专题15：概要写作+能力综合练-2022年高考二轮复习能力提升精品讲义15讲（上海）


第十五讲


概要写作篇+综合练

词汇拓展





专题精选





实战演练





能力提升练






词汇拓展





四级词汇拓展
词义
例句
1. hazard  ['hæzəd]
n. 危险，风险，隐患
Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. 
2. hostile  ['hɒstaɪl]
adj. 敌对的，敌方的；怀敌意的
Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention. 
3. identical  [aɪ'dentɪk(ə)l]
adj. 完全相同的
The ingredients are identical with those of competing products.
4. imprison  [ɪm'prɪz(ə)n]
vt. 监禁；关押
He was imprisoned for 18 months on charges of theft. 
5. incentive [ɪn'sentɪv]
n. 动机，鼓励；刺激
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills. 
6. incline [ɪn'klaɪn]
vi. 倾斜；倾向；易于
vt. 使倾斜；使倾向于
n. 倾斜；斜面；斜坡
The accident inclined him to reconsider his career. 
Those who fail incline to blame the world for their failure. 
He came to a halt at the edge of a steep incline. 
7. indifferent [ɪn'dɪf(ə)r(ə)nt]
adj. 漠不关心的；无关紧要的；中性的，中立的，平庸的
People have become indifferent to the suffering of others.
She had starred in several very indifferent movies. 
8. indignant  [ɪn'dɪgnənt]
adj. 愤愤不平的；义愤的
Liz was indignant at the way her child had been treated. 
9. indispensable[ɪndɪ'spensəbəl]
adj. 不可缺少的；绝对必要的
Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives.
10. infinite ['ɪnfɪnət]
adj. 无限的，无穷的；无数的
There was an infinite variety of drinks to choose from. 
The universe is infinite. 
11. intellectual [ˌɪntə'lektʃʊəl]
adj. 智力的；聪明的；理智的
n. 知识分子
High levels of lead could damage the intellectual development of children. 
Teachers, artists and other intellectuals urged political parties to launch a united movement against the government. 
12. intimate ['ɪntɪmət]
adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的
n. 知己；至交
She’s on intimate terms with people in government. 
She had already intimated to me her wish to leave.
13. irrigate ['ɪrɪgeɪt]
v. 灌溉；冲洗
The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.
14. lag [læg]
v/n. 落后
Britain is lagging behind the rest of Europe.
15. meadow  ['medəʊ]
n. 草地；牧场
The fence extends to the meadow. 
专题突破





各种文体的写作技巧
1、记叙文(Narration)：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),为什么做(why),结果怎么样(how)六要素。其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。 
1）叙事性的记叙文(Narration)。 
叙事性的记叙文的主要内容的概括主要抓住记叙文的几个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件和影响或后果。 
2）写人的记叙文（Description）。 
写人的记叙文总结要点主要抓住人物的主要特点或事迹，划出关键词（所谓关键词是文中反复出现的体现主题或关联的词）。
2、议论文（Argumentation）。 
找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。   
3、说明文（Exposition） 
抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文一般有三种：描写某事物的性质功能；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；介绍某现象及其原因、结果。


各文体例文展示
说明文
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. (2017普陀一模)
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”
The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①
The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”②
It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④
The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words).

议论文
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.(2017长宁嘉定一模)
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites? ①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.②
Keep up-to-date,however,doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances(相识的人）.What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs(现场演唱会）or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favourite artist.③
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organise an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organise their friends by different criteria(标准）. These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.④
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是社交网络的优点。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分4个要点，已在文中标出。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
Social networking sites benefit people in several different ways. Not only do they allow people to keep in close touch with friends old or new, but they provide potential job opportunities and encourage online business promotion plus interaction. Moreover, they facilitate the organization of various events, connecting people with similar hobbies or preferences globally.(54words)

记叙文
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 
Meet The Member Who Quit Sugar
When I was 15, I weighed 100 kg.
I was a size 20+ and hated the way I looked. I was a serial big eater and quite depressed. I would sit in front of the fridge, eat something, move to the cupboard, eat a packet of chips, and move back to the fridge.
It was a heartbreaking cycle of hate and food. I didn’t feel confident, pretty, or worthwhile.
Shopping made me cry, I avoided mirrors, and my social life came to an end. I actually lost friends because they told me I was antisocial. It became so bad that I wanted to abuse myself; my skin and my mind became my enemy.
But then, I turned my life around. I quit sugar.
It started with my mum. She staged an intervention (干预) that made me cry. I wanted to change - I needed to change - and she could see how unhappy I was.
She put me onto a diet that mostly aimed to schedule meals, and - to my shock horror - cut out all processed sugar. It was so hard at first. I remember the shame of sneaking chocolate and candies when the three o’clock hunger hits.
But the weeks kept coming and it just got easier. I stopped eating sugar, and I stopped loving it; simple as that.
I substituted chips and biscuits for fruit and nuts, and had cup-of-soups after school when I was hit by the desire. I also had more energy, having a 20-minute walk with my dog into my everyday routine; I began to love that personal time.
Cutting out sugar gave me so much more control over my body, and my outlook on life improved. So many people are intimidated by the words “quit sugar”. It’s not true. Fruit, honey, et cetera are natural sugars, and believe me, they fuel you better than chocolate bars ever could.
Now I’m 17, turning 18, and I weigh 70 kg. I still struggle with my weight, but this is where I sit naturally, and I am very proud of myself. I never thought I would be confident enough to wear dresses or skirts, and take leadership roles to put myself out there and develop my social skills.
I could never have done it without the support of my friends and family, and I urge everyone who wants to do right by themselves and change their diet - quitting sugar or otherwise - to share their decision with people. Develop a support network, online or offline, which can offer you advice or pick you up when you’re down. And I can assure you, from my own personal experience, your body will thank you, and you will thank yourself too.
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是关于作者如何戒糖和减肥。
Step 2：划分要点。记叙文注意是找who / what / when / where / why / how
who：the author
what: quit sugar, lose weight
when/why: 文中划线处
where: 无需强调
how: with her mother’s help and change her diet
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
After experiencing a lot of heartbreaking moments due to her overweight, the author made up her mind to go diet by quitting sugar. She turned to her mother and healthy food. After struggling with her weight and sugar-eating habit, now she has lost 30 kg and feels much better than ever before. Her experience is to take action and support.


实战演练






2017年1月高考真题
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 
Shyness
If you suffer shyness, you are not alone. It is not surprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.
The first environmental cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel shy when they start school.
A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.
Technology may also pay a role. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming isolated as a result of technology. Face to face interaction with bank clerks, gas station attendants are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their their gas tanks, and order goods. In short, they become shy.
It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.
Shyness is common and it has environmental causes, including home and family life, culture and technology. Firstly, with smaller families and working parents, children lack social interactions. Secondly, blaming failure on individuals causes people in some culture to be shy in public. Finally, with the development of technology, people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person.

2017年6月高考真题
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 
Learning by Rote in the Digital Age
Rote learning had become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’.
The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World WarⅡbroke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about six seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.
In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.
While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.
Drilling yourself——with flashcards or by repetition——is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keeps motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.
Once you’ve required the essentials of a subject by rote learning you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.

Rote learning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed, its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge, laying a foundation for further understanding. In fact, technology makes mobile learning possible, which motivates learners in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized.

2018年1月高考真题
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 
To Laugh Is Human
Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh.
Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships.
Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another.
Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.

Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better.  (59w)



（一）Summary
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Sales Strategies
How can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultive?
The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects on which to call.
The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.
The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a consumers needs.
More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles (无形资产) such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills.
Sales strategies are classified as narrative, suggestive and consultive. Salespeople use the narrative strategy to promote products with standard presentations. The suggestive approach requires the salesperson to recommend a suitable product after talking with customers. The consultive strategy demands that salespeople acquire information about customers and act as their “consultants”. Nowadays more and more sales teams prefer the consultive approach. (60 words)

Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides. Following the rules…planning your next move...acting as a team member…these are all “game” ideas that you will come across throughout your life.
Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating. Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which sharpens the hand-eye coordination（协调）needed in hunting.
Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire country, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disasters or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.
Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play it—some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to spread hope through soccer. He created a foundation to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.
Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.

Apart from fun, playing games brings more to people. In doing the games, children learn to obey rules and prepare them to work as adults. Games encourage athletes to compete for medals, encouraging national or local pride; at the same time, sports and games can get people united and even spread hope to them. (54 words)


能力提升练





Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

You know that the business of business is making money. What you may not realize is (21)______simple that business is. You need two fundamental ingredients --- a good product that customers want to own, and bright, charismatic people who will (22)_______sell it and, if necessary, defend it. And of the two—(23)_______(desire) product and competent people--good people are, in the long run, more important than good products.
You can’t expect to produce one popular product after another. You can, however, cover your bets by staffing your enterprise with superb employees who will continue to reflect the company’s strengths (24)_______the products are weak. It is your responsibility to keep those employees (25)_______(perform) aswell as they can. They won’t remain superb (26)_______reliable leadership and, infact, there is a perfect time to address this issue. Most successful companies have a defining moment (27)_______profits are skyrocketing, and business (28)_______not be better. That is precisely the time to look closely at your customer service. That you are earning more money than ever before (29)_______(indicate) your product is terrific, but it doesn’t necessarily mean the same about your customer service. It is the ideal time to examine your reputation and expand the success you are earning from your product to include customer service..
Every business wants to be known for its customer service. Although even a slow but steady giant such as Radio Shack Corporation will often come up with a hot product, it is its customer service (30)_______keeps it in business year after year.

Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. double B. intense C. pressures D. stock E. agriculture F. trapped
G. withdrawal H. availability I. drive J. expanding K. rising

Throughout history, people have fought bitter wars over political ideology, national sovereignty（国家主权）and religious expression. How much more___31___will these conflicts be when people fight over the Earth’s most indispensable resource—water? We may find out in the not-too-distant future if projections about the___32___of water in the Middle East and other regions prove correct. Less than three percent of the planet’s ___33___ is fresh water, and almost two-thirds of this amount is ___34___ in ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers (含水层)too deep or too remote to access. In her book, Pillars of Sand—Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?, Sandra Postel outlines three forces that ___35____tension and conflict over freshwater: Using up the water “resource pie.” In India, the world’s second-most populous nation, with over 1 billion inhabitants, the rate of groundwater ___36___ is twice that of recharge, a deficit higher than in any other country. Although water is a renewable, resource, it is not a(n) ___37___ one. The freshwater available today for more than 6 billion people is no greater than it was 2,000 years ago, when global population was approximately 200 million. (The current U.S. population is 287 million.)
Global___38___accounts for about 70% of all freshwater use. In five of the world’s most water-stressed, controversial areas ---the Aral Sea region, the Ganges, the Jordan, the Nileland and Tigris-Euphrates—population increases of up to 75% are projected by 2025. With the fastest rate of growth in the world, the population of Palestinian territory will more than ___39___ over the next generation. Most experts agree that, because of geography, population ___40___ and politics, water wars are most likely to break out in the Middle East, a region where the amount of available freshwater per capita will decrease by about 50% over the next generation.

Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Some personal characteristics play an important role in the development of one’s intelligence. But people fail to realize the importance of training these factors in young people.
The so-called ‘non-intelligence factors’ include one’s feelings, will, motivation, interests and habits. After a 30-year study, American psychologists 41 that the main cause of differences in intelligence is not intelligence 42 , but non-intelligence factors including the desire to learn, will power and self-confidence.
43 people all know that one should have definite objectives, a strong will and good learning habits, quite a number of teachers and parents don’t pay much attention to 44_ _ these factors .
Some parents are greatly worried when their children fail to do well in their studies. They blame either genetic factors, or laziness, but they never take into 45 these non-intelligence factors. At the same time, some teachers don’t inquire into reasons why students do 46 . They simply give them more courses and exercises, or 47 criticize or laugh at them. After all, these students lose self-confidence. Some of them just feel defeated and 48 themselves up as hopeless. Others may go astray（堕落）because they are sick of learning. An investigation of more than 1,000 middle school students in Shanghai showed that 46.5 per cent of them were 49 of learning, because of examinations, 36.4 per cent lacked persistence, initiative and consciousness and 10.3 per cent were sick of learning .
It is clear that the lack of cultivation of non-intelligence factors has been a main 50 to intelligence development in teenagers. It even causes an imbalance between physiological and 51 development among a few students .
If we don’t start now to 52 the cultivation of non-intelligence factors, it will not only affect the development of the 53 of teenagers, but also affect the quality of a whole generation. Some experts have put forward 54 about how to cultivate students’ non-intelligence factors. Parents and teachers should 55___ understand teenage psychology. On this basis, they can help them to pursue the objectives of learning, exciting their interests and toughening their willpower.

41．A．came out B．found out C．made out D．worked out
42．A．in itself B．by itself C．itself D．on its own
43．A．Though B．Nevertheless C．However D．Moreover
44．A．believing B．studying C．cultivating D．developing
45．A．effect B．comment C．consideration D．preparations
46．A．poorly B．properly C．successfully D．dependently
47．A．ever B．even C．still D．more
48．A．put B．get C．handle D．give
49．A．afraid B．ahead C．aware D．ashamed
50．A．difficulty B．question C．threat D．obstacle
51．A．intelligent B．characteristic C．psychological D．physical
52．A．practise B．regulate C．strengthen D．urge
53．A．intelligence B．diligence C．cultivation D．performance
54．A．projects B．warnings C．suggestions D．decision
55．A．fully B．greatly C．very D．highly

Directions: Read the followingpassage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A. It’s impossible for students to make up small groups in large lecture halls.
B. In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might beasked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.
C. The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything ofimportance comes from the teacher.
D. College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity ofcritical thinking.
E. Large classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allowmuch less flexibility.
F. The primary, goal should be. for everyone to be able to see everyone else.

Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction.Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfortin our work._____67_____
We are in the twenty-first century now, but step into almost any collegeclassroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normallyin straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates._____68______
With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, theteacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchangeamong students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks, and tables canbe arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes or semicircles. _____69_____ Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small,groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with movabledesks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for
students to turn around and form groups of four to six. Breaking a class into smallgroups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, thinkout loud, and see how other students’ thinking processes operate---all these areessential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.
_____70_____ A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during
the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John thenasks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on. Thisnot only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’names and faces.

Summary Writing
Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in NO MORE THAN 60 WORDS. Use your own words as far as possible.Write your answer on the answer sheet.

Stress for a teenager is as real a problem as stress for an adult. Therefore, it’simportant to understand the causes of stress in teenagers.
When parents change their jobs or if the family decides to move to a differentplace, the child has to change schools, find new friends, adapt to the new socialcircle and fit into new groups. It is always difficult for children to adapt to suchchanges, which can be a serious cause of stress in their life.
Academic difficulties, such as inability to understand a certain subject cancause stress. Not every child has the ability to understand every subject. Somekids need extra help besides school work to grasp a few concepts. Poor academicperformance is often laughed at and is looked down upon by both teachers andpeers. In such cases, it can make the child feel isolated, neglected and hurt.All ofthis, put together, can add to stress, which many times worsens grades.
Extracurricular (课外的）activities such as playing a sport, or attendingart classes can weigh heavily on your child’s mind. Balancing school andextracurricular activities does seem like a burden when you have to be outstandingat both. When the pressures from both ends get unmanageable, teenagers tend toget tired and annoyed. Tiredness sets in, leading to stress related issues such as lackof concentration in school.
These are the common causes of stress in teenagers, which can be noticedthrough signs such as poor memory, anxiety, negative and pessimistic attitude. Ifthe signs of teenage stress go unrecognized for a long time, it can make the childemotionally out of balance. And next step, if this happens, it is necessary for parentsto know how to deal with stress.

Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the brackets.
1. 这本书昏在分析贫穷的原因。(mean)
2. 据报道，昨天发生的事故夺走了 100条生命。(claim)
3. 阅读原版小说时，没有必要在词典里査每一个生词。(look) 、
4. 药片可能会被孩子们误认为是糖，所以应该放在孩子们拿不到的地方。(inaccessible)

Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请结合生活实际，谈一下你对乔布斯过说的这句话“Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish”的理解。

【Keys】
21. how 22. both 23. desired 24. even if 25. performing
26. without 27. when 28. could 29. indicates 30. that
31---40 BHDFI GJEAC
41- --55 : BCACC ABDAD CCACA
67-70 DCFB

A summary for reference:
Stress is harmful to teenagers. Changing school places, poor academic performance and the difficulty in balancing school work and after-class activities all contribute to this problem. To help them handle stress, parents are advised to watch such signs as poor memory, anxiety, negative and pessimistic attitude in their children and intervene. (51 words)

Translation:
1. The book is meant to analyze the cause(s) of poverty.
2. It is reported that the accident that happened yesterday claimed 100 lives.
3. When you read a novel in the original language, there is no need to look up every new word in the dictionary.
4. Pills might be mistaken for candies by kids, so they should be put where they are inaccessible to them.

作文：
Steve Jobs once concluded his speech with the sentence “Stay Hungry, Stay foolish.” It means we should have an inquiring mind and hold a modest attitude towards knowledge. The saying carries much importance in this changing world because it is the precondition of innovation and it is innovation that propels the development of our society.
Numerous stories in the real business world illustrate this point. Koda and Nokia used to lead the photography and mobile phone industries. However, they lagged behind the digital trend because they stuck to the old-fashioned products and lost their alertness to the keen competition in the market. By comparison, under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple marched ahead with its tireless pursuit of better technology. It has brought about numerous technological breakthroughs in handy gadgets and keeps its lead in the market.
From where I am standing, this saying also reminds common people of the importance of modesty. When we stay hungry for knowledge, we regard taking in new information as a joyful matter. The acquisition of knowledge helps to broaden out horizons. When we stay foolish, we can detect the shortcomings in ourselves and know better about ourselves.
“Stay Hungry, Stay foolish” is the legacy Steve Jobs left to this world. We should maintain an attitude of modesty and always be ready to embrace everything innovative and revolutionary, thus keeping up with the times.