2020届高考英语二轮复习教师用书：第一板块专题三第十讲构词法


第十讲　构词法
[考纲解读·定方向]
正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，使其更加灵活地应对语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查。

[重点强化]
一、派生法
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法词缀。加在词根之前的词缀叫做前缀，加在词根之后的叫做后缀。
1．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­age
short→shortage　不足；短缺
­cy
efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密
­dom
free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
­ence
different→difference差异 silent→silence 沉默
­ness
weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意 dark→darkness 黑暗
­th
stong→strength力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情
true→truth 真实 wide→width 宽度
­y
­ty
­ity
difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴
safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；残疾
责任
2.动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­al
approve→approval 赞成；批准 arrive→arrival 到来；到达
survive→survival幸存 propose→proposal 提议；建议
­ance
appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指导
perform→performance表演；节目
­ence
exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱
refer→reference 参考；查阅
­ion
attract→attraction　吸引 construct→construction 建设
educate→education 教育 evaluate→evaluation 评估
graduate→graduation 毕业
­ation
expect→expectation期待；期望 explain→explanation 解释
consider→consideration考虑 imagine→imagination 想象力
starve→starvation 挨饿 invite→invitation 邀请；请柬
­(s)
sion
discuss→discussion讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学
­ing
hear→hearing听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开始
­ment
achieve→achievement功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据
treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 设备
­ure
fail→failure　　失败 press→pressure 压力
­ture
mix→mixture　混合；混合物 depart→departure 离开；出发
­y
recover→recovery　恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现
其他
grow→growth　成长；发展 choose→choice 选择
vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势
3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀
例词
­able
accept→acceptable　可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的
fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的
reason→reasonable 有道理的
­al
music→musical　音乐的 origin→original 最初的
person→personal个人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的
nature→natural 自然的；天生的 form→formal 正式的
nation→national 全国的
­ful
doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的
harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的
peace→peaceful 和平的 care→careful 细心的
use→useful 有用的 help→helpful 有帮助的
­(e)d
scare→scared恐惧的 confuse→confused 困惑的
puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的 worry→worried 担心的
bore→bored 厌倦的 excite→excited 激动的；兴奋的
underline→underlined 加下划线的
­ing
surprise→surprising　令人惊讶的 convince→convincing 令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 worry→worrying 令人担心的
bore→boring 令人厌倦的
­ible
access→accessible容易达到的；容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的
­ive
act→active　积极的；活跃的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的
attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的 expense→expensive 昂贵的
­ous
continue→continuous　不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的
caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的
humor→humorous 幽默的
­some
tire→tiresome令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
­y
taste→tasty美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 dirt→dirty 有灰尘的；脏的
rain→rainy 有雨的 sun→sunny 阳光明媚的
cloud→cloudy 阴天的
­ern
east→eastern东方的；向东的 west→western 西方的；向西的
­ish
child→childish 孩子气的fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish 自私的
­ic
science→scientific科学的 economy→economic 经济的
history→historic 历史上著名的
­ary
imagine→imaginary　想象的
4.形容词变副词的后缀
规则
示例
一般情况加­ly
slow→slowly缓慢地 common→commonly 普通地
immediate→immediately立刻地
以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾，将y改为i然后加­ly
happy→happily　高兴地 steady→steadily 稳定地
busy→busily 繁忙地
以­le结尾，去掉e加­y
simple→simply简单地 gentle→gently 温柔地
terrible→terribly 可怕地 possible→possibly 可能地
以­ic结尾，加­ally
economic→economically 经济地 scientific→scientifically 科学地
常考容易拼错的副词
rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily
5.表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。
后缀
例词
­er
clean→cleaner清洁工 report→reporter记者 strange→stranger陌生人
­or
invent→inventor发明者 visit→visitor游客 direct→director 导演
­ar
lie→liar说谎者 beg→beggar乞讨者；乞丐
­ee
interview→interviewee参加面试者 train→trainee受训者；学员

­ess
host→hostess女主人 act→actress 女演员
­ian
music→musician音乐家 politic→politician 政治家
history→historian 历史学家
­ist
art→artist艺术家 science→scientist 科学家
piano→pianist钢琴家
­ant
serve→servant仆人 participate→participant 参加者
assist→assistant助手；助理
6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
dis­
agree→disagree不同意 advantage→disadvantage缺点
appear→disappear消失 comfort→discomfort 不舒适的
honest→dishonest不诚实的
il­
legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical 不合逻辑的
im­
polite→impolite无礼的 patient→impatient 不耐烦的
moral→immoral不道德的
in­
formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient 不方便的
direct→indirect 间接引起的
ir­
regular→irregular不规则的 responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的
mis­
lead→mislead误导 understand→misunderstand 误解
un­
usual→unusual不寻常的 willing→unwilling 不愿意的
happy→unhappy 不高兴的 known→unknown 不出名的
后
缀
­less
hope→hopeless绝望的 end→endless 没完没了的
care→careless 粗心的 help→helpless 无助的
use→useless 无用的

前/后缀
例词
前缀
en­
able→enable使能够 large→enlarge 扩大
rich→enrich使充实；使丰富 danger→endanger 危及
courage→encourage鼓励
后
缀
­en
broad→broaden　使变宽 ripe→ripen 使成熟
sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 wide→widen 加宽
short→shorten 变短 deep→deepen 加深
dark→darken 使变暗 hard→harden 使变硬
­ify
class →classify把……分类 just→justify 证明……正确
simple→simplify 简化 beauty→beautify 美化
­ize
apology→apologize　道歉 emphasis→emphasize 强调
memory→memorize 记住 real→realize 认识到；实现

二、转化法
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法，这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。

转化规则
例词
注意
名词→
动词
Face n．脸→v.面对 shoulder n．肩→v.肩负
water n．水→v.浇水 back n．背→v.后退
name n．名字→v.命名
high，deep，wide用作副词时表示具体，而highly，deeply，widely表示抽象
动词→
名词
look　　v．&n.看 try v．&n.尝试
dream v．&n.梦想 chat v．& n. 聊天
形容词→
动词
empty　adj.空的→v.倒空 slow adj.慢的→v.减慢
dirty adj.脏的→v.弄脏 warm adj.暖的→v.使变暖
形容词→
副词
hard　adj.困难的→adv.努力 high adj.高的→adv.高
deep adj.深的→adv.深入地 wide adj.宽的→adv.广泛地
三、合成法
把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫做合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。
1．合成名词
构成
例词
名词＋名词
newspaper　报纸 babysitter 保姆
airport 机场 schoolmate 校友
形容词
＋名词
greenhouse温室 highway 高速公路
mainland 大陆 shorthand 速记
动词＋副词
get­together联欢会 breakdown 崩溃
Breakthrough突破
副词＋动词
outbreak爆发 output 产量
Downfall垮台 outcome 结果
其他构成
well­being健康 grown­up 成年人
passer­by 路人 go­between 媒人
bride­to­be 准新娘 parents­to­be 准父母
son­in­law 女婿 by­product 副产品
2.合成形容词
构成
例词
形容词/数词
＋名词＋­ed
warm­hearted　热心的 blue­eyed 蓝眼睛的
absent­minded 心不在焉的 middle­aged 中年的
nine­storeyed 九层楼的 three­legged 三条腿的
one­sided 片面的
名词/副词
＋分词
peace­loving 热爱和平的 English­speaking 讲英语的
meat­eating 食肉的 man­made 人造的
snow­covered 白雪覆盖的 handmade 手工的
state­owned 国有的 well­dressed 穿着体面的
newly­built 新建的 widespread 广泛流传的
名词＋
形容词
world­famous世界著名的 ice­cool 冰冷的
snow­white 雪白的 grass­green 草绿的
tax­free 免税的 fat­free 无脂的
trouble­free 无忧无虑的
形容词
＋名词
full­time全职的 part­time 兼职的
second­hand 二手的 upper­class 上层阶级的；上流社会的 high­grade 品质优良的 large­scale 大规模的
形容词
＋分词
good­looking　好看的 easy­going 随和的
slow­moving 移动缓慢的
数词＋名词
＋形容词
200­meter­long 200米长的 1,000­word­long 1 000词长的
18­year­old 18岁大的 20­meter­wide 20米宽的
3.其他合成词
构成
例词
合成动词
upset　使心烦意乱 overcome 克服
overjoy 使狂喜 overthrow 推翻
oversleep 睡过头 undergo 经历
overcharge 超额收费 overbook 超额预订
合成副词
afterwards 以后，后来 inwards 向内地
upwards 向上地 downwards 向下地
forward 向前；前进 upstairs 在楼上
anywhere 在任何地方 anyhow 无论如何
forever 永远
合成介词
outside　在……外面 without 没有
within 在……之内 into 进入
onto 在……之上


[小题夯基练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．When we handed him the bag of food，he lit up and thanked us with ____________ (water) eyes.
解析：watery　[用形容词充当前置定语。]
2．A travel company in Hong Kong，says it ____________ (regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析：regularly　[用副词修饰动词arrange。]
3．My good performance in the job interview left me ____________ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here.
解析：optimistic　[用形容词充当宾补。]
4．With online shopping increasingly popular，the Internet is seen as an ____________ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers.
解析：efficient　[用形容词充当前置定语。]
5．Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be ____________ (access)to the kids.
解析：accessible　[be动词后用形容词充当表语。]
6．If you want to see the chairman of the department，you'd better make an ____________ (appoint) with his secretary first.
解析：appointment 　[make an appointment with sb.意为“和某人预约”。]
7．Don't jump to a ____________ (conclude) before considering all the facts or you may be easily taken in.
解析：conclusion　[jump to a conclusion意为“得出结论”。]
8．It is reported that the government is considering removing a ____________ (restrict) on immigration from other countries into its country.
解析：restriction　[remove a restriction意为“取消限制”，remove后用名词形式充当宾语。]
9．Great inventors don't ____________ (necessary) graduate from famous universities.Some didn't even go to university.
解析：necessarily　[用副词修饰短语动词graduate from。]
10．I wrote him a letter to show my ____________ (appreciate)of his thoughtfulness.
解析：appreciation　[由形容词性物主代词my可知空格处用名词。]
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)
1．Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.____________
解析：seriously→serious　[名词problem前应用形容词修饰。]
2．As an old saying goes，“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”So really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.____________
解析：really→real　[作定语修饰名词friendship，应用形容词。]
3．The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.____________
解析：taste→tasty　[与juicy并列作are的表语，应用形容词tasty。]
4．Today we had a chemistry test.I found the test difficulty.____________
解析：difficulty→difficult　[此处应用形容词作宾语补足语，说明the test的特征。]
5．I am awfully tiring，but I know I'll never fall asleep.____________
解析：tiring→tired　[修饰人应用tired。tiring意为“令人疲惫的”，用于修饰事物。]
6．Last night's TV news said that by then the dead of the missing people had not been proved yet.____________
解析：dead→death　[the dead意为“死者”，不符合句意。]
7．Body language is the quiet，secret and most power language of all！____________
解析：power→powerful　[most修饰形容词或副词，此处与形容词quiet和secret并列，共同修饰名词language。]
8．Some parents felt happy because they failed to get in touch with their children.____________
解析：happy→unhappy　[根据后面because从句说明的原因可知，父母无法与孩子联系令他们“不高兴”。]
9．Physical activity in that 30 minutes seems more reason when people have overworked for weeks.____________
解析：reason→reasonable　[由前面的系动词seems可知此处应用reason的形容词形式作表语。reasonable意为“合理的”。]
10．The children who are addicted to playing computer games are all driven by curious at first.____________
解析：curious→curiosity　[by为介词，其后接名词或者动名词充当宾语。]
[大题提能练]
Ⅰ.语法填空——构词法专练
Bike to Work Day is started by the League of American Bicyclists in 1956 with the aim of promoting the bicycle as a serious choice of getting to and from work.It is ____1____ (annual) held across North America on the third Friday of May.In today's world where ____2____ (globe) warming is a serious issue，the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon footprint.Cycling to work is a____3____ (health) alternative to driving or taking public transport.It can not only save you money but also ____4____ (able) you to be more ____5____ (create) once you get to work，thus improving your ____6____(perform)．
Bicycles are the most common form of transport in the world and there are about two billion in use worldwide，making the bicycle the most popular ____7____(invent) ever.When we think of some countries，like the Netherlands，we imagine hundreds of people cycling everywhere.Even in hightech Japan，it is ____8____ (possible)not to see businessmen，farmers，mothers or workers in the streets on their bikes.Bicycles were invented in the 19th century and haven't changed much since.Today，we use bicycles for pleasure，____9____ (fit)，Olympic ____10____ (compete)，mail delivery and lots more.Without the bicycle，much of the world might stop working!
答案：1.annually　2.global　3.healthy　4.enable　5.creative　6.performance　7.invention　8.impossible　9.fitness　10.competitions
Ⅱ.短文改错
When I was in the Grade One，I was terrible poor in English.Be sleepy in class was one of the reasons why I rarely did well in school.Once I even failed in a midterm exam.While I got the papers，I realized that things would be better if I listened to the teacher attentively.My teacher told me，“Yesterday is history.Today is a gift.If you bury you in English now，you'll make it.”I can't agree much.From then on，I began to study harder.Out of my expectation，I made great achievement soon.Today，English is which my strength lies.And I'm grateful for my English teacher.