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    2021高三统考人教英语一轮(经典版)学案:第二部分专题一第2讲名词

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    2021高三统考人教英语一轮(经典版)学案:第二部分专题一第2讲名词

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    2讲 名词 考点一 名词的分类及功能1名词的分类2名词的功能(1)作主语表语宾语(主语/宾语)补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽会到机场接你The affair remained a complete mystery.这事件仍然完全是个谜We made him monitor of our class.我们选他做我们的班长He is considered a good teacher.他被认为是个好老师(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词a表示类别air pollution空气污染a coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故a book store 书店b表示身份时间地点等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠Moscow Stadium 莫斯科体育场c表目的用途材料等reception desk接待处前台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词The war lasted eight years.这场战争持续了八年(4)作同位语Tom, our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长汤姆去年退学了             即时练1 写出下列句中画线名词所作的成分Mr_Smith was born in Canada.________Johnson is reading a novel in his study.________The new government's first challenge is the economy.________Would you like to go to the flower show tomorrow________Everyone elected him monitor.________答案:主语 宾语 表语 定语 宾语补足语考点二 名词的数1名词的单、复数形式(1)不可数名词一般来说物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的因此没有复数形式一般也不能用aan修饰通常只用作不可数名词的名词有:milk, music, homework, houseworkweather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)[注意] word意为消息room意为空间man意为人类时,通常不带修饰词。Word comes that the meeting will be held on Friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。(2)名词复数形式的变化规则变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加s bookbooks, penpenssxchsh结尾词尾加esbusbusesbenchbenchesboxboxesdishdishesstomach例外其后直接加s辅音字母+y结尾yi后加esfamilyfamiliescitycities元音字母+y结尾词尾加skeykeysboyboysffe结尾多数变ffev后加esleafleaveswifewives, knifeknives少数词尾加schiefchiefs, roofroofs, beliefbeliefs以字母o结尾词尾加esheroheroes, potatopotatoestomatotomatoes词尾加sphotophotos, kilokilos, pianopianossis结尾的外来词sisses basisbases, analysisanalyses, crisiscrises不规则变化种类例词单复数同形  deer, sheep, Chinese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters单数形式复数意义 people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义 news, physics, politics合成词变复数passer­bypassers­byson­in­lawsons­in­law, looker­onlookers­on, go­betweengo­betweens, grown­upgrownups词形变化manmenchildchildrentoothteeth, footfeet, mousemice, mediummedia, bacteriumbacteria2特殊情况下名词复数的用法(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式如:thanksauthorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式:make preparations for……做准备take pains尽力刻苦make (both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns轮流be in high spirits兴致勃勃;兴高采烈make repairs修理             即时练2 语法填空Two ________ (month) ago, three ________ (Negro), who were all ________ (hero), caught four ________ (thief) because they had stolen some ________ (potato) and some bamboo from 2 ________ (zoo), where 500 ________ (sheep), 200 ________ (deer), 100 ________ (ox) and 1,000 ________ (goose) were raised.答案:months; Negroes; heroes; thieves; potatoes; zoos; sheep; deer; oxen; geese考点三 名词的格所有格表示所有关系修饰另一名词作定语它有三种形式:­'s所有格of所有格和双重所有格1­'s所有格­'s所有格的构成规则:构成例子单数名词词尾通常加­'s;复数名词词尾没有­s也要加­'sthe boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包;the children's toys那些孩子的玩具­s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”teachers'  office 教师们的办公室­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”­'s均可my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划;James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加­'smy brother­in­law's birthday我姐夫的生日表示时间距离重量地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助­'s表示所有关系a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes'  ride三十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加­'san hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else­'s加在else之后somebody else's bag别人的包[注意] 1并列的名词变所有格,若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加­'s;如果表示共有关系,则只在后一个名词后加­'sKate and Mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间2下列情况下,可以将所有格后面的名词省略:名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过,往往可以省略,以免重复。This bike is not minenor Tom's.这辆自行车不是我的,也不是汤姆的。表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shophousehome等常省去。at the doctor's office 医生的诊所里at the barber's shop 在理发店at Mr Green's house 在格林先生家)2of所有格用法例子对于无生命的事物而言通常用of所有格表示所属关系the window of the room房间的窗户表示主谓关系用of所有格the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来表示同位关系用of所有格the city of Beijing北京市表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格part of the problem部分问题;the majority of people大多数人表示内容用of所有格the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及the+形容词构成所有格时要借助ofthe housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题;the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为:名词+of+名词­'s名词+of+名词性物主代词主要用法如下:用法例子表示其中之一其中一部分可用aany, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词但不能用theanother house of John's 约翰的另一所房子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时通常带有一定的感情色彩如赞赏不满厌恶等That dog of Tom's is really clever.汤姆的那只狗真聪明             即时练3 单句语法填空The ________ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into ________ (Tom) car.Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the ________ (Turner)When I see the scene, it reminds me of a picture ________ my ________ (father)答案:girls'; Tom's Turners' of; father's考点四 抽象名词具体化及名词构词法抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性状态特点情感情绪的词具体指特定的某一件事时这一抽象名词可作为可数名词(1)difficulty困难;a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experience经验;an experience一次经历(3)failure失败;a failure一位失败者;一件失败的事(4)success成功;a success一位成功者;一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇;a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉;an honour一个()带来荣誉的人()另外常见的还有:pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preference2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料raina heavy rain一场大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张a paper一张报纸;一篇论文teatwo teas两杯茶wind a cold wind冷风名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)后缀例词­enceexist—existence存在­anceaccept—acceptance接受­tionproduce—production生产­sionexpress—expression表达­mentdevelop—development发展­nessblind—blindness失明­agemarry—marriage婚姻­thwarm—warmth温暖­ureplease—pleasure快乐depart—departure离开­domwise—wisdom智慧(详参第9构词法)即时练4(1)单句语法填空The ________ (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.Due to the ________ (apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.She was unable to attend the meeting because of the ________ (press) of work.________ (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.—How can I take the medicine, sir?—Just follow the ________ (direct) on the bottle.答案:expression application pressure Curiosity directions (2)单句写作——你想喝点咖啡吗?——我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒—Would you like some ________—I would like ____________ and ____________.(掌握)英语知识在国际贸易中是必备(技能)__________ of English is __________ in international trade.她因做错事而向母亲道歉She ______________ to her mother for her wrong doings.读这样的一本小说简直就是浪费时间It is ____________ reading such a novel.答案:coffee; a coffee; two beers A knowledge; a must made an apology a waste of time误区一 名词的误用(1)【误】During the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.【正】During the past few days, many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.[分析] visitor是可数名词many修饰故用复数形式(2)【误】The beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment.【正】The beauty of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.[分析] air是不可数名词没有复数形式airs改为air(3)【误】It is reported that woman doctors don't like to be exposed to the medias.【正】It is reported that women doctors don't like to be exposed to the media.[分析] woman doctor在变成复数形式时两个词均要变成复数形式women doctors; media本身即为复数形式不可再加s[注意] 造成以上错误的原因在于不清楚可数名词与不可数名词以及名词的复数形式的变化规则尤其是特殊名词;应加强对考点二的学习。误区二 名词的误用【误】A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter.【正】A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter's.[分析] it指代walletPeter不能构成同一关系根据句意可知此处应是彼得的钱包Peter应改为所有格形式Peter's[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对名词所有格不够熟悉,应加强对考点三的学习。误区三 物质、抽象名词具体化的误用【误】She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.【正】She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.[分析] surprise本来是不可数名词此句中为抽象名词具体化的用法意为一件令人惊讶的事故在big前加a[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对于特殊词不足够重视,应加强对考点四的学习,并要注意平时积累。误区四 名词功能或词性误用(1)【误】There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.【正】There is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the street.[分析] 此处指商店的性质用名词的单数形式作定语(2)【误】It had a great affect on him.【正】It had a great effect on him.[分析] affect为动词effect为名词另外“have an effect on ...”为固定短语意为……有影响[注意] 造成以上错误的原因在于不了解名词的功能或混淆了单词的词性。应加强对考点一的学习,另外平时要注意单词的词性,将基础知识记牢。1(2018·江苏高考)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.答案:assumption2(2017·全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案:crowds3(2017·浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.答案:carrots4(2017·全国卷)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.答案:introduction5(2016·浙江高考)It is important to pay your ________ (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.答案:electricity1(2019·全国卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.________________________________________________答案:citycities2(2019·全国卷)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.________________________________________________答案:jobjobs3(2018·全国卷)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.________________________________________________答案:Friday'sFriday4(2018·全国卷)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.________________________________________________答案:mistakemistakes5(2017·全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, Speed up Slow down Turn left________________________________________________答案:wordwords6(2017·全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.________________________________________________答案:informationsinformation1根据语境标志词判断名词(1)看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时要想到名词;(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词2根据规则确定名词单复数(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时要考虑用名词的复数形式;(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are要考虑作主语的名词用复数形式;(3)根据名词所作成分判断单复数如名词作定语时常用单数形式3平时还应注意固定搭配的积累另外在确定填名词后一定要注意拼写复数和名词所有格1遇到名词首先要想到是可数名词还是不可数名词2看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of要想到它们所修饰的名词应用复数形式3看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage要想到它们是不可数名词没有复数形式4看到冠词等修饰词要想到应用名词形式5要特别注意名词作定语表语补足语时的用法

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