所属成套资源:2020届新高考英语二轮专题精品教案()
2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书:第十讲 构词法
展开第十讲 构词法[考纲解读·定方向]正确运用构词法知识,是词汇学习的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力,使其更加灵活地应对语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查。[重点强化]一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法词缀。加在词根之前的词缀叫做前缀,加在词根之后的叫做后缀。1.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词agecyshort→shortage 不足;短缺efficient→efficiency 效率;功效fluent→fluency 流利;流畅accurate→accuracy 准确性private→privacy 隐私;私密domfree→freedom 自由;自主wise→wisdom 明智;智慧encedifferent→difference 差异silent→silence 沉默nessweak→weakness 虚弱;弱点kind→kindness 仁慈;好意careless→carelessness 粗心大意dark→darkness 黑暗thstong→strength 力气;强项warm→warmth 温暖;热情true→truth 真实wide→width 宽度ytyitydifficult→difficulty 困难cruel→cruelty 残酷;残暴safe→safety 安全disable→disability 无能;残疾 责任2.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词alapprove→approval 赞成;批准arrive→arrival 到来;到达survive→survival 幸存propose→proposal 提议;建议anceappear→appearance 出现;外貌guide→guidance 指引;指导perform→performance 表演;节目enceexist→existence 存在;生存prefer→preference 偏爱refer→reference 参考;查阅ionattract→attraction 吸引construct→construction 建设educate→education 教育evaluate→evaluation 评估graduate→graduation 毕业ationexpect→expectation 期待;期望explain→explanation 解释consider→consideration 考虑imagine→imagination 想象力starve→starvation 挨饿invite→invitation 邀请;请柬(s)siondiscuss→discussion 讨论;辩论decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳;准许入学inghear→hearing 听力;听觉begin→beginning 开始mentachieve→achievement 功绩;成就argue→argument 辩论;论据treat→treatment 对待;治疗equip→equipment 设备urefail→failure 失败press→pressure 压力turemix→mixture 混合;混合物depart→departure 离开;出发yrecover→recovery 恢复;痊愈discover→discovery 发现其他grow→growth 成长;发展choose→choice 选择vary→variety 多样化;种类tend→tendency 趋向;趋势3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀后缀例词ableaccept→acceptable 可接受的comfort→comfortable 舒适的fashion→fashionable 时髦的suit→suitable 合适的reason→reasonable 有道理的almusic→musical 音乐的origin→original 最初的person→personal 个人的;私人的center→central 中央的;中心的nature→natural 自然的;天生的form→formal 正式的nation→national 全国的fuldoubt→doubtful 怀疑的forget→forgetful 健忘的harm→harmful 有害的hope→hopeful 有希望的peace→peaceful 和平的care→careful 细心的use→useful 有用的help→helpful 有帮助的(e)dscare→scared 恐惧的confuse→confused 困惑的puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的worry→worried 担心的bore→bored 厌倦的excite→excited 激动的;兴奋的underline→underlined 加下划线的ingsurprise→surprising 令人惊讶的convince→convincing 令人信服的satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的worry→worrying 令人担心的bore→boring 令人厌倦的ibleaccess→accessible 容易达到的; 容易取得的horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的terror→terrible 可怕的iveact→active 积极的;活跃的effect→effective 有效的;生效的attract→attractive 有吸引力的impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的instruct→instructive 有教育意义的expense→expensive 昂贵的ouscontinue→continuous 不断的;持续的anxiety→anxious 忧虑的caution→cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的curiosity→curious 好奇的humor→humorous 幽默的some tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome 麻烦的ytaste→tasty 美味的;可口的health→healthy 健康的wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的dirt→dirty 有灰尘的;脏的rain→rainy 有雨的sun→sunny 阳光明媚的cloud→cloudy 阴天的erneast→eastern 东方的;向东的west→western 西方的;向西的ishchild→childish 孩子气的fool→foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的self→selfish 自私的icscience→scientific 科学的economy→economic 经济的history→historic 历史上著名的aryimagine→imaginary 想象的4.形容词变副词的后缀规则示例一般情况加lyslow→slowly 缓慢地common→commonly 普通地immediate→immediately 立刻地以“辅音字母+y”结尾,将y改为i然后加lyhappy→happily 高兴地steady→steadily 稳定地busy→busily 繁忙地以le结尾,去掉e加ysimple→simply 简单地gentle→gently 温柔地terrible→terribly 可怕地possible→possibly 可能地以ic结尾,加allyeconomic→economically 经济地scientific→scientifically 科学地常考容易拼错的副词rudely;truly;politely;widely;nicely;closely;fortunately;surprisingly;increasingly;hurriedly;healthily5.表示“人”的名词后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。后缀例词erclean→cleaner 清洁工report→reporter 记者strange→stranger 陌生人orinvent→inventor 发明者visit→visitor 游客direct→director 导演arlie→liar 说谎者beg→beggar 乞讨者;乞丐eeemploy→employee 雇员interview→interviewee 参加面试者train→trainee 受训者;学员esshost→hostess 女主人act→actress 女演员ianmusic→musician 音乐家politic→politician 政治家history→historian 历史学家istart→artist 艺术家science→scientist 科学家piano→pianist 钢琴家antserve→servant 仆人participate→participant 参加者assist→assistant 助手;助理6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀disagree→disagree 不同意advantage→disadvantage 缺点appear→disappear 消失comfort→discomfort 不舒适的honest→dishonest 不诚实的illegal→illegal 不合法的logical→illogical 不合逻辑的impolite→impolite 无礼的patient→impatient 不耐烦的moral→immoral 不道德的informal→informal 非正式的convenient→inconvenient 不方便的direct→indirect 间接引起的irregular→irregular 不规则的responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的mislead→mislead 误导understand→misunderstand 误解unusual→unusual 不寻常的willing→unwilling 不愿意的happy→unhappy 不高兴的known→unknown 不出名的后缀lesshope→hopeless 绝望的end→endless 没完没了的care→careless 粗心的help→helpless 无助的use→useless 无用的7.变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀enable→enable 使能够large→enlarge 扩大rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富danger→endanger 危及courage→encourage 鼓励后缀enbroad→broaden 使变宽ripe→ripen 使成熟sharp→sharpen 使尖锐wide→widen 加宽short→shorten 变短deep→deepen 加深dark→darken 使变暗hard→harden 使变硬ifyclass →classify 把……分类just→justify 证明……正确simple→simplify 简化beauty→beautify 美化izeapology→apologize 道歉emphasis→emphasize 强调memory→memorize 记住real→realize 认识到;实现二、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法,这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词注意名词→动词face n.脸→v.面对shoulder n.肩→v.肩负water n.水→v.浇水back n.背→v.后退name n.名字→v.命名high,deep,wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly,deeply,widely表示抽象动词→名词look v.&n.看try v.&n.尝试dream v.&n.梦想chat v.& n. 聊天形容词→动词empty adj.空的→v.倒空slow adj.慢的→v.减慢dirty adj.脏的→v.弄脏warm adj.暖的→v.使变暖形容词→副词hard adj.困难的→adv.努力地high adj.高的→adv.高deep adj.深的→adv.深入地wide adj.宽的→adv.广泛地三、合成法把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫做合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词,包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。1.合成名词构成例词名词+名词newspaper 报纸babysitter 保姆airport 机场schoolmate 校友形容词+名词greenhouse 温室highway 高速公路mainland 大陆shorthand 速记动词+副词gettogether 联欢会breakdown 崩溃breakthrough 突破副词+动词outbreak 爆发output 产量downfall 垮台outcome 结果其他构成wellbeing 健康grownup 成年人passerby 路人gobetween 媒人bridetobe 准新娘parentstobe 准父母soninlaw 女婿byproduct 副产品2.合成形容词构成例词形容词/数词+名词+edwarmhearted 热心的blueeyed 蓝眼睛的absentminded 心不在焉的middleaged 中年的ninestoreyed 九层楼的threelegged 三条腿的onesided 片面的名词/副词+分词peaceloving 热爱和平的Englishspeaking 讲英语的meateating 食肉的manmade 人造的snowcovered 白雪覆盖的handmade 手工的stateowned 国有的welldressed 穿着体面的newlybuilt 新建的widespread 广泛流传的名词+形容词worldfamous 世界著名的icecool 冰冷的snowwhite 雪白的grassgreen 草绿的taxfree 免税的fatfree 无脂的troublefree 无忧无虑的形容词+名词fulltime 全职的parttime 兼职的secondhand 二手的upperclass 上层阶级的;上流社会的highgrade 品质优良的largescale 大规模的形容词+分词goodlooking 好看的easygoing 随和的slowmoving 移动缓慢的数词+名词+形容词200meterlong 200米长的1,000wordlong 1 000词长的18yearold 18岁大的20meterwide 20米宽的3.其他合成词构成例词合成动词upset 使心烦意乱overcome 克服overjoy 使狂喜overthrow 推翻oversleep 睡过头undergo 经历overcharge 超额收费overbook 超额预订合成副词afterwards 以后,后来inwards 向内地upwards 向上地downwards 向下地forward 向前;前进upstairs 在楼上anywhere 在任何地方anyhow 无论如何forever 永远合成介词outside 在……外面without 没有within 在……之内into 进入onto 在……之上[小题夯基练]单句语法填空1.When we handed him the bag of food,he lit up and thanked us with ________ (water) eyes.解析:watery [用形容词充当前置定语。]2.A travel company in Hong Kong,says it ________ (regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.解析:regularly [用副词修饰动词arrange。]3.My good performance in the job interview left me ________ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here.解析:optimistic [用形容词充当宾补。]4.With online shopping increasingly popular,the Internet is seen as an ________ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers.解析:efficient [用形容词充当前置定语。]5.Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be ________ (access)to the kids.解析:accessible [be动词后用形容词充当表语。]6.If you want to see the chairman of the department,you'd better make an ________ (appoint) with his secretary first.解析:appointment [make an appointment with sb.意为“和某人预约”。]7.Don't jump to a ________ (conclude) before considering all the facts or you may be easily taken in.解析:conclusion [jump to a conclusion意为“得出结论”。]8.It is reported that the government is considering removing a ________ (restrict) on immigration from other countries into its country.解析:restriction [remove a restriction意为“取消限制”,remove后用名词形式充当宾语。]9.Great inventors don't ________ (necessary) graduate from famous universities.Some didn't even go to university.解析:necessarily [用副词修饰短语动词graduate from。]10.I wrote him a letter to show my ________ (appreciate)of his thoughtfulness.解析:appreciation [由形容词性物主代词my可知空格处用名词。][大题提能练]语法填空——构词法专练Bike to Work Day is started by the League of American Bicyclists in 1956 with the aim of promoting the bicycle as a serious choice of getting to and from work.It is __1__ (annual) held across North America on the third Friday of May.In today's world where __2__ (globe) warming is a serious issue,the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon footprint.Cycling to work is a__3__ (health) alternative to driving or taking public transport.It can not only save you money but also __4__ (able) you to be more __5__ (create) once you get to work,thus improving your __6__(perform).Bicycles are the most common form of transport in the world and there are about two billion in use worldwide,making the bicycle the most popular __7__(invent) ever.When we think of some countries,like the Netherlands,we imagine hundreds of people cycling everywhere.Even in hightech Japan,it is __8__ (possible)not to see businessmen,farmers,mothers or workers in the streets on their bikes.Bicycles were invented in the 19th century and haven't changed much since.Today,we use bicycles for pleasure,__9__ (fit),Olympic __10__ (compete),mail delivery and lots more.Without the bicycle,much of the world might stop working!答案:1.annually 2.global 3.healthy 4.enable 5.creative 6.performance 7.invention 8.impossible 9.fitness 10.competitions