2021高考英语一轮统考复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题一第2讲名词学案含解析新人教版
展开第2讲 名词
考点一 名词的分类及功能
1．名词的分类
2．名词的功能
(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语
①Mary is to meet you at the airport.
玛丽会到机场接你。
②The affair remained a complete mystery.
这事件仍然完全是个谜。
③We made him monitor of our class.
我们选他做我们的班长。
④He is considered a good teacher.
他被认为是个好老师。
(2)作定语
英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。
a．表示类别
air pollution空气污染
a coffee cup咖啡杯
body language身体语言
road accident交通事故
a book store 书店
b．表示身份、时间、地点等
Doctor Jack杰克医生
Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校
winter sleep冬眠
Moscow Stadium 莫斯科体育场
c．表目的、用途、材料等
reception desk接待处，前台
sports field田径场
stone table石桌
color TV彩电
(3)作状语
名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。
⑤The war lasted eight years.
这场战争持续了八年。
(4)作同位语
⑥Tom, our monitor, left school last year.
我们的班长汤姆去年退学了。
即时练1 写出下列句中画线名词所作的成分
①Mr_Smith was born in Canada.________
②Johnson is reading a novel in his study.________
③The new government's first challenge is the economy.________
④Would you like to go to the flower show tomorrow？________
⑤Everyone elected him monitor.________
答案：①主语 ②宾语 ③表语 ④定语 ⑤宾语补足语
考点二 名词的数
1．名词的单、复数形式
(1)不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework，weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
[注意] word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带修饰词。
Word comes that the meeting will be held on Friday.
有消息称会议将于周五召开。
(2)名词复数形式的变化
①规则变化
种类 | 变化 | 例词 |
一般情况 | 词尾加s | book→books, pen→pens |
以s，x，ch，sh结尾 | 词尾加es | bus→buses，bench→benches，box→boxes，dish→dishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加s |
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 | 变y为i后加es | family→families， city→cities |
以“元音字母＋y”结尾 | 词尾加s | key→keys， boy→boys |
以f或fe结尾 多数变f或fe | 为v后加es | leaf→leaves，wife→wives, knife→knives |
少数词尾加s | chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs | |
以字母o结尾 | 词尾加es | hero→heroes, potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes |
词尾加s | photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos | |
以sis结尾的外来词 | 变sis为ses | basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises |
②不规则变化
种类 | 例词 |
单复数同形 | deer, sheep, Chinese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters |
单数形式复数意义 | people, police, cattle |
复数形式单数意义 | news, physics, politics |
合成词变复数 | passerby→passersby，soninlaw→sonsinlaw, lookeron→lookerson, gobetween→gobetweens, grownup→grownups |
词形变化 | man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria |
2．特殊情况下名词复数的用法
(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。
(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：
make preparations for为……做准备
take pains尽力，刻苦
make (both) ends meet使收支相抵
take turns轮流
be in high spirits兴致勃勃；兴高采烈
make repairs修理
即时练2 语法填空
Two ________ (month) ago, three ________ (Negro), who were all ________ (hero), caught four ________ (thief) because they had stolen some ________ (potato) and some bamboo from 2 ________ (zoo), where 500 ________ (sheep), 200 ________ (deer), 100 ________ (ox) and 1,000 ________ (goose) were raised.
答案：months; Negroes; heroes; thieves; potatoes; zoos; sheep; deer; oxen; geese
考点三 名词的格
所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式：'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1．'s所有格
's所有格的构成规则：
构成 | 例子 |
单数名词词尾通常加's；复数名词词尾没有s时，也要加's | the boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包；the children's toys那些孩子的玩具 |
以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'” | teachers' office 教师们的办公室 |
以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或's均可 | my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划；James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛 |
合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加's | my brotherinlaw's birthday我姐夫的生日 |
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系 | a week's holiday 一周的假；thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程 |
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加's | an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程 |
不定代词后接else时，'s加在else之后 | somebody else's bag别人的包 |
[注意] 1并列的名词变所有格，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加's；如果表示共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加's。
Kate and Mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2下列情况下，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：
①名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。
This bike is not mine， nor Tom's.
这辆自行车不是我的，也不是汤姆的。
②表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop， house， home等常省去。
at the doctor's office 在医生的诊所里
at the barber's shop 在理发店
at Mr Green's house 在格林先生家)
2．of所有格
用法 | 例子 |
对于无生命的事物而言，通常用of所有格表示所属关系 | the window of the room房间的窗户 |
表示主谓关系用of所有格 | the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来 |
表示同位关系用of所有格 | the city of Beijing北京市 |
表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格 | part of the problem部分问题；the majority of people大多数人 |
表示内容用of所有格 | the cost of living生活成本；the news of success捷报 |
当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the＋形容词”构成所有格时要借助of | the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题；the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议 |
3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为：“名词＋of＋名词's”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：
用法 | 例子 |
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a，any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the | another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子 |
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等 | That dog of Tom's is really clever.汤姆的那只狗真聪明。 |
即时练3 单句语法填空
①The ________ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into ________ (Tom) car.
②Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the ________ (Turner)．
③When I see the scene, it reminds me of a picture ________ my ________ (father)．
答案：①girls'; Tom's ②Turners' ③of; father's
考点四 抽象名词具体化及名词构词法
一、抽象名词具体化
1．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。
(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事
(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历
(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事
(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事
(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事
(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)
另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preference等。
2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)
物质名词 | 可数名词 | 物质名词 | 可数名词 |
drink饮料 | two drinks 两杯饮料 | rain雨 | a heavy rain 一场大雨 |
coffee咖啡 | a coffee 一杯咖啡 | paper纸张 | a paper 一张报纸； 一篇论文 |
tea茶 | two teas 两杯茶 | wind 风 | a cold wind 冷风 |
二、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)
后缀 | 例词 |
ence | exist—existence存在 |
ance | accept—acceptance接受 |
tion | produce—production生产 |
sion | express—expression表达 |
ment | develop—development发展 |
ness | blind—blindness失明 |
age | marry—marriage婚姻 |
th | warm—warmth温暖 |
ure | please—pleasure快乐 depart—departure离开 |
dom | wise—wisdom智慧 |
(详参第9讲“构词法”)
即时练4
(1)单句语法填空
①The ________ (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.
②Due to the ________ (apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.
③She was unable to attend the meeting because of the ________ (press) of work.
④________ (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.
⑤—How can I take the medicine, sir?
—Just follow the ________ (direct) on the bottle.
答案：①expression ②application ③pressure ④Curiosity ⑤directions
(2)单句写作
①——你想喝点咖啡吗？
——我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。
—Would you like some ________？
—I would like ____________ and ____________.
②(掌握)英语知识在国际贸易中是必备(技能)。
__________ of English is __________ in international trade.
③她因做错事而向母亲道歉。
She ______________ to her mother for her wrong doings.
④读这样的一本小说简直就是浪费时间。
It is ____________ reading such a novel.
答案：①coffee; a coffee; two beers ②A knowledge; a must ③made an apology ④a waste of time
误区一 名词“数”的误用
(1)【误】During the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.
【正】During the past few days, many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.
[分析] visitor是可数名词，被many修饰，故用复数形式。
(2)【误】The beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment.
【正】The beauty of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.
[分析] air是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故airs改为air。
(3)【误】It is reported that woman doctors don't like to be exposed to the medias.
【正】It is reported that women doctors don't like to be exposed to the media.
[分析] woman doctor在变成复数形式时，两个词均要变成复数形式，即women doctors; media本身即为复数形式，不可再加s。
[注意] 造成以上错误的原因在于不清楚可数名词与不可数名词以及名词的复数形式的变化规则尤其是特殊名词；应加强对考点二的学习。
误区二 名词“格”的误用
【误】A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter.
【正】A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter's.
[分析] it指代wallet，与Peter不能构成同一关系，根据句意可知，此处应是“彼得的钱包”，故Peter应改为所有格形式Peter's。
[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对名词所有格不够熟悉，应加强对考点三的学习。
误区三 物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用
【误】She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.
【正】She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.
[分析] surprise本来是不可数名词，此句中为抽象名词具体化的用法，意为“一件令人惊讶的事”，故在big前加a。
[注意] 造成上面错误的原因在于对于“特殊词”不足够重视，应加强对考点四的学习，并要注意平时积累。
误区四 名词功能或词性误用
(1)【误】There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.
【正】There is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the street.
[分析] 此处指商店的性质，用名词的单数形式作定语。
(2)【误】It had a great affect on him.
【正】It had a great effect on him.
[分析] affect为动词，而effect为名词，另外“have an effect on ...”为固定短语，意为“对……有影响”。
[注意] 造成以上错误的原因在于不了解名词的功能或混淆了单词的词性。应加强对考点一的学习，另外平时要注意单词的词性，将基础知识记牢。
1．(2018·江苏高考)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.
答案：assumption
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
答案：crowds
3．(2017·浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
答案：carrots
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
答案：introduction
5．(2016·浙江高考)It is important to pay your ________ (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.
答案：electricity
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
________________________________________________
答案：city→cities
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.
________________________________________________
答案：job→jobs
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.
________________________________________________
答案：Friday's→Friday
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.
________________________________________________
答案：mistake→mistakes
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”
________________________________________________
答案：word→words
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
________________________________________________
答案：informations→information
1．根据语境标志词判断名词
(1)看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时，要想到名词；
(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词；
(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。
2．根据规则确定名词单复数
(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时，要考虑用名词的复数形式；
(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑作主语的名词用复数形式；
(3)根据名词所作成分判断单复数，如名词作定语时，常用单数形式。
3．平时还应注意固定搭配的积累，另外，在确定填名词后，一定要注意拼写、复数和名词所有格。
1．遇到名词，首先要想到是可数名词还是不可数名词。
2．看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等，要想到它们所修饰的名词应用复数形式。
3．看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
4．看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式。
5．要特别注意名词作定语、表语、补足语时的用法。
