2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题一第5讲形容词和副词

第5讲　形容词和副词 考点一 形容词、副词的基本功能1．形容词的基本语法功能(1)形容词作定语一般情况下，形容词作定语时，放在被修饰词之前。①It didn't make use of long muscles we used to throw a baseball, and it wasn't a smooth operation like ice­skating.它并没有利用我们投掷棒球时使用的长肌，也不像滑冰那样平稳运转。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在被修饰词后面。a．形容词作定语修饰由some­，any­，every­，no­和­body, ­thing, ­one等构成的复合不定代词时，需后置。②There is nobody absent today.今天没有人缺席。③She must have met something dangerous.她肯定遇到了危险。b．一些表语形容词作定语时，常放在被修饰词的后面，如alive, alike, awake, asleep, alone等。④In the American continents, Canada and Argentina alone have succeeded.在美洲大陆，只有加拿大和阿根廷已取得成功。c．形容词短语作定语时要后置，这些形容词短语大多由“形容词＋介词短语/不定式短语”构成。⑤It is a problem difficult to solve.这是一个难解决的问题。⑥He is a boy good at sports.他是个擅长体育运动的男孩。d．由and/or连接的并列形容词成对使用时要后置。⑦There was a huge room, simple and beautiful.有一个大房间，简朴而美丽。⑧She has many pencils, blue and red.她有许多铅笔，有蓝的和红的。(2)形容词作表语通常情况下，在系动词之后用形容词作表语，系动词有以下几种：状态系动词：be(is/am/are/was/were)变化系动词：become, get, turn, grow, go, come, fall持续系动词：keep, remain, stay, lie, stand感官系动词：look, smell, taste, feel, sound终止系动词：prove, turn out表象系动词：seem, appear⑨The boy fell ill last night.昨晚那个男孩病倒了。⑩Our country becomes stronger and stronger.我们国家变得越来越强大。(3)形容词作宾补形容词作宾语补足语时，可以表示宾语的性质、状态，也可以表示某一动作的结果。⑪Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.请保持教室干净、整洁。⑫Who left the door open?谁没有关门？⑬I think it very interesting.我认为它很有趣。(4)形容词作状语形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写。⑭They arrived home, tired and hungry.他们回到家，又累又饿。⑮He came over, eager to help.→He came over and (he) was eager to help.他走过来，急于想帮忙。2．副词的基本语法功能(1)副词作状语副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或者修饰整个句子。①His speech directly affected the strike.(修饰动词)他的演讲直接影响了罢工。②He is very diligent.(修饰形容词)他非常勤奋。③You can find books on that subject quite easily.(修饰副词)你能很容易地找到关于那个科目的书。④Luckily she was in when I called.(修饰句子)幸运的是，当我打电话的时候她在家。[注意]　(1)形容词与副词作状语时的差别①形容词作状语时，表示状态或结果；而副词作状语时，表示方式。After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired.经过长时间旅行后，他们三个回到了家，又饿又累。②有些副词置于句首，可修饰全句，作评注性状语。Luckily, her stepmother was kind to her.幸运的是，她的继母对她很好。(2)副词修饰整个句子时，有三种常见的情况①表示逻辑连接关系。常见的此类副词有therefore, however, otherwise, furthermore, nevertheless等。Therefore, we have to come here again tomorrow.因此，我们明天还得来这儿一趟。②表示评述或说话人的态度。常见的此类副词有importantly, luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, strangely等。Unfortunately, he failed again.不幸的是，他又失败了。③表示方式。常见的此类副词有quietly, warmly, carefully, happily, carelessly等。He carelessly left the door unlocked.他粗心地没锁门就离开了。(3)频率副词及enough作状语的位置①频率副词常放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。I have never seen him before.我以前从未见过他。(never放在助动词have之后)He usually reads books.他经常读书。(usually放在行为动词reads之前)②enough放在所修饰的形容词或副词的后面。He isn't old enough to join the army.他还不到参军的年龄。(enough修饰形容词old，放在old之后)(2)副词作表语表示位置的副词(above, across, inside, upstairs等)作表语时说明主语的状态或特征；表示动作方向的副词(up, down, on, in, off, out等)作表语时含有动作意义。⑤Isn't he up yet?他还没起床吗？⑥I'm sorry but he is not in.对不起，他不在家。　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练1　单句语法填空①A career in law is becoming increasingly ________ (attract) to young people.②The book provides ________ (value)  information on recent trends.③I'm ________ (true) sorry that things had to end like this.④We are all ________ (entire) responsible for our actions.⑤There have been some problems but ________ (basic) it's a good system.答案：①attractive　②valuable　③truly　④entirely　⑤basically考点二 形容词、副词的级别1．形容词和副词原级的用法类似用法的词：①Today is as busy a day as yesterday.今天跟昨天一样忙。②Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.亨利的书没有我的书多。③How clever a student he was when he was a child!当他小的时候他是一个多么聪明的学生啊！2．形容词和副词比较级的用法(1)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则①规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词末一般直接加­er和­estgreatgreatergreatest单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­stBrave widebraver widerbravest widest闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加­er和­estbighotbigger hotterBiggesthottest以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­esthappyhappierhappiest多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和mostdifficultexpensivemore difficult more expensivemost difficult most expensive少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­estclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest [注意]　(1)有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加­er和­est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以­ow，­er结尾的词。2有些形容词没有程度可分，或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right正确的，wrong错误的，excellent优秀的，possible可能的，empty空的，favorite最爱的，perfect完美的等。②不规则变化原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, illworseworstmany, much (许多的)moremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest[注意]　1further不仅可以指“距离更远”，还可指“程度更深”。further education深造，further information 进一步的信息。2elder 不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，仅用于同辈之间的排行，即家庭成员的长幼关系，如：elder sister姐姐，elder brother哥哥。(2)形容词和副词的比较级结构a．A＋谓语＋形容词/副词比较级＋than＋B。①You look much younger than I do.你看起来比我年轻得多。b．A＋谓语＋less＋形容词/副词原级＋than＋B为否定比较，意为“A不及/不如B”。②This computer is less expensive than mine.这台计算机没我的贵。c．隐性条件下的比较级用法，即：在句中没有比较级标志性词than，而是通过语境来分辨是否用比较级。③These pianos in the other shop are cheaper, but not as good.在另一家店的钢琴便宜一些，但没这么好。(3)形容词和副词的最高级用法a．表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构为“the＋最高级＋比较范围(如of all, of the three, in the world等)”，表示“……是……中最……的”，前面一般加定冠词the; 副词最高级修饰动词，前面可不加the。④He runs fastest of the three.三个人中他跑得最快。b．“one of the＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数形式＋比较范围”，表示“……中最……的……之一”。⑤New York is one of the biggest cities in America.纽约是美国最大的城市之一。[注意]　“the＋most＋形容词原级”表示“最……”，句中通常要有比较范围；而“a＋most＋形容词原级”不表示比较，most相当于very。Tom is the most diligent student in his class.汤姆是他班里最勤奋的学生。He told us a most amusing story yesterday.他昨天给我们讲了一个非常好笑的故事。　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练2　单句语法填空①The more he talked, the ________ (angry) he became.②This film is ________ (interest) than any other one that I have ever seen.③He was advised to smoke fewer cigarettes and drink ________ (little) beer.答案：①angrier　②more interesting　③less考点三 形容词、副词级别相关句式1．“the＋形容词/副词比较级……，the＋形容词/副词比较级……”表示“越……就越……”The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.你越努力，你取得的进步就越大。2．the＋比较级＋of the two (＋名词)The taller of the two boys is my brother.两个男孩中高个的是我哥哥。3．否定词与比较级连用表示最高级I have never spent a more worrying day since I graduated.自从我毕业以来，这是我度过的最担心的一天。[注意]　(1)类似用法的结构：can't/couldn't ... too＋adj./adv.＝can't/couldn't ... ＋adj./adv.＋enough 表示“无论……也不为过”。(2)英语中有些词没有比较级，但仍可表示比较级的意思，通常与介词to连用，不与than共同使用，如：senior, junior, superior, inferior等。4．“形容词/副词比较级＋and＋形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越……”在“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构中，单音节形容词或副词用“形容词/副词­er＋and＋形容词/副词­er”结构，多音节形容词和副词常用“more and more＋形容词或副词原级”结构。①Things are getting better and better day by day.情况正在一天天好起来。②It's becoming more and more difficult to find a rewarding job.找一份令人满意的工作越来越困难了。5．倍数表达法倍数表达法的几种常见结构：(1)A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B(2)A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B(3)A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size, length, height等)＋of＋B(4)The＋名词(size, length, height等)＋of＋A is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B(5)A is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句[注意]　1修饰形容词/副词比较级的词有：rather， much， still， even， far， by far 后置，  a lot， a little， a great deal， a bit等。The students study even harder than before.学生们甚至比以前学习更努力了。The book is better by far than that one. 这本书比那本书要好得多。2最高级可用by far，  almost， nearly及序数词修饰，表示程度或顺序。The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练3(1)单句语法填空①China is ________ (large) than any other country in Asia.②She is no ________ (old) than Zilla.答案：①larger　②older(2)单句写作①越忙，他就感觉越快乐。__________ he is, ____________ he feels.②这两个男孩子谁年长些？Who is ______________ two boys?③我从没看过比这部更好的电影。I've __________________ film than this one.④现在的产量是十年前的三倍。The production is now ____________________ ten years ago.答案：①The busier; the happier　②the older of the　③never seen a better　④three times what it was考点四 形容词、副词构词法及易混副词一、构成形容词的常见后缀1．名词＋­ysun—sunny阳光充足的wind—windy多风的fun—funny滑稽的fog—foggy有雾的flower—flowery多花的；似花(香)的rain—rainy多雨的2．动词＋­ableadvise—advisable可取的；明智的comfort—comfortable舒适的3．名词＋­alnation—national国家的education—educational教育的nature—natural天然的addition—additional附加的4．名词＋­enwood—wooden木制的gold—golden金色的5．动词＋­entdiffer—different不同的insist—insistent坚持的6．名词＋­ishfool—foolish愚蠢的self—selfish自私的boy—boyish顽皮可爱的child—childish孩子气的7．动词＋­iveact—active积极的impress—impressive印象深刻的8．名词＋­fulpower—powerful强有力的peace—peaceful和平的beauty—beautiful美丽的wonder—wonderful精彩的help—helpful有帮助的faith—faithful忠诚的shame—shameful可耻的thank—thankful感谢的9．名词＋­ousdanger—dangerous危险的courage—courageous勇敢的fame—famous著名的envy—envious羡慕的；妒忌的10．名词＋­lyfriend—friendly友好的order—orderly有秩序的time—timely及时的month—monthly每月的year—yearly每年的day—daily每天的二、形容词＋­ly构成副词的规则情况构成例词一般情况加­lyquick—quickly，brave—bravely，immediate—immediately以辅音字母＋­y结尾将y改为i再加­lyeasy—easily, happy—happily，heavy—heavily, busy—busily续表情况构成例词以­le结尾去e加­ysimple—simply，gentle—gently以元音字母＋­e结尾去e加­lytrue—truly以­ll结尾只加­yfull—fully, dull—dully以­ic结尾加­allybasic—basically，scientific—scientifically [注意]　(1)注意以下形容词变副词的拼写whole—wholly完全地 　　shy—shyly害羞地dry—dryly/drily冷淡地     good—well好地(2)注意以­ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的      lovely可爱的lively精力充沛的   lonely孤独的deadly致命的      monthly每月的yearly每年的      daily每日的weekly每周的三、几组易混副词的区别1．表原意(无­ly)和抽象概念(有­ly)的副词2．有无­ly意义大不相同的副词　　　　　　　　　　　　　即时练4　单句语法填空①The articles are intended for younger readers, but adults will find this site ________ (suit) for them as well.②Almost all the fables he wrote are ________ (humor) and entertaining, appealing to people of all ages.③I knew it was going to be hard to find another job in the ________ (competition) working market.④Learning signals of respect in various ________ (culture) backgrounds can help you avoid misunderstanding.⑤Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be ________ (equal) respected.⑥The numbers are ________ (particular) high in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.答案：①suitable　②humorous　③competitive　④cultural　⑤equally　⑥particularly误区一　词性混用(1)形容词误作动词【误】He eager to know everything about China.【正】He is_eager to know everything about China.[分析]　eager为形容词，不可作谓语。(2)形容词与名词混淆【误】The sport teaches us the important of obedience.【正】The sport teaches us the importance of obedience.[分析]　定冠词the后应用名词形式。(3)形容词与副词混淆①【误】Unfortunate,_many people are ignorant of it.【正】Unfortunately,_many people are ignorant of it.[分析]　副词可单独作状语，用来修饰整个句子。②【误】You can easy make up an excuse to avoid going out with him.【正】You can easily make up an excuse to avoid going out with him.[分析]　修饰动词短语make up应用副词easily。[注意]　造成上面错误，一方面是因为对形容词和副词的功能不够清楚，另一方面是因为受到了汉语的干扰，此类错误应引起高度重视，无论是在语法填空和短文改错，还是在书面表达中，这都是易错点。考生一方面应加强对考点一的学习，另一方面要多加练习，自我纠正。误区二　词形相似，意义有别的词的误用【误】I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.【正】I found the test difficult, but I tried hard to do it.[分析]　根据语境可知，此处表示尽力做某事，hardly  “几乎不”， hard “努力地”。误区三　比较等级的误用【误】People are becoming richer and the country is much more_stronger.【正】People are becoming richer and the country is much stronger.[分析]　strong的比较级形式是stronger。误区四　否定比较的误用【误】Mr Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldn't ask for a good boss.【正】Mr Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldn't ask for a better boss.[分析]　此处是比较级用于含有否定意义的句子中表达最高级的含义。[注意]　造成以上错误的原因在于对形容词和副词比较等级的构成及表达方式不熟悉，应加强对考点二、三的学习。1．(2019·天津高考)School uniforms are ________ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.答案：traditional2．(2019·浙江高考)When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ________ (easy) see them.答案：easily3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are ________ (high) than they actually are. 答案：higher4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining ________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there. 答案：so1．看到空格处修饰的是名词，要想到用形容词。2．看到空格处修饰的是动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，要想到用副词。3．看到与than连用，要想到用形容词或副词的比较级。4．看到and, or, but等并列连词前或后用了比较级，要想到用比较级。5．看到语境中暗含比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)。6．熟记固定搭配或句型。7．掌握词性之间的转换。 5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were ________ (huge) popular with tourists. 答案：hugely6．(2018·江苏高考)Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is ________ (reluctance) to invest in sufficient training for his staff.答案：reluctant1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.________________________________________________答案：interesting→interested2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly. ________________________________________________答案：coolly→cool3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one. ________________________________________________答案：ordinarily→ordinary4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.________________________________________________答案：happily→happy5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.________________________________________________答案：larger→large6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums.________________________________________________答案：late→latest,6.熟记固定搭配或句型。 1．牢记易混词的词义。2．掌握易混词的词性。3．根据句意作出正确判断。4．看比较范围，判断形式是否正确。如果是两者之间的比较，则用比较级；如果是三者或三者以上的比较，则用最高级。5．看比较级前是否误加了more。6．看含有比较等级的固定句式是否准确。