2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题二第2讲名词性从句

第2讲　名词性从句考情纵览名词性从句在近5年新课标Ⅰ卷的语法填空和短文改错中出现的频率不是很高(2016年新课标Ⅰ卷that→where)，但2019新课标Ⅰ卷考查了that引导的同位语从句，其次在新课标Ⅱ、Ⅲ卷及地方命题试卷中还是经常涉及，再加之其结构特点和功能作用，使得它仍然成为高考备考中的重点之一。名词性从句的考查主要集中在两方面：1.连接词的选择与判断，其中what与that, if与whether是重点；2.主从句的时态呼应。 考点一 名词性从句的不同类型及其结构名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。1．主语从句①That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.这么长时间以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要来伦敦。②What matters most in learning English is enough practice.学习英语最重要的是足够的训练。③It is none of your business what other people think about you. Believe yourself.其他人怎么认为你，不关你的事，你尽管相信你自己。④It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.显而易见，学生应该为他们的未来做好充分准备。[归纳]　主语从句的结构：1连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他＋主句谓语＋其他。2It形式主语＋主句谓语＋其他＋连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他。 2．宾语从句①I'm afraid (that) I can't accept your invitation.恐怕我不能接受你的邀请。②Tom is a nice boy except that he is sometimes late for school.汤姆除了有时候上学迟到外，是个很不错的男孩。③I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.我发现花更多时间练习英语口语是必要的。④I don't think that you should go abroad in the future.我认为你将来不应该出国。[归纳]　宾语从句的结构：1及物动词短语/介词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。2及物动词＋it＋宾补＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。3表示情感的形容词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。 3．表语从句①My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。②The reason for his absence is that his daughter suddenly fell ill.他缺席的原因是他的女儿突然病了。③As is known to us, China is no longer what she used to be.众所周知，中国再也不是从前的样子了。④One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy access to places like stores and restaurants.她偏爱城市生活的一个原因是她可以很方便地进入像商店和饭店这样的地方。[归纳]　表语从句的结构：系动词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。 4．同位语从句①We should consider the  students'  request that the school library provide more books on popular science.我们应该考虑学生的要求，即学校图书馆应该提供更多的关于大众科学方面的书籍。②The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.我们是否应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。③I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。④I made a promise to myself that this year, my third year in Senior school, would be different.我向自己保证：今年——我高中的第三年——将会是不同的一年。[归纳]　同位语从句的结构：名词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。[注意]　不难发现，同位语从句的结构与定语从句的结构极其相似，但同位语从句是对前面的表示抽象概念的名词的内容作进一步地解释说明，而定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制。同位语从句常放在feeling， news， doubt， problem， promise， idea等名词后，而定语从句不受此限制。试比较：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 同位语从句；that从句是对news内容的具体解释说明；that不作成分他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个学校。The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.定语从句；that从句对news进行修饰限定；that在从句中作宾语，故可省略你昨天告诉我的消息真的令人失望。 即时练1　单句写作①                   (那并不奇怪) our team has won the game.②Can you tell me              (我如何能) get to the railway station?③This is                    (我们的问题所在)．④The news                                  (我们女排赢得冠军) encouraged us all greatly.答案：①It is no surprise that　②how I can　③where our problems lie　④that our women volleyball team had won the championship考点二 名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的常见连接词有：that, whether, what, which, who, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, when, where, why, how, how many, how much等，根据其在从句中的功能可分为三类：1．从句中缺少主语或宾语时，选择以下连接词：what(ever), which(ever), who(ever), whom(ever)。通常情况下，which是在语境中提供了范围才会使用，否则，指事物时使用what(ever)。①What was most important to her, she told me, was her family.(主语从句，what在从句中作主语)她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家人。②The employers often give the job to whoever they believe has work experience with a strong sense of duty.(宾语从句，whoever在从句中作主语)雇主们经常会把工作给他们认为有工作经验并且有强烈责任感的人。③Whichever book he bought would be paid for.无论他买了哪一本书，都要付款。2．从句中不缺少主语或宾语，而是缺少状语成分，此时则用when, where, why, how, how many/much等带有语义的连接词。①Some students even have no idea  why they are studying, so they waste much time playing.(同位语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作原因状语)一些学生甚至都不知道为什么学习，所以他们浪费很多时间玩儿。②She always thinks of how she can work well. (宾语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作状语)她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。③Where the English evening will be held hasn't yet been announced. (主语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作状语)英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。3．从句中既不缺少成分，又语义完整，则用连接词that。①It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. (主语从句，不缺成分和语义)已经决定会议推迟到下周一。②He gave us a suggestion that we should practise speaking English in class. (同位语从句，不缺成分和语义)他建议我们课堂上练习说英语。③Tom has admired my daughter for a long time, but the question is that she doesn't love him at all.(表语从句，that不作任何成分，无语义，只起连接作用)汤姆已经爱慕我女儿很久了，然而问题是我女儿一点也不爱他。4．whether与if的用法(1)表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导，不用if；当主语从句放于句首时，也常用whether引导，不用if；当it作形式主语，主语从句放在后面时用whether或if引导均可，但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时，必须用whether；与or not直接连用时，也必须用whether。①Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.(主语从句放于句首)是否要开会仍然是个问题。→The problem is whether the meeting will be held.(表语从句)问题是是否将举行会议。→I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位语从句)我不知道是否将举行会议。②It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主语从句放于句末)他是否要来这儿还令人怀疑。③It makes no difference whether he comes or not.他来不来无关紧要。(2)在宾语从句中，whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用，但在有些情况下，whether和if的用法有一定的区别。a．在及物动词后(×)I don't care whether he doesn't come.(whether从句中不能用否定式)(√)I don't care whether he comes or not.(√)I don't care whether or not he comes.(×)I don't care if or not he comes.(if不与or not直接连用)(√)I don't know whether to go there.(whether＋to do)b．在介词后在介词后常用whether，不用if。④It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。 即时练2　单句语法填空①The ant stopped to see          had bit him, and the dove immediately flew away.②—Henry, can you go to the concert tonight?—I'm afraid I can't. I will give the ticket to          wants to enjoy it.③Since I was a child, I have wanted to be an author. That is          I have studied Online­Journalism with focus on Online­Public Relations in the last three years.④Passion is passion and it doesn't matter          it's directed. Exactly, it can be coins or sports or politics.⑤         golf was first played in Scotland in the 15th century is generally agreed.⑥After investigation, the police found out one clue          voices were heard calling for help from some very distant place that day.⑦What the doctors really doubt is          my mother will recover from the serious illness soon.答案：①what　②whoever　③why　④where　⑤That⑥that　⑦whether考点三 名词性从句的疑难点1．that不可省略的情况(1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时，that不可省略。①That he failed in the exam made his parents disappointed.他考试不及格，这使他父母很失望。(2)that引导表语从句或同位语从句时，一般不可省略。②The truth is that I didn't go there.事实是我没有去那里。③The news that our team has won is true.我们队赢了的消息是真的。(3)当that引导的从句作介词的宾语时，that通常不能省略。④They share little in common except that they are from the same country.除了来自同一个国家之外，他们几乎没有共同点。(4)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他的that不可省略。⑤I believe (that) you've done your best and that things will get better.我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况会好起来的。(5)当it作形式宾语时，在that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。⑥He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的，他已经表明了这一点。(6)当that引导的宾语从句与主句谓语动词之间有插入语或与从句主语之间有插入语时，that通常不可省略。⑦He announced, believe it or not, that he would never forgive her.信不信由你，他宣布他绝不会原谅她。2．wh­ever和no matter wh­的区别wh­ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh­只能引导让步状语从句。①I will give this dictionary to whoever  wins the first prize in the English contest.(宾语从句)我将把这本字典赠给在英语竞赛中获得一等奖的人。②Whoever/No matter who wins the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.(状语从句)不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典赠给他。3．表示“要求，建议，命令；坚持”的词后跟名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋do”，其中should可以省略①The boss ordered that the task (should) be completed by noon.(宾语从句)老板命令(我们)在中午之前完成任务。②The doctor's advice is that I (should) rest more and drink more.(表语从句)医生建议我多休息、多喝水。③It was proposed that this matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.(主语从句)有人提议这事在下次会议上讨论。④The boss refused the demand that she (should) do the work alone.(同位语从句)老板拒绝了她单独做那项工作的请求。4．宾语从句的时态(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。①He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。②I know that she didn't tell you that she would go to America next month.我知道她没有告诉你她下个月要去美国。③He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他会告诉我们，我们不在期间他出了什么事。(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。④The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。⑤My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读《红与黑》这本书。(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。⑥As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own. I didn't believe it.孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光，我不相信。5．as if/as though, because, why也可引导表语从句。①It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天好像要下雨。②That's because he didn't work hard enough.那是因为他不够努力工作。③That was why I asked for three days' leave.那就是为什么我请了三天假。[注意]　because引导表语从句时，主句主语不能是reason或cause，而且since和as不能引导表语从句。 即时练3　单句语法填空①         prices will go up is certain.②Everyone knew          happened and          she was worried.③You can choose          you like in that shop.④It's necessary that a college student          (master) one or two foreign languages.答案：①That　②what; that　③whatever　④(should) master 误区一　连接代词或连接副词的误用(1)【误】Sarah hopes to become a friend of who shares her interests.【正】Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.[分析]　从句shares her interests缺少主语，此处表述“无论谁”，故用whoever引导宾语从句，并作从句主语。(2)【误】The road is covered with snow. I can't understand how they insist on going by motorbike.【正】The road is covered with snow. I can't understand why they insist on going by motorbike.[分析]　句意：路上有积雪。我不理解他们为何坚持骑摩托车去。根据句意可知用why引导宾语从句。误区二　名词性从句中that与what的误用(1)【误】That caused the accident is still a complete mystery.【正】What caused the accident is still a complete mystery.[分析]　主语从句缺少主语，语意为“什么”，故用what引导主语从句，并作从句的主语。句意：什么原因导致了这次事故仍完全是一个谜。(2)【误】Before the sales start, I make a list of that my kids will need for the coming season.【正】Before the sales start, I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.[分析]　宾语从句中谓语need缺少宾语，且在句中意为“……的事物(东西)”，故用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。[注意]　造成以上错误主要是因为对that和what的语法功能区别不清。其区别如下：that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在从句中要充当一定的句子成分。试比较：It's a shame that he has made such a mistake.很遗憾他犯了这样一个错误。I will do what I can do to help him.我将尽力帮他。 误区三　从属连词that/whether/if的误用(1)【误】What the doctors really doubt is that my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.【正】What the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.[分析]　根据doubt一词可知，不确定的应是“是否”能很快恢复过来，故应用whether。(2)【误】At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see when it got any better.【正】At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if/whether it got any better.[分析]　根据句意“起初他讨厌这个新工作，但决定给自己几个月时间看看是否能感觉好点”可知，用whether/if引导宾语从句。(3)【误】It is doubtful that the work can be completed on time.【正】It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time.[分析]　在主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句中，要使用whether表示“是否”。误区四　同位语从句和定语从句的误用(1)【误】Information has been put forward when more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.【正】Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.[分析]　此句中含有一个被分隔开的同位语从句，说明句子主语information的内容，从句成分和句意完整，用that引导同位语从句。(2)【误】The fact which this country spends more on its military  than on education and health care combined is a serious and worrying thought.【正】The fact that this country spends more on its military than on education and health care combined is a serious and worrying thought.[分析]　从句句意完整，因此不是定语从句，故不能使用which。此处是that连接的一个同位语从句，具体解释说明fact的内容而非修饰限定。(3)【误】We haven't yet settled the question that we are going to spend our honeymoon.【正】We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our honeymoon.[分析]　question后的从句是对question具体内容的陈述而非限定，故应为同位语从句而非定语从句。[注意]　造成以上错误是因为没有确切弄清楚同位语从句和定语从句中引导词的功能和作用，下面以这两种从句中that的区别、when和where的区别为例加以说明：1同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在一些具有抽象意义的名词后，解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news， fact， suggestion， truth， plan， belief， doubt， possibility， idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。试比较：They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.同位语从句他们表示希望再次来访问中国。The hope that they expressed is that they would come to visit China again.定语从句他们表达的希望是再次来访问中国。2when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则为同位语从句。This is the place where the accident happened.定语从句这是发生那起事故的地方。I have no idea when she will be back.同位语从句我不知道她什么时候回来。 1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence          they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 答案：that2．(2019·江苏高考)Scientists have obtained more evidence          plastic is finding its way into the human body.答案：that3．(2018·北京高考)Without his support, we wouldn't be          we are now.答案：where4．(2018·北京高考)This is          my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.答案：what5．(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is          we arrived.答案：how名词性从句解题两步法第1步　判断是否属于名词性从句①若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那空格处考虑填关系词或从属连词，否则，句子结构就不完整。②根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。第2步　根据名词性从句中所缺成分来确定连接词若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词；如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if；如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。 1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. 答案：that→where2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing. 答案：where→that或去掉where名词性从句解题五检查1．检查连接词是否误用：尤其注意容易混淆的that与what、that与which、which与what、if与whether。2．检查连接词是否漏掉。3．检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。4．检查主语从句与谓语动词的数是否一致。5．检查主语从句后置时，形式主语it是否出现。