. For example, Think about __28__ you would spend your time, and what you would do for enjoyment. Change your focus from material possessions to ___29__ that bring you enjoyment, such as spending quality time with your family and friends.Certainly, it is important to work and earn enough to provide for our basic needs and the needs of our families, but it is important to recognize when the desire for personal possessions becomes overly consuming, __30___ otherwise will upset a balance between a satisfying work life and a rich home life. The best way to achieve such a balance is to ensure the drive for material possessions does not become all consuming.【答案】are taught ；that；to fulfill；misguided；spending；could；for；how；others；whichDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. 　　A pen has always been a(n) (31) ________tool when it comes to taking exams. However, in this digital age, this traditional tool may become a thing of the past.　　Cambridge University in Britain is considering ending 800 years of written exams and allowing students to use laptops(手提电脑) or iPads to take exams instead.　　The move comes after Cambridge teachers complained that students’ handwriting is becoming too hard to recognize. The (32)______ in being able to write neatly could largely be down to the (33)______ on laptops in lectures and elsewhere. 　　“There has definitely been a (34)______ trend. It is difficult for both the students and the examiners as it is harder and harder to read these scripts,” Sarah Pearsall, a senior lecturer at the university, told The Telegraph.　　As a result, more and more students with poor handwriting are being (35)______ to return to university during the summer holidays to read their answers aloud to university administrators. However, some (36)______ the move, fearing the handwritten word would become a lost art. Tracey Trussell, a handwriting expert at the British Institute of Graphologists, (37)______ Cambridge to “make sure that students continue to write by hand, particularly in lectures”. She told The Telegraph that writing by hand could help students improve their memory and understand lessons better.　　Meanwhile, there are also concerns that primary and secondary schools could follow Cambridge’s examples.　　In fact, a similar plan was carried out for some first- and second-year students at Edinburgh University in the UK in 2011, reported The Scotsman. Senior officials at the university believed it was (38)______ to expect students to use pens and paper during exams when most of their coursework was done using computers.　　The move also echoes the opinions of Harvard professor Eric Mazur, known as the father of the “flipped classroom (翻转课堂)”. He believed that the rise of the (39)______ to mobile internet means that we live in an age in which we don’t need to memorize anything. Students should be tested on their creative and (40)______ skills, rather than the ability to remember information, he said during the Times Higher Education World Academic Summit in September.【答案】F K I B H J E D C G Reading Comprehension Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the work or phrase that best fits the context.　　It's no secret that as a population, Americans have been getting heavier, but researchers now say that our weight problem may be worse than we thought.　　In a study published in the journal PLOS One, lead author Dr. Eric Braverman says that our current measure of obesity (肥胖症) -- body mass index, or BMI -- significantly (41) ______ the number of people, especially women, who are obese.　　Braverman and his co-author, Dr. Nirav Shah, studied 1,400 men and women, comparing their BMI measurement to their percentage of body fat, as measured by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. While BMI is a simple ratio of a person’s height and weight, the DEXA scan-- which is normally used to measure body density (密度) -- can (42) ______ between bone, fat and muscle mass.　　Based on BMI, about one-third of Americans are considered obese, but when other methods of measuring obesity are used, that number may be (43) ______ to 60% according to Braverman.　　Physicians have complained for years that BMI is a(n) (44) ______ measure of healthy weight. Extremely muscular people, (45) ______ , may weigh “too much” for their height, since dense muscle mass weighs more than fat, thus qualifying as obese even if their bodies contain very little fat. Yet it’s not extra weight itself, but excess fat that (46) ______ health problems.　　“People aren’t being diagnosed as obese, so they’re not being told about their risk of disease or being given (47) _____ on how to improve their health,” Braverman said. Data show that people who (48) ______ to put on pounds are more likely to continue getting heavier, increasing their risk for a number of diseases.　　So why is BMI still being used, if it’s not (49) ______ For now, it’s the best and easiest way for physicians to measure a person’s healthy weight while taking into account his or her general body (50) ______. DEXA scans are far too expensive to be used as a (51) ______ measure during doctor’s visits. BMI isn’t perfect, but many experts say it’s the best they have.　　Still, as results like Braverman’s continue to (52) ______, it may be time to consider other ways of tracking weight, and (53) ______, body fat. “It’s important to point out the (54) ______ of the BMI,” Dr.Richard Bergman, director of Cedars Sinai’s Obesity and Diabetes Research Institute in Los Angeles said. “It’s a poor measure of (55) ______, and we do need better measures.”41、 A. predicts B. underestimates C. increases D. reduces42、 A. compare B. recognize C. identify D. distinguish43、 A. closer B. related C. devoted D. key44、 A. important B. imperfect C. incredible D. uncertain45、 A. for example B. in contrast C. in addition D. without doubt46、 A. arises from B. owes to C. leads to D. goes through 47、 A. views B. orders C. instruction D. focus48、 A. decide B. start C. hope D. fear49、 A. right B. recognizable C. popular D. precise50、 A. structure B. well-being C. function D. weight51、 A. special B. routine C. scientific D. decisive52、 A. fill in B. run out C. go down D. build up53、 A. in particular B. on occasion C. after all D. in all54、 A. mistakes B. failure C. inferiority D. weakness55、 A. health B. body C. fatness D. diseases【答案】B D A B A C C B D A B D A D C(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog. Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics. Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupings. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls, giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi. 63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to __________.A. demonstrate Linnaeus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming system D. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with little modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern Taxonomy B. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life Forms D. Linnaeus’s Classification System答案：63-66 DDAB 六选四Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Writing is an unnatural act. As Charles Darwin observed, “Men has an instinctive tendency to speak, as we see in the babble of our young children, whereas no child has an instinctive tendency to bake, brew, or write.”44.________But the written word is a recent invention that has left not trace in our genes and must be laboriously acquired throughout childhood and beyond.Speech and writing differ in how they are acquired or developed or in their mechanics, of course, and that is one reason children must struggle with writing: it takes practice to reproduce the sounds of language with a pencil or a keyboard. But they differ in another way ,which makes the acquisition of writing a lifelong challenge even after the mechanics have been mastered.45.________Spoken conversation is instinctive because social interaction is instinctive; we speak to those with whom we are on speaking terms. When we engage our conversation partners, we have some idea of what they know and what they might be interested in learning, and as we chat with them, we monitor their eyes, their faces, and their posture.46_______.We enjoy none of this give-and-take when we cast our bread upon the waters by sending a written letter out into the world. The recipients are invisible and inscrutable, and we have to get through to them without knowing much about them or seeing their reactions.47________We have to visualize ourselves in some kind of conversation, or letter writing or public speech, or monologue, and put words into the mouth of the little avatar who presents up in this imagined world.答案：ECFA词义例句circulate  ['sɜːkjʊleɪt]v. 传播；循环；流通Rumours began circulating that the Prime Minister was seriously ill.Swimming helps to get the blood circulating through the muscles.clarify  ['klærɪfaɪ]v. 澄清；阐明Thank you for writing and allowing me to clarify the present position.clasp  [klɑːsp]n. 扣子，钩子；握手vt. 紧抱；扣紧；紧紧缠绕the clasp of her handbagShe stood with her hands clasped tightly together. claw  [klɔː]n. 爪；螯，钳；爪形器具v. 用爪抓（或挖）The cat tried to cling to the edge by its claws.  The wolf clawed at the tree and howled the whole night. cloak  [kləʊk]n. 斗蓬；宽大外衣；遮盖，幌子vt. 遮掩；隐匿Today most of New England will be under a cloak of thick mist. The talks have been cloaked in secrecy. clumsy  ['klʌmzɪ]adj. 笨拙的，不得当的A clumsy waiter spilled wine all over her new skirt. coarse [kɔːs]adj. 粗糙的；粗俗的His shirt and pants were made of coarse fabric. collision  [kə'lɪʒ(ə)n]n. 碰撞；冲突；抵触The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck. The play represents the collision of three generations. commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n]n. 委员会；佣金；委任vt. 委托制作The salespeople work on commission only. Macmillan commissioned her to illustrate a book by Spike Milligan.compass  ['kʌmpəs]n. 指南针，罗盘；圆规We had to rely on a compass and a lot of luck to get here.compel  [kəm'pel]vt. 强迫，迫使The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.compensate  ['kɒmpenseɪt]v. 补偿，赔偿，弥补The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings. competent  ['kɒmpɪt(ə)nt]adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的He was a loyal, distinguished and very competent civil servant. complement ['kɒmplɪm(ə)nt]n. 补语；余角；补足物vt. 补足，补助This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes. There will be a written examination to complement the practical test. complicate  ['kɒmplɪkeɪt]vt. 使复杂化；使恶化The situation is complicated by the fact that I’ve got to work late on Friday.addiction B. downward C.access D. unfair E. urgedF.essential G. analytical H. forced I. reliance J. criticized K. fall At the time we write, the reader exists only in our imaginations, and, thus, writing is above all an act of pretense. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk in his language, that goes to his heart. Speaking and writing involve very different kinds of human relationship, and only the one associated with speech comes to us naturally. An active composing a manifesto must write as if he is standing in front of a crowd and whipping up their emotion.E. The spoken word is older than our specie, and the instinct for language allows children to engage in clear conversation years before they enter a schoolhouse.F. If they need clarification, or cannot believe what has been said, or have something to add, they can break into the conversation or follow up in a turn.