2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题一第4讲介词（短语）

第4讲　介词(短语) 考点一 介词的用法一、介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中充当成分，通常与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当语法成分。1．作定语And it was all because he happened to be the last kid in the last row.这一切都因为他碰巧是坐在最后一排的最后一个孩子。2．作状语介词短语经常用来作状语，表时间、地点、原因、方式等。Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed.也要想象闭着眼睛度过余生会是什么样子。3．作表语He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain.他没有东西吃，也没有水喝，而且疼得厉害。4．作补足语I found her in better spirits when we met again.我们再次见面时，我发现她情绪好些了。二、高考常考介词用法归纳与辨析表示时间的in，on，atat表示片刻的时间；in表示一段时间；on总是与具体日子有关表示时间的since，from，throughsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始；through“整个……”(表时间)表示时间的in，afterin与一般将来时连用指在一段时间之后；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间之后表示地理位置的in，on，toin表示在某范围内；on指与某地毗邻；to指在某范围之外表示“在……上”的on，inon只表示在某物的表面上；in表示占去某物一部分，即在某物之内表示“穿过”的through，across，overthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关；across表示在表面上通过，与on有关；over表示在其正上方越过，并且有表示时间的用法，意为“在……期间”续表表示“关于”的about，onabout指涉及；on指专门论述between与among的区别between表示在两者之间；among用于三者或三者以上的之间besides, except，except for, but for的区别besides指“除了……还有，再加上”，其宾语包括在内；except指“除了”，其宾语不包括在内；except for强调整体中的细节，意思是“只是”，前后的事物不属于同类；but for意思是“要不是”，往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中表示“用”的with，inwith表示具体的工具；in表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等as与like的区别as意为“作为……，以……地位或身份”；like意为“像……一样”in与into的区别in通常表示位置(静态)；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置①My father had longed to play music since childhood, but his family was poor and couldn't afford lessons.父亲从小渴望演奏音乐，但是他家很穷，承担不起上课的费用。②Can we talk about this over dinner?我们吃饭时能谈谈这个吗？③Her parents always talk to her in German.她父母总是用德语与她交谈。三、其他高考常考介词的用法(1)介词at可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是“因……而；一听到(看到/想到)……就……”。①At the boy's remark, the bookseller looked at him curiously.听到男孩的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。(2)“on＋名词或动名词”结构可表示“一……就……”。②On his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.他一到达就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。(3)to与情感名词连用，表示“令某人……的是”。如：to  one's   delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret等。(4)with的用法a．表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。③With time passing, they have grown into big boys.随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。b．指原因或理由。④The small child trembled with fear.那小孩吓得哆嗦。(5)by的用法a．含有“到……的程度”的意思。⑤This one is shorter than that one by three inches.这一个比那一个短三英寸。b．表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量或付酬所用以计算的时间。⑥Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，鸡蛋论打卖。c．表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。⑦By my watch, the time is half past eleven.按我的表，现在是十一点半。(6)of与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于该名词对应的形容词。of＋great/much＋抽象名词＝very＋形容词；of＋no＋抽象名词＝not＋形容词。⑧It is of great/much value.→It is very valuable.这个东西很贵重。(7)near, by, beside, at表示“在……附近/旁边”near表示“在……附近”；by与beside同义，表示“靠近，在……旁边”，比near距离更近；at也可表示“在……旁边”，但多表示有目的的行为和所处的位置。⑨Wendy came up and sat beside me.温迪走过来坐在我身旁。⑩We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher.我们正坐在课桌旁听老师讲课。(8)against的用法含义例句反对；违背；与……相反They got married against her parents' wishes.他们违背她父母的意愿结婚了。触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。与……竞争We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。防备，抵御They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。以……为背景，衬托The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，小山更显美丽。(9)because of, due to, thanks to的用法because of通常作状语，位于句首或句尾，表示直接的原因；due to通常作表语，表示“由于，因为”；thanks to表示“多亏，幸亏”，既可用于褒义，也可用于贬义，多位于句首。⑪The streets were flooded because of all the rain.下雨导致街道被淹了。⑫His illness was due to smoking and drinking.他的病是由吸烟和饮酒引起的。⑬Thanks to modern medicine, the disease can now be cured.多亏了现代药物，这种疾病现在可以被治愈了。　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练1　单句语法填空①The artist wrote ________ ink/pencil (＝________ a pen/a pencil)．②The skier's red clothes stood out clearly ________ the snow.③I have the same book ________ you (have)．④The big stone looks ________ a monkey.⑤I know nothing about the young lady ________ that she is from Beijing.⑥She was given a scholarship ________ the award.⑦Japan is/lies ________ the east of China.⑧The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place ________ the main road at the far end of the lake.⑨Some students often listen to music ________ classes to refresh themselves.⑩________ then on she knew she would win.⑪I lost my money and I have been worried ________ then.⑫Let's discuss it ________ lunch.⑬We'll have finished the work ________ ten o'clock tomorrow.⑭I usually take a bath ________ having my breakfast.⑮It is very considerate ________ you to remind me.⑯It is necessary ________ the students to know some learning methods.⑰It is ________ me why she wants to marry Jeff.⑱He seized me ________ the arm.答案：①in; with　②against　③as　④like　⑤except⑥besides　⑦to　⑧off　⑨between　⑩From　⑪since⑫over　⑬by　⑭before　⑮of　⑯for　⑰beyond　⑱by 考点二 介词短语1．常见高频介词短语at the same time 同时；然而at dawn 在黎明at the cost of 以……的代价at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布at the sight of 一看到……at the age of 在……岁时above all 最重要的是apart from 除此以外……in the face of 面对，面临in addition to 除……以外in case of 万一in charge of 负责，主管in the charge of 在……的管理之下in control of 控制，掌握，管理in search of 寻找in honor of 为了纪念……in exchange for 作为交换in memory of作为对……的纪念in favor of 赞成，支持in fear of 害怕in need of 需要in no time 立刻in a hurry 匆忙in the way 碍事，挡路in the meanwhile 与此同时in the hope of 抱着……的希望in no way 决不in preparation for 为……作准备in response to 作为回应in turn 依次；转而in return (for) 作为(对……的)回报in sight 看得见；在视野之内in spite of 尽管，虽然in possession of 拥有in the possession of 被……拥有be of help 有帮助的be of importance 重要的be of significance 有重大意义的on the contrary 相反on account of 因为；由于on behalf of 代表on condition that (＝only if) 在……的条件下on the basis of 以……为基础on the point of ... 正要……with regard to 关于2．分类高频介词短语(1)表示状态的介词短语at a loss 不知所措　　at dinner 在吃晚餐at peace 处于和平状态  at rest 静止at war 在战争中  at work 在工作in anger 生气  in bed 在床上in danger 处于危险中  in debt 负债in despair 失望  in difficulty 处于困难中in doubt 不确定，拿不准  in fear 在恐惧中in high spirits 情绪高昂  in need 在危难中，在穷困中in order 秩序井然  in print 发表in rags 穿着破旧  in surprise 吃惊in trouble 在困境中  in use 使用中on a trip 在旅行  on business 因公出差on display 在展出  on duty 在值班on holiday/vacation 在度假on sale 在出售；低价出售  on show 在展出on strike 在罢工  on the go 非常忙碌on the way 在途中  out of balance 失去平衡out of control 失去控制  out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过期  out of order 出故障out of work 失业(2)表示方式的介词短语by accident 偶然地  by means of 借助于by chance 偶然地  by force 用暴力by hand 手工地   by mistake 错误地by nature 天生地  by the month 按月by turns 轮流by weight/volume 按重量/体积算in cash 用现金支付  in detail 详细地in size 在大小上  with delight 高兴地with ease 轻易地  with joy 高兴地with pleasure 愉快地(3)表示“在……”的介词短语under attack 遭到袭击under consideration 在考虑中under construction 在建造中under control 在控制之下under discussion 在讨论中under pressure 在压力下under repair 在修理中under test 在测试中　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练2　单句语法填空①He founded the charity ________ memory of his late wife.②When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.③There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, ________ a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.④He taught me the trick ________ condition that I never tell anyone else how to do it.⑤________ the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died.答案：①in　②at　③as　④on　⑤At误区一　介词词义的误用(1)【误】The bridge on the river, which has a history of nearly 100 years, is now in danger of falling down.【正】The bridge over the river, which has a history of nearly 100 years, is now in danger of falling down.[分析]　over通常指“正对……的上方”，表示两个物体之间垂直的相对位置；on指线上或面上的接触点，仅在两个物体互相接触的情况下表示“在……上面”。(2)【误】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch with writing often.【正】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch by writing often.[分析]　with表示用具体的工具，此处用by表示抽象的方式。by writing意为“通过写信”。本题不是keep in touch with的固定搭配。[注意]　造成以上错误的原因在于对词义接近的介词的用法不清，应加强对考点一第“二”点的学习。误区二　介词搭配的误用(1)【误】You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.【正】You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich in vitamins.[分析]　be rich in是固定搭配，意为“富含……”。根据语境可知，把of改为in。(2)【误】He got_married_with her last month.【正】He got_married_to her last month.【正】He married_her last month.[分析]　get married to sb.＝marry sb. 为固定表达，意为“与某人结婚”。(3)【误】Under the help of the teacher, he made rapid progress.【正】With the help of the teacher, he made rapid progress.[分析]　with the help of sb. 意为“在某人的帮助下”为固定短语。[注意]　造成以上错误一方面在于不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配，另一方面在于英汉差异而致，如误区二第2处“和……”，若按汉语思维，则应用with；第3处“在……下”，若按汉语思维，则应用under。殊不知这些都是固定表述。平时应注意短语的积累，方能避免此类问题。误区三　介词的缺失错误(1)【误】If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.【正】If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait for your teacher to lead you outside.[分析]　wait for是固定搭配，意为“等待”，由于其后有宾语your teacher，故需要加介词for。(2)【误】He is the man I just spoke.【正】He is the man I just spoke to.[分析]　man后为省略了关系词的定语从句，对某人讲话为speak to sb.，故to不可缺失。误区四　介词的冗余错误【误】We, together with our teacher, visited a local nursing home in last week.【正】We, together with our teacher, visited a local nursing home last week.[分析]　时间名词前有next, last等修饰时，一般不再用介词，last week前面不须加介词。[注意]　造成以上错误的原因主要在于受汉语表达的影响，若想避免此类问题多背多练是关键。1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods ________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid－1980s.答案：of/for2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ________ dogs, seven to be exact.答案：of3．(2019·浙江高考)The answer ________ this question is not clear. 答案：to4．(2018·北京高考)—Good morning, Mr Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment ________ next Wednesday afternoon.答案：for5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.答案：as6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.答案：in1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I told my father that I planned to return for every two years.________________________________________________答案：去掉for2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.________________________________________________答案：for→with3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.________________________________________________答案：on→of4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.________________________________________________答案：去掉for5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________________________________________答案：dreams后加of/about1．为“是否是宾语”提供依据介词必须要接宾语，宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词或者what从句充当。若空格后是名词、代词或动名词且它们在句中不作主语和动词的宾语，则要考虑介词。2．“四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系；(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法；(3)根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without；(4)根据介词与动词等的搭配。 1．检查介词用法是否误用。2．检查介词搭配是否正确。3．检查名词或动名词前是否有介词。