2020届高考英语二轮复习教师用书：第一板块专题三第八讲定语从句和名词性从句


第八讲　定语从句和名词性从句
语法项目(一)
定语从句　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。短文改错主要考查引导词的误用。定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。

　如何确定填关系代词或关系副词
[思考趋向]
1．依据句子成分，先确定是定语从句还是名词性从句，然后判定先行词，再判定关系词在从句中所作成分，最后确定填关系代词或关系副词。
2．知晓并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and，but等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。

[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners ____________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：who/that　[此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，故用who 或that。]
[典例2](2018·江苏卷)Self­driving is an area____________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：where　[句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line __in_the_area__.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。]
[典例3]①They live in a small house，in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
②They live in a small house，and in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
解析：①which；②it　[两句的区别是连词and，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填which；句②and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的a small house，故填it。]
[典例4]①The old man has three sons，none of ____________ is a doctor.
②The old man has three sons，but none of ____________ is a doctor.
解析：①whom；②them　[两句的区别是连词but，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句②but连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句的three sons，故填them。]
　 　定语从句解题技法
寻找先行词，辨别人与物
[实例体验]
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate，________sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
解析：whose　[考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I shared a room with Kate's sister when we were at college.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指“人”，故填关系代词whose。]
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil­testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：that/which　[根据语境“...gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers”修饰“a soil­testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that或者which。]
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，____________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：who　[所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。]
4．(2017·北京卷)The little problems____________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
解析：that/which　[所填词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语， 先行词为The little problems，因此用that或which。]
5．(四川卷)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
解析：whose　[句意：桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。本题考查定语从句。先行词为The books，与从句中的covers为所属关系，故答案为whose。]
[重点强化]
关系代词的使用规则
关系代词
引导的定
语从句
who，whom，that代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语，宾语等，其中whom只能作宾语，介词提前时，指人只能用whom；that不能引导非限制性定语从句
which，that代替的先行词是表示物的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语等
whose用来指人或物，在从句中作定语
只用that的情况
先行词是all，some，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时
先行词被the only，the very，all，every，some，any，few，no，little等修饰时
先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时
先行词既包括人又包括物时
只用which
的情况
介词提前时，指物只能用which
在非限制性定语从句中，指物只用which

　　　判断所缺成分，选择关系副词
[实例体验]
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
解析：when　[先行词 the mid­1980s在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用when引导。]
2．(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____________ his employees enjoy their work.
解析：where　[句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work __in_the_easy_atmosphere.__由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。]
3．(2019·青岛二模)The reason ____________ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
解析：why　[先行词为the reason，定语从句中缺少状语，故用why 引导。]
[重点强化]
关系副词的使用规则
关系副词
引导的定
语从句
when，where，why的先行词分别是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，并且在从句中作状语
特殊
用法
当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句
先行词occasion当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where
当先行词way意为“方法，方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that，in which或省略关系词这三种形式

　　　识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、
非限制性定语从句
[实例体验]
1．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，____________work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
解析：whose　[句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词son，空格处在从句中作定语修饰work，所以要用关系代词whose。]
2．(天津卷)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，____________the weather may be better.
解析：when　[句意：我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。先行词为next week，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The weather may be better __next_week__.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故答案为when。]
3．(北京卷)Opposite is St. Paul's Church, ____________ you can hear some lovely music.
解析：where　[句意：你们在对面的圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。先行词为St.Paul's Church，将先行词代入定语从句后为：You can hear some lovely music __in_St.Paul's_Church__.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where。]
4．(江苏卷)The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
解析：as　[句意：正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填as。as is reported正如报道的那样。]
[重点强化]
1．定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种，如果在先行词的后面出现逗号的，即为非限制性定语从句。
(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)which引导非限制性定语从句，可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。
Tom failed again in the match，which was a great pity.
汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了，这是一个非常大的遗憾。
2．as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
as 和which都可引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句的内容。as在句中的位置比较灵活，意为“正如，正像”；which只能用在句中，意为“这，这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didn't help.
母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟，但没有效果。
“You can't judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.
正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相”。
　　　介宾结构记心中
[实例体验]
1．(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
解析：whose　[句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，它的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是the World Food Programme，与定语从句中的purposes是所属关系，即the World Food Programme's purposes，故填whose。]
2．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ____________ has been proved.
解析：which　[句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论，但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories，将先行词代入定语从句后为：None of __the_theories__ has been proved.由此可见先行词(指“物”)在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为which。]
3．(江苏卷)Many young people，most of ____________ were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
解析：whom　[句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of __the_young_people__ were well­educated.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，且介词已被提前，故答案为whom。]
4．(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ____________ school education depends.
解析：which　[句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。先行词为skill，将先行词代入定语从句后为：School education depends upon __the_fundamental_skill__.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作介词upon的宾语；本句中介词upon已被提前，故答案为which。]
5．(2019·潍坊二模)In his small house，there is a bookshelf，the top of ____________ is filled with poetry books.
解析：which　[空处引导非限制性定语从句，并且前面有介词of，指代物，故用which。]
[重点强化]
“介词＋关系代词”的使用规则
构成
用法
介词(短语)＋which/whom
介词提前时，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom
数词/形容词最高级/不定代词＋of＋which/whom
表示部分与整体的关系
the＋名词＋of＋which/whom
表示所属关系，可转化为“whose＋名词”


牢记what不能引导定语从句：that不能
引导非限制性定语从句
[实例体验]
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________ is driving your family crazy.
解析：that/which　[定语从句的先行词为前面的habit，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用what。]
2．(2019·河南、河北七所名校联考)The shelter，____________ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok's night market，has become an attraction itself.
解析：which　[考查定语从句。先行词是The shelter，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用which。]
[重点强化]
1．what只能用于名词性从句中，而不能引导定语从句。
2．牢记指物时，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，只能用which引导非限制性定语从句。

关系代词和关系副词的错用或缺失
解题
攻略
确定关系词之“三看”
一看先行词和从句之间有无逗号隔开，有逗号为非限制性定语中从句，不可以用that引导；
二看关系词在从句中所作的成分是主语、宾语、表语(用关系代词who/whom/whose/which/that/as)还是状语(用关系副词when/where/why)；
三看先行词的属性(是指人还是指物，表示时间、地点还是原因)。
典
例
1
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
[分析]　本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是pond，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故which改为where 或在其前加in。
典
例
2
(2020·陕西西安八校联考)I am a 25­year­old young man which graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University.
[分析]　本句中含有定语从句，先行词为man，指人，且在从句中作主语，应用who或that引导。故which改为who/that。
典
例
3
(2020·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
[分析]　考查定语从句或现在分词。分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词为many people，故用who引导该定语从句；因many people和think为主动关系，故也可以用现在分词thinking 作many people的后置定语。故think前面加who或think改为thinking。
典
例
4
(2019·吉林省吉大附中模拟)From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge helps us to seek the truth.
[分析]　由句子结构可知，本句主语为I，谓语为have learnt，that 引导宾语从句，作learnt的宾语，can serve为从句的谓语，与helps之间无连词连接，由此可判断，bridge后为定语从句，先行词为bridge，指物，在从句中作主语，故用that或which引导该从句。故bridge后加that/which。
典
例
5
(2019·江西名校联盟5月检测)One day，Margaret told me her grandma was coming and her parents would want my basement room back，what didn't surprise me.
[分析]　由句子结构可知，应用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，且在从句中作主语，what不能引导定语从句。故what改为which。


对限制性和非限制性定语从句关系词的考查
解题
攻略
牢记指物时that不能引导非限制性定语从句，要用which；指人时whom 不能单独引导非限制性定语从句，要用who。
典
例
1
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
[分析]　由句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指代their garden，应用which。故that改为which。
典
例
2
(2020·广东七校联合体第二次联考)This woman has set a good example to her son，whom is a really lucky guy.
[分析]　考查定语从句。由该句结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为her son，关系代词在从句中作主语，故whom改为who。
典
例
3
(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)Altogether I had five roommates，two of which arrived later.
[分析]　考查定语从句。由句子结构可知，应用whom，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作介词of的宾语，指代先行词five roommates。故which改为whom。
典
例
4
(2019·河南豫南九校质量考评)A blog will be opened on the website of our school，that aims to help students to communicate better.
[分析]　句意；在我们校网站上将开辟一个博客，旨在帮助学生更好地沟通。逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面一句话，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故that改为which。

　定语从句与名词性从句引导词的错用
解题
攻略
1.牢记what不能引导定语从句。
2.分析句子成分，判定是定语从句还是名词性从句。
典
例
1
(四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
[分析]　先行词dishes在定语从句中作宾语，故应用that或which引导，也可省略关系代词。故what改为that/which或去掉what。
典
例
2
(2019·湖北武汉高三2月调考)At noon，we play Room Escape，an interesting game what challenged our IQ and teamwork.
[分析]　句中先行词是game，引导词代替先行 词并在句中作主语，用that或which。故what改为that/which。
典
例
3
(2019·福州县市一中联考)Besides，we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading，what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.
[分析]　考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为some activities，关系词指代先行词且在从句中作地点状语，where引导该定语从句。故what 改为where。
典
例
4
(2019·山东日照一模)It's a black square suitcase，what is just as big as a school bag.
[分析]　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：那是一个黑色方形手提箱，恰好和书包一样大。先行词为suitcase，指“物”，在定语从句中作主语，故what改为which。

语法项目(二)
名词性从句
[考纲解读·定方向]
通过近五年语法填空和短文改错试题分析可以发现，名词性从句是考查的重点。语法填空考查形式为无提示词型填空，重点考查名词性从句引导词，尤其是对what，that，who 的考查。短文改错主要考查引导词的误用和多余。

如何确定名词性从句
[思考趋向]
分析句子成分，确定主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，再根据在从句中的成分确定填连词(that，whether，if)或连接代词(what，who，whom，which，whatever，whoever，whichever)，或连接副词(when，why，where，whenever，wherever，how)。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·北京卷)Without his support, we wouldn't be____________we are now.
解析：where　[考查表语从句。句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导。]
[典例2](2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to________wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：whoever　[考查宾语从句。句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。“____________ wins the first place in the bicycle race”为宾语从句，该从句缺少主语，且设空处表示“任何人”，故填whoever，相当于anyone who。]
[典例3](2018·江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here, which is ____________we arrived.
解析：how　[句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，我们就是坐船到达这里的。考查表语从句。which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中设空处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和By boat 可知，此处表示到达这儿的方式，所以要用how引导。]
　　名词性从句解题技法
　
缺少主/宾/表语，用连接代词(who，which，
what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)
[实例体验]
1．(2017·北京卷)Every year____________makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
解析：whoever　[句意：每年，在风筝节上制作出最漂亮的风筝的人会赢得一份奖品。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，且表示“无论谁”，故填whoever。]
2．(北京卷)Your support is important to our work.____________ you can do helps.
解析：Whatever　[句意：你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有帮助。本题考查主语从句。“____________ you can do”为主语从句，该从句缺少宾语，且表示“任何事情”，故答案为Whatever(相当于Anything that)。]
3．(浙江卷)If you swim in a river or lake be sure to investigate ____________ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
解析：what　[句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的状况。经常会有岩石或树枝隐藏在水中。“____________ is below the water surface”为宾语从句，作动词investigate 的宾语，该从句中缺少主语且表示“事物”，故答案为what。]
4．(安徽卷)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ____________ ships are built for.
解析：what　[____________ ships are built for为表语从句，该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”，故答案为what。]
[重点强化]
连接代词(who，which，what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(宾语从句，whoever在从句中作主语)
我们保证，任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。

　　　　缺少状语，用连接副词(when，where，how，
why，while，as，if/whether，before，since等)
[实例体验]
1．(2017·北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree­lined street，not knowing ____________ she was heading.
解析：where　[句意：Jane在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语成分，故用where引导。]
2．(2017·天津卷)She asked me____________I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn't.
解析：whether/if　[句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认我还没有归还。设空处引导的是宾语从句，根据句意可知该宾语从句要用whether/if引导。]
3．(北京卷)____________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
解析：How　[句意：我们理解事物的方式与我们的认知有很大关系。“____________ we understand things”为主语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语(如何)，故用How。]
4．(重庆卷)We must find out ____________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
解析：when　[句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。“____________ Karl is coming”为宾语从句，作动词短语find out的宾语，该从句中缺少时间状语，故答案为when。]
5．(福建卷)—I wonder ____________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
解析：how　[句意：——我想知道这么些年来玛丽是如何保持体形的。——通过每天锻炼身体。“____________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语，故答案为how。]
6．(四川卷)The exhibition tells us ____________ we should do something to stop air pollution.
解析：why　[句意：这个展览告诉我们为什么我们应该做一些事情来阻止空气污染。“____________ we should do something to stop air pollution”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少原因状语，故答案为why。]
[重点强化]
牢记在主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中缺少状语时考虑连接副词(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whether，before，since等)，再根据连接副词的含义确定答案。
Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That's where I was born.”(表语从句，where作地点状语)
“那就是我出生的地方。”奶奶指着那家医院说。

　　　　 不缺任何成分，常用that引导同位
语从句或表语从句
[实例体验]
1．(北京卷)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ____________ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析：that　[句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情就是人们可以完全免受尘土的影响。本题考查表语从句。“____________ one can be entirely free from dust”为表语从句，该从句中不缺少成分，意思完整，故用that引导该表语从句。]
2．(天津卷)The manager put forward a suggestion ____________ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.
解析：that　[句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。本题考查同位语从句。“____________ we should have an assistant”为同位语从句，说明suggestion的内容，应用that引导该同位语从句。that只起连接作用，不作成分。]
3．(江苏卷)It is often the case ____________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
解析：that　[句意：对于那些不放弃希望的人来说，发生任何事情都是有可能的，这是很常见的。考查主语从句。本句中it为形式主语，“____________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope”为真正的主语；该从句结构完整，故由that引导。]
4．(2019·福州八县市一中联考)Word has come ____________ Basi's body will be put in Basi Museum，which is under construction at present.
解析：that　[考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，抽象名词Word和从句Basi's body will be put in Basi Museum为同位关系，且从句意义与结构完整，故用that引导该同位语从句。]

[重点强化]
that引导同位语从句，表语从句不作任何成分，没有任何意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
When the news came that the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.(同位语从句)
当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定参军。
　
　　　 　it作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性
从句要牢记
[实例体验]
1．(2019·昆明质量检测)Kenney said，“____________ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”
解析：It　[考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It 作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。]
2．(2019·山东师大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise ____________ losing weight is just his dream.
解析：that　[句意：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句中结构及句意完整，故用that引导。]
3．(2019·昆明调研)If you are an experienced traveler wanting to explore China fully，it is recommended ____________ you should travel to Dunhuang，Zhangye，Jiayuguan，Turpan，Kashi and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo.
解析：that　[考查主语从句。本句为“It is recommended＋that从句”结构，that从句的谓语用(should＋)动词原形。]
[重点强化]
当句子作主语或宾语时往往显得“头重脚轻”，故常用it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面。It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her.
他从来没有想到过他也许爱上了她。
The teacher made it clear that ice cream is junk food.
老师使大家明白了冰激凌是垃圾食品。





that，what，which连接代词的误用
解题
攻略
that在名词性从句中不作任何成分，what，which作主语、表语、宾语。
典
例
1
(2020·柳州模拟)We should make full use of time to do that should be done.
[分析]　do后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语。故that改为what。
典
例
2
(2020·开封质检)It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.
[分析]　It为形式主语，cheerful后面的句子为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故what改为that。
典
例
3
(2019·临汾一中等联考)It's not easy for us to accept the fact which we are going to leave our beloved school.
[分析]　在名词性从句中that为连词，不作任何成分，而which为连接代词，需要作成分表示“哪一个”。本句中the fact后为同位语从句，后面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。故which改为that。
典
例
4
(2019·湖南师大附中模拟)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast，I was astonished at which I saw.
[分析]　在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词，但which表示“哪一个”，而what表示“……的事情”。故which改为what。

　　that，what与连接副词的误用
解题
攻略
1.根据从句的位置，确定从句的类型。
2.掌握名词性从句引导词在用法上的区别，尤其是that，what，which在用法上的区别。
3.明晰连词功能，确定答案不用怀疑。如：how，when，where是副词，作状语；what是代词，可作主语和宾语。
典
例
1
(全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
[分析]　to后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故that改为where。
典
例
2
(全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
[分析]　从句his parents were missing中不缺少成分且意思完整，故where改为that或去掉where。
典
例
3
(全国卷Ⅱ)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
[分析]　从句中的do是及物动词，故应用连接代词what作动词do的宾语。故how改为what。
典
例
4
(2019·银川九中模拟)I'm writing to tell you how is going on in our school—a basketball match to be held next month.
[分析]　tell you 后为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，应用连接代词引导。故how改为what。

if与whether的误用
解题
攻略
whether 和if意为“是否”时在宾语从句中可互换，但在其他名词性从句中或出现or not时只能用whether。
典
例
(2019·湖南师大附中模拟)I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to if the milk was hot or not.
[分析]　if和whether都可引导名词性从句，意为“是否”，但if受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介词后的宾语从句不能用if引导，不能与or not连用等。故if改为whether。


[小题夯基练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Life is like a long race ____________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
解析：where　[先行词为race，代入定语从句则为：we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.明显可见，in the long race在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。]
2．Tom's best memory is of last year，____________ the club gave a dancing party for his birthday.
解析：when　[先行词是last year，带入从句后作时间状语，故从句用关系副词引导。]
3．Recently，we have seen the film you mentioned，the figures of ____________ are used in many restaurants to attract consumers.
解析：which　[根据句意可推知从句想表达“此影片的许多人物被多家餐厅引用来吸引消费者”。先行词为the film，指物，且空处位于介词of后，故填which引导非限制性定语从句。]
4．On Sundays there were many children playing in the park, ____________ parents were seated together joking.
解析：whose　[本空填whose，引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作定语 。]
5．This is Mr.Smith，____________ I think has something interesting to tell you.
解析：who　[非限制性定语从句修饰前面指人的先行词Mr.Smith，且定语从句中缺少主语，故用who引导。]
6．At the beginning of the new term，my teacher said ____________ broke the rules would be punished.
解析：whoever　[这里whoever引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语，意为“无论是谁”。]
7．I am afraid she's more of a talker than a doer，which is ____________ she never finishes anything.
解析：why　[which引导非限制性定语从句，其中“...she never finishes anything.”为表语从句，且表原因，故此表语从句用why引导。]
8．It is obvious to the refugees ____________ they should get well prepared to evacuate.
解析：that　[本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。]
9．The mystery is ____________ he ever went there or not.
解析：whether　[is后的表语从句中成分齐全，空格处意为“是否”，且由句末的or not可知用whether。]
10．I have no idea ____________ you're talking about—can you explain it please?
解析：what　[idea后为同位语从句，该从句中的talking about后缺少宾语，且意为“……的事情”，故用what引导。]
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)
1．The 2022 Winter Olympics are to be held in Beijing，where brings excitement to us.____________
解析：where→which　[关系词指代整个主句的内容，并在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词which引导该非限制性定语从句。]
2．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of that uses it somewhat differently.____________
解析：that→which　[先行词为“several diverse cultures”，关系词在从句中作“each of”的宾语，故用关系代词which。]
3．The twins are similar not only in appearance but also in the way which they smile and talk.____________
解析：去掉which/which→that/which前加in　[此处the way后面为定语从句，关系词在句中作状语，相当于“用这种方法或方式”，习惯上用that或in which引导定语从句，that可省略。]
4．He is the only student in the class that have been selected to take part in the meeting.____________
解析：have→has　[本题的先行词为“the only student”，表示单数含义，故定语从句的谓语动词用单数。]
5．The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those who lives were affected.____________
解析：who→whose　[those后为定语从句，先行词是指人的those，并在定语从句中作lives的定语，故用whose引导。]
6．The reason why I didn't go to France was because I got a new job.____________
解析：because→that　[The reason why...was/is that...为固定句型，that在此引导表语从句，且不能省略。]
7．Now more and more have come to realize why serious air pollution is.____________
解析：why→how　[根据serious可知，应用how来引导宾语从句，表示程度，而why表示原因，与句意不符。]
8．It's a great pity which we can't finish the task on time.____________
解析：which→that　[此处是“It＋be＋名词＋主语从句”结构，从句结构、意义完整，故用that引导。]
9．—He is eager to try something he has never tried before.
—Oh，I see.That's what he is different from others.____________
解析：what→where/why　[该表语从句中已经有主语和表语，故可将what改为where/why，充当地点状语或原因状语。]
10．Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter when you have lived there for a short or a long time.____________
解析：when→whether　[主语从句不缺少任何成分，但表示“是否”之意，故用whether引导。when在名词性从句中充当时间状语。]
[大题提能练]
Ⅰ.语法填空(一)——定语从句专练
Yangshuo，China
It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours before，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，____1____ I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，____2____ is a dream place for tourists ____3____ seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ____4____ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those ____5____ fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.
Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers ____6____ was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations ____7____ are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families ____8____ are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，____9____ is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ____10____ live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
答案：1.where　2.which　3.who/that　4.that/which　5.who　6.that/which　7.that/which　8.that/who　9.which　10.who/that
Ⅱ.语法填空(二)——名词性从句专练
1____ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is ____2____ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts ____3____ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days.Maybe this is ____4____ she becomes fatter these days，she thinks.____5____ she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and ____6____ will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents' suggestion ____7____ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests ____8____ she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang ____9____ she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon.That is ____10____ she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.
答案：1.What　2.that　3.whether　4.why　5.How　6.who　7.that　8.that　9.when　10.because
Ⅲ.短文改错
(2020·皖江名校联考)It's reported that there have eighty million disabled people in our country.If our government has done a lot for them，it's not enough.
As student，what should we do for the disabled？To begin with，we should respect them and treat them good.We shouldn't look down them or ignore their value to the society.Additionally，we should care for them and try our best to help them，make their life easier.Lastly，it's necessary for us to help develop our confidence，which is the first step to succeed.
In conclusion，if everyone does his or her best，the disabled are sure to live a happy life but they will make a great contribution.
答案：