2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题一第9讲构词法（词性转换）

第9讲　构词法(词性转换) 考点一 合成法1．复合名词的主要构成方式名词＋名词silkworm蚕； classroom教室形容词＋名词double­dealer两面派v.­ing＋名词swimming­pool游泳池动词＋名词breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名词＋v.­inghandwriting笔迹动词＋副词get­together联欢会；breakthrough突破副词＋动词downfall垮台；outbreak爆发 2．复合形容词的主要构成方式 形容词＋名词＋­edcold­blooded冷酷的形容词＋名词high­class高级的形容词＋v.­ingeasy­going随和的形容词＋过去分词newborn新生的形容词＋形容词bitter­sweet甜中有苦的名词＋v.­ingtime­consuming 费时间的名词＋过去分词handmade手工制作的名词＋形容词nationwide全国性的副词＋v.­ingfar­reaching 深远的副词＋动词过去分词well­bred 很有教养的数词＋名词＋形容词five­year­old五周岁的 3．复合动词的主要构成方式名词＋动词sleep­walk梦游副词＋动词overcome克服；undergo经历形容词＋动词black­list将……列入黑名单 即时练1　写出所给汉语的英文1．合成形容词①               漂亮的②               著名的③               省时的④               人造的⑤               环保的⑥               心不在焉的答案：①good­looking　②well­known　③time­saving　④man­made　⑤environmentally­friendly　⑥absent­minded2．合成名词/动词①               缺点②               空调③               行李箱④               吃得太多⑤               过路人⑥               爱看电影的人⑦               密码⑧               起飞⑨               收入答案：①drawback　②air­conditioning　③suitcase　④overeat　⑤passer­by　⑥film­goer　⑦password　⑧take­off　⑨income考点二 转化法名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地 即时练2　写出下列句中黑体单词的意思和词性1．①He backed his car into the garage.        ②You are not alone, and we are all backing you.        ③She's the kind of person who talks about you behind your back.        答案：①倒退(v.)　②支持(v.)　③背后(n.)2．①He headed the rebellion.        ②He headed his boat for the shore.        ③He was shot in the head, dead.        答案：①领导(v.)　②使……对着某处行进(v.)　③头部(n.)3．①I lack words with which to express my thanks.        ②Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.        答案：①缺乏(v.)　②缺乏(n.)4．①The dog succeeded in clearing the fence.        ②He cleared the table by taking plates, forks and knives away.        ③To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.        答案：①越过(v.)　②清理(v.)　③清楚的(adj.)5．①Your shoes need cleaning.        ②Try to keep your room clean and tidy.        答案：①清洁(v.)　②干净的(adj.)6．①What do you mean by saying that？        ②He has always been mean with his money.        答案：①意思(v.)　②吝啬的(adj.)考点三 派生法1．前缀构词法前缀例词dis­ (不，否定)dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实un­ (不)unable不能够的；unlucky不幸的un­ (做相反动作)undress脱衣服；unload卸货in­ (不，非)inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的im­ (不，非)impolite没有礼貌的ir­ (不，非)irregular不规则的il­ (不，非)illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的non­ (不，非)non­existent不存在的mis­ (错误的)misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运re­ (重复，再)rewrite重写；remarry再婚en­ (使)enrich丰富；enable使能够ex­ (以前的)ex­wife前妻post­ (以后的)post­war 战后的postgraduate 研究生super­ (在……上面；超级)supermarket超市；supermodel超级模特under­ (在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的续表前缀例词sub­ (在……下；次于；低于)subway地铁；submarine潜艇inter­ (相互之间)international国际的；interact相互作用semi­ (半)semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆bi­ (二)bicycle自行车tri­ (三)tricycle 三轮车；triangle 三角形multi­ (多)multinational跨国的kilo­ (千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi­ (百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli­ (千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele­ (远)telephone电话；television电视  a­ (在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外auto­ (自动；自己，独自)automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传over­ (太)overfull太满的，过多的extra­ (额外)extraordinary非凡的pre­ (预先)predict预言；preview预习micro­ (微小的)microphone 麦克风；microwave 微波；microscope 显微镜；microsoft 微软vice­ (副的)vice­president 副总统eco­ (生态的)ecology 生态学；ecosystem 生态系统；eco­friendly环保的trans­ (横跨)transfer 转移；transform转变；transmit传播；transplant移植 2．后缀构词法(1)名词后缀后缀例词­age (状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­an/­ian (人，……家)American美国人；musician音乐家­ence/­ency (构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­ance (性质，状态)importance重要性­ant/­ent (人)assistant助手；student学生­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation (动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复续表后缀例词­ee (动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­er/­or (人或物)writer作家；actor演员­ess (女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人­ism (主义，……教)communism共产主义­ist (……主义者，……家)communist共产主义者­ment (行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争论；government政府；development发展­ship (关系，身份)friendship友谊­hood (身份；性质)childhood童年­th (结果，过程)growth成长­ty (状态；性质)anxiety焦虑­ure (结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴­al (动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意 (2)形容词后缀 后缀例词­ablevaluable 有价值的；lovable 讨人喜欢的­alnational国家的；continental大陆的­edlearned有学识的；talented有才华的­engolden金色的；wooden木制的­entdifferent 不同的；dependent依赖的­fulbeautiful美丽的；useful有用的­ic/­icaleconomic经济的；political政治的­ishchildish幼稚的；selfish自私的­ivecreative有创造力的­lessuseless无用的；careless粗心的­lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的­ousdangerous危险的；glorious光荣的­warddownward向下的­yrainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的 (3)动词后缀后缀例词­en (使变得)deepen加深­fy (使……化)simplify简化­ize/­ise (使……变成……)modernize 使现代化；industrialize使工业化 (4)副词后缀后缀例词­lycarefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地­word(s)forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后 即时练3　单句语法填空①Therefore, let's take the          (responsible) to build up a low­carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!②As far as I am concerned, my          (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.③My presence is something they can draw real          (strong) and hope from.④Life is a          (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.⑤After some time, when both of you have renewed your          (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.⑥The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and          (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.⑦Many fads are          (harm). Back in my day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.⑧While your IQ tells you how          (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.⑨The old people there were talkative and they told us their          (person) stories cheerfully.⑩My little boy, do you feel more          (comfort) now than before?⑪Or maybe it was just the          (gentle) blowing sea breeze that would blow through your hair.⑫It is          (absolute) necessary to help those who cannot read.⑬They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶树), and are          (simple) processed in different ways.⑭I would bring back what I wrote and my mother would look at it          (careful)．⑮He added that people have become so used to not showing signs of weakness          (intention) due to social media being used to celebrate achievements.答案：①responsibility　②suggestion　③strength　④mixture　⑤confidence　⑥cultural　⑦harmless　⑧intelligent　⑨personal　⑩comfortable　⑪gently　⑫absolutely　⑬simply　⑭carefully　⑮intentionally 误区　词性的误用(1)【误】I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunate, I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.【正】I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunately, I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.[分析]　修饰整个句子作状语应用副词，根据句意可知应表示“不幸的是”，故应用Unfortunately。(2)【误】You'd better take account of your able accurately before attempting to do such a business.【正】You'd better take account of your ability accurately before attempting to do such a business.[分析]　根据your可知，此处应用名词ability，表示“能力”。句意：你最好在尝试做这笔生意前准确地考虑一下自己的能力。(3)【误】The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom brave.【正】The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom bravely.[分析]　修饰动词fought应用副词，故应用bravely。 (4)【误】Excellent oral and written communication skills in Chinese and English are of important.【正】Excellent oral and written communication skills in Chinese and English are of importance.[分析]　介词之后要接名词。be of importance＝be important。(5)【误】However, in the past few months, the situation has worse considerably.【正】However, in the past few months, the situation has worsened considerably.[分析]　分析句子结构可知，此句缺少谓语动词，故用worsen表示“恶化”。句意：然而，在过去的几个月，情况恶化得相当严重。[注意]　若想避免以上错误的发生，要做到：1词性转换的基本规则，要在平时阅读和训练时不断积累并反复强化，才能运用地熟练而准确。2词性转换后，要注意所填词的形式是否正确，如名词需不需进一步转换为复数形式，以及副词的拼写是否正确等。 1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been          (poor) studied.答案：poorly2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to          (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)．答案：strengthen3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is          (actual) behind the change.答案：actually4.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her           (educate)．答案：education5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top          (attract)．答案：attraction1．如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语，要考虑名词形式。2．如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式。3．在平时学习中储备构词法知识，并根据需要变换成相应的词性形式。4.利用句子成分定词性：看到空格词作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；看到空格词作状语，要想到用副词。5．利用修饰语功能定词性：看到空格词修饰名词，要想到用形容词；看到空格词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子在句中作状语，要想到用副词。 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand. 答案：Immediate→Immediately2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. 答案：honest→honesty3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums. 答案：difference→different4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. 答案：freely→free1．如果修饰名词，要用形容词。2．如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应为副词。3．作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应为形容词。4．作状语要想到应为副词。