2025版高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists提能训练

这是一份2025版高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists提能训练，共11页。
A
(2023·浙江省丽水、湖州、衢州三地市质检)
Brn n her family's farm in Ray, Nrth Dakta, Mary Sherman Mrgan had been helping her father with farm wrk befre she culd attend the small-twn schlhuse.Being a few years behind didn't hld her back and she graduated frm high schl with hnrs.Aware f her intelligence, she ran away frm Ray t attend Mint State University as a chemistry majr, where her skill was evident.
The utbreak f Wrld War Ⅱ resulted in a natinal shrtage f chemists and scientists.In spite f the fact that she was still a student and a wman, she was ffered a jb as a chemical analyst due t her talents, prducing explsives (爆炸物) fr the wartime effrt.She put her degree n hld and mved t Ohi, taking n the dangerus jb f analyzing unstable chemicals t prduce weapns.
After the war ended there was a fall in demand fr explsives, s she made a mve t the field f aernautics, mving t Califrnia t wrk fr NAA (Nrth American Aviatin)．The nly wman ut f 900 engineers, she was sn prmted t a rle which invlved calculating the perfrmance f rcket prpellants (推进剂) and designing speciality fuels t wrk with different engines.Hwever, never having returned t cmplete her degree, she was nt affrded the rank r higher pay f an engineer, even thugh she had all the skills and knwledge f ne.
Her experience with prpellants meant that when NAA was tasked t find a fuel capable f lifting the redesigned Redstne missiles int space, Mgan was appinted technical lead n the prject.Natinal pride was n the line, s Mrgan set abut investigating fuels.After cuntless trails, she finally designed her wn mixture, which was named Hydyne.
Hydyne tested well with the Redstne missiles and subsequently ther aircraft (飞行器)，such as Jupiter-C rckets, prving t be a quick slutin t getting t space withut a ttal rcket redesign.The fuel made the first successful US satellite launch pssible, even if Mrgan silently slipped away frm her success, retiring t fcus n her family and leaving her chemistry career behind.
语篇导读：本文介绍了科学家Mary Sherman Mrgan的人生经历，她在高中时发现自己的天赋，又在战争后转移至航天领域，研究创造出使美国成功发射的卫星的燃料。
1．What d we knw abut Mary？ C
A．She attended schl while helping with farm wrk.
B．She was ffered a jb as a chemistry analyst after graduatin.
C．She shifted her wrking fcus as the dmestic demand changed.
D．She launched the first US satellite befre retiring frm her career.
解析：根据第三段第一句可知，当战争爆发后爆炸物的需求减少，她就转移到了航空学的领域，因此C项“根据国内需求变化改变自己的工作重心。”正确。故选C。
2．What des the underlined wrd “aernautics” prbably mean？ D
A．Analyzing chemicals.
B．Prducing explsives.
C．Mixing and saving fuels.
D．Designing and building aircraft.
解析：后几句讲她的工作包括计算火箭推进器的表现、涉及特殊的燃料来适配引擎，下一段的第一句又提到“lifting the redesigned Redstne missiles int space”，因此可以推测出aernautics是航天领域的意思，因此D“设计和建造飞行器。”正确。故选D。
3．What made Mary the technical lead n the prject f NAA？ C
A．Her discvery f Hydyne.
B．Her rank as an engineer.
C．Her special knwledge in fuels.
D．Her sense f natinal pride.
解析：根据前两段可知，Mary在化学领域有极高的天赋，在第三段最后说她的“knwledge f ne”她在燃料领域独一无二的知识，因此C“她在燃料领域的特殊知识。”正确。故选C。
4．Which f the fllwing wrds can best describe Mary Sherman Mrgan？ B
A．Caring and determined.
B．Curageus and creative.
C．Intelligent but sensitive.
D．Accmplished but prud.
解析：Mary能设计发明出全新的燃料Hydyne说明她很有创造力，由前两段她努力追寻自己天赋、从事危险工作的经历，也可以看出她的勇敢。故选B。
B
(2024·湖北省七市调测)
Scientists have made a “ breakthrugh ” in handling nuclear fusin(聚变)．The U．S.Department f Energy fficially annunced the milestne in fusin energy research.
Fr the first time, researchers created a nuclear fusin reactin that prduced mre energy than they put int the prcess.The experiment, cnducted at Lawrence Livermre Natinal Labratry in Califrnia, generated 3.15 megajules f energy, mre than the 2.05 megajules put int creating it.
Nuclear fusin wrks by frcing tgether tw atms—mst ften hydrgen—t make a heavier ne—like helium (氦)．This explsive prcess releases massive amunts f energy, the Department f Energy explains.Fusin is the ppsite f fissin (裂变), the reactin that pwers nuclear reactrs used cmmercially tday.
Fusin ccurs naturally in the heart f the Sun and the stars, prviding these csmic (宇宙的)bjects with fuel.Since the 1950s, scientists have been trying t reprduce it n Earth in rder t make use f the s-called clean, cheap, and almst limitless electricity.Accrding t the Internatinal Atmic Energy Agency, fusin generates fur times mre energy per kilgram than the fissin used t pwer nuclear plants, and nearly 4 millin times mre energy than burning il r cal.What's mre, unlike fssil fuels, fusin desn't release carbn dixide—the greenhuse gas that's the main driver f climate change—int the atmsphere.And unlike nuclear fissin, fusin desn't create lng-lived radiactive waste, accrding t the Department f Energy.But s far, nuclear fusin hasn't slved ur energy prblems n a grand scale.
The recent annuncement is a huge step frward in nuclear fusin energy, but applying the technlgy at cmmercial scale is likely still years away.Chanda Prescd-Weinstein, a theretical physicist, pinted ut that the prcess the Department f Energy uses requires tritium (氚), a rare and radiactive istpe(同位素) f hydrgen.“It may yet cnvey imprtant infrmatin that is ultimately transfrmative. We dn't knw yet，” Prescd-Weinstein tweeted.Investrs have pured billins int clean energy field trying t make fusin cmmercially wrkable, and the recent annuncement is likely t cntinue that trend.
语篇导读：本文主要介绍科学家们在核聚变反应上取得的突破，同时也科普了核聚变的原理，强调了它在能源制造上的价值以及其对未来的意义。
5．What is the breakthrugh in nuclear fusin reactin?
D
A．It releases massive amunts f energy.
B．It prduces 3.15 megajules f energy.
C．It wrks by frcing tgether tw atms.
D．It generates mre energy than that put int it.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的“Fr the first time, researchers created a nuclear fusin reactin that prduced mre energy than they put int the prcess.”和“ 3.15 megajules f energy, mre than the 2.05 megajules put int creating it.”可知，这一巨大突破是指首次产生了能量产出大于投入的核聚变反应。故选D。
6．Why have scientists been cnducting nuclear fusin experiments？ D
A．T avid the cmmercial use f fissin.
B．T recycle the byprduct f radiactive waste.
C．T reduce emissin f greenhuse gas.
D．T aim fr the high efficiency in prducing energy.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的“Since the 1950s, scientists have been trying t reprduce it n Earth in rder t make use f the s-called clean, cheap, and almst limitless electricity.”和“ generates fur times mre energy per kilgram than the fissin used t pwer nuclear plants, and nearly 4 millin times mre energy than burning il r cal.”可知，科学家们一直致力于在地球上进行核聚变实验，目的在于利用这种清洁、廉价、几乎无限的能源，使其效能更高。故选D。
7．What des Paragraph 5 fcus n？ B
A．The attitude f investrs.
B．The prspect f fusin energy.
C．The significance f the annuncement.
D．The difficulty in prducing fusin energy.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第五段的首句即主旨句“The recent annuncement is a huge step frward in nuclear fusin energy, but applying the technlgy at cmmercial scale is likely still years away.”可知，虽然目前核聚变研究取得了突破，但以商业规模应用该技术可能还需要几年时间；另外，普雷斯科德－魏因施泰因的话和投资者们纷纷向这一领域倾注巨资，都表明了各方对这一技术前景的看法。故选B。
8．What is the authr's attitude t fusin energy？ C
A．Critical. B．Negative.
C．Optimistic. D．Dubtful.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的“The U．S.Department f Energy fficially annunced the milestne in fusin energy research.”和第五段的“The recent annuncement is a huge step frward in nuclear fusin energy”以及“ t make fusin cmmercially wrkable, and the recent annuncement is likely t cntinue that trend.”可知，作者对核聚变能量的研究持乐观态度。故选C。
C
(2024·湖北省名校联考)
Scientists have successfully implanted and integrated human brain cells int newbrn rats, creating a new way t study cmplex psychiatric disrders such as schizphrenia (精神分裂症), and perhaps eventually test treatments.
Scientists can assemble small sectins f human brain tissue made frm stem cells in a special cntainer.But in such a cntainer, “neurns(神经元) dn't grw t the size t which a human neurn in an actual human brain wuld grw，” said Sergiu P．Pasca, the study's lead authr frm Stanfrd University.T vercme such restrictins, researchers implanted the grupings f human brain cells, called rganids, int the brains f yung rats.
Human neurns have als been implanted int adult rats befre, but an animal's brain stps develping at a certain age, limiting hw well implanted cells can integrate.“By transplanting them at these early stages, we fund that these rganids can grw relatively large and receive nutrients, and they can cver abut a third f a rat's brain，” said Pasca.
T test hw well the human neurns integrated with the rat brains and bdies, air was blwn ut acrss the animals' whiskers, which prmpted electrical activity in the human neurns.That shwed that external stimulatin f the rat's bdy was prcessed by the human brain tissue.
The scientists then cnducted anther test in the ppsite rder: They implanted human brain cells which culd respnd t the blue light, and then trained the rats t expect a “reward”f water frm a pipe when the blue light shne n the neurns via a cable in the animals' brain.After tw weeks, they fund shining the blue light sent the rats scrambling t the pipe.
The team has nw used the technique t shw that rganids develped frm patients with Timthy syndrme grw mre slwly and display less electrical activity than thse frm healthy peple.
Tara Spires-Jnes, a prfessr at the University f Edinburgh's UK Dementia Research Institute, said the wrk “has the ptential t advance what we knw abut psychiatric disrders.”
语篇导读：本文主要介绍了科学家们成功地将人类脑细胞植入新生大鼠体内，为研究精神分裂症等复杂精神疾病创造了一种新方法。
9．Why did scientists research n rats instead f the special cntainer？ C
A．Psychiatric disrders are t cmplex.
B．Rats als suffer similar psychiatric illnesses.
C．The cntainer limits the grwth f human brain neurns.
D．Human brain neurns grw t quickly in the cntainer.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But in such a cntainer, ‘neurns(神经元) dn't grw t the size t which a human neurn in an actual human brain wuld grw，’ said Sergiu P．Pasca...”可知，在特殊容器中，人类大脑神经元的生长会受到限制。故选C。
10．What can be inferred frm Paragraph 3？ A
A．Rats' age has a significant influence n the research.
B．Human brain cells can't be implanted int adult rats.
C．Rats' brain wn't develp if they receive human neurns.
D．Human neurns can grw larger in adult rats' brain than yung rats'.
解析：推理判断题。
11．Why did the researchers carry ut ne mre test？ D
A．T train rats t respnd t external stimulatin.
B．T shw similarities between rats and human tissues.
C．T cnfirm human brain cells culd grw well in rats' brains.
D．T check whether signals culd be sent back t rats' bdy.
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“They implanted human brain cells which culd respnd t the blue light, and then trained the rats t expect...”和“After tw weeks, they fund shining the blue light sent the rats scrambling t the pipe.”可知，科学家们再做一次实验是为了核实信号是否会被反射回老鼠体内。故选D。
12．What is the significance f the research？ B
A．It can advance mre experiments n rats.
B．It can further ur study f psychiatric illnesses.
C．It can prvide sme useful experimental methds.
D．It can prmte ur knwledge f human brain cells.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段“Tara Spires- the wrk ‘has the ptential t advance what we knw abut psychiatric disrders.’”可知，这项研究有助于推进研究者对精神疾病的了解。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2023·湖北省八市联考)
The reasns skiers and snwbarders wear gggles (护目镜) r glasses might seem a little bvius, especially if yu've ever hit the slpes yurself.Sunlight reflected ff the snw can make it hard t see, and UV (紫外的) rays can even damage yur eyesight.Special clred lenses(镜片) als create cntrast, s yur whle path wn't lk like ne flat expanse f whiteness. 1.F
Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside n smth ice. 2.B
Accrding t NBC Olympics, glasses can increase visibility n indr tracks, t. 3.D And while the ice may lk smth frm a distance, thse sharp blades can kick up ice chips that culd pse prblems if they end up in yur eyes.In the event f a crash, shatter-prf glasses als prtect skaters' eyes frm errant blades.
4.G Shrt-track speed skaters(wh race arund a rughly 111-meter track) can g as fast as 30 miles per hur r mre, and lng-track speed skaters(whse track is 400 meters lng) smetimes hit abut 35 miles per hur.The wind resistance generated by such speed—in a chilly arena(圆形运动场)—is enugh t make any skater's eyes start streaming with tears.Picture leaning yur head ut f the windw f a car that's ging arund 35 miles per hur n a cld day：Yu'd prbably want t be wearing glasses, t.
That said, glasses aren't a requirement. 5.E Belgium's Stijn Desmet, fr example, has raced in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games withut eyewear, as has China's Zhang Chutng.
A．Hw d they wear glasses?
B．S why d they wear glasses?
C．Sme skiers are afraid f the sunlight.
D．Sme skaters' lenses are tinted t help with that.
E．Yu'll ccasinally see speed skaters with uncvered visages.
F．Nt t mentin that eyewear shields yur eyes frm any snw yu displace.
G．But the biggest reasn speed skaters pt fr eyewear just might be their speed.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。从科学的角度解释了速滑运动员佩戴眼镜的原因。
解析：
1．考查语境推断。根据上文可知，本段介绍了滑雪者佩戴护目镜或眼镜的原因，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明原因。故F项(更不用说眼镜防止飞溅的雪跑进你的眼睛里了。)符合语境。故选F。
2．考查语境&复现推断。根据上文“Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside n smth ice.”可知，室内比赛的速滑选手也要佩戴眼镜，且由下一段中的“Accrding t NBC Olympics, glasses can increase visibility n indr tracks, t.”可知，下一段内容对其进行了解释，由此可知，本句为过渡句，应提出他们为什么要佩戴眼镜的问题。故B项(为什么他们要佩戴眼镜呢？)符合语境。B项中的glasses为原词复现。故选B。
3．考查语境推断。根据设空处前一句可知，佩戴眼镜也可以增强在室内冰场的可视度，本句应继续解释上文中的内容，说明戴眼镜是为了看得更清楚。故D项(为了看得更清楚，一些速滑选手的镜片会进行着色。)符合语境。故选D。
4．考查语境&复现推断。根据下文“Shrt-track speed speed skaters...”以及“Picture leaning yur head ut f the windw f a car that's ging arund 35 miles per hur n a cld day”可知，本段主要说明，速滑时速度过快、风阻过强，所以运动员需要戴眼镜来保护眼睛。故G项(但是速滑选手选择佩戴眼镜最主要的原因可能就是他们的速度。)符合语境。G项中的speed为原词复现。故选G。
5．考查语境推断。根据上文中的“glasses aren't a requirement”以及下文“Belgium's Stijn eyewear, as has China's Zhang Chutng.”可知，下文的例子说明有选手不佩戴眼镜的情况。故E项(你偶尔会看到不戴眼镜的速滑选手。)符合语境。故选E。
Ⅲ.语法填空(2024·八省八市高三第 一 次学业质评)
The Sanya Nanfan(南繁)Seed Breeding(繁殖)Base，lcated in suth China's Hainan Prvince，plays a vital rle as a seed centre in China. 1.Uniquely (unique)blessed with nature's gifts and a wealth f the cuntry's resurces，it serves as the dedicated grund 2.where skilled agricultural experts cntribute t feeding ur natin and addressing glbal hunger.
Dr.Xia Feng stands at the frefrnt f agricultural innvatin in Nanfan.Jkingly 3.referring (refer)t himself as a“mudskipper”，he is ften sptted with rlled-up truser legs knee-deep in the 4.muddy (mud)，alng with ther Nanfan researchers, 5.is cmmitted/cmmits (cmmit)whleheartedly t imprving grain prductin，ensuring that peple's dinner tables are filled.
“Life can be cmpared t a seed，”remarks Dr.Xia.“Occasinally，it may either nt grw as expected 6.r remain inactive.Nevertheless，hpe and pprtunity persist.The seed f life will always manage 7.t emerge (emerge)thrugh the grund.”
The term“Nanfan”itself implies t the practice f transplanting summertime crps frm nrthern latitudes t Hainan during its winter.This makes fr an 8.extensin (extend)f grwing seasns.Shrtening the breeding cycle 9.by half r mre，Nanfan accelerates the breeding prcess.
Hpe is a humble seed，when 10.planted (plant)in fertile grund，it transfigures(美化……的外表)int new life bearing fruits f change.The researchers at Nanfan are thse seeds f hpe.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了南繁种子繁殖中心的情况及其主要贡献。
解析：
1．考查副词。句意：拥有得天独厚的自然恩赐和丰富的国家资源，在这片土地上，农业专家就如何处理全球饥饿问题贡献力量。空处修饰blessed，应用副词形式。故填Uniquely。
2．考查定语从句。句意：拥有得天独厚的自然恩赐和丰富的国家资源，在这片土地上，农业专家就如何处理全球饥饿问题贡献力量。先行词为grund，引导词在定语从句中充当地点状语。故填where。
3．考查非谓语动词。句意：戏称自己为“弹涂鱼”，他经常被看到卷着裤腿站在泥泞的田地里。v.-ing表主动。refer和主句主语he之间是主动关系。故填referring。
4．考查形容词。句意：戏称自己为“弹涂鱼”，他经常被人看到卷着裤腿站在泥泞的田地里。空处修饰名词field，应用形容词形式。故填muddy。
5．考查动词的时态。句意：肖博士和其他南繁的研究者们一起全身心致力于提升粮食产量，确保人们粮食充足。从第二段开始介绍Dr. Xia都使用一般现在时。故填is cmmitted/cmmits。
6．考查连词。句意：生活就像种子一样，或者有时不像预期的那样生长，或者有时不活跃。或者……或者……。故填r。
7．考查非谓语动词。句意：生命的种子总能从地里冒出来。manage t d sth.完成某事(困难的事)。故填t emerge。
8．考查名词。句意：这样可以延长生长季节。冠词后面应用名词形式。故填extensin。
9．考查介词。句意：使繁殖周期缩短一半或更多……by表示程度或者数量。故填by。
10．考查非谓语动词。句意：当希望被种植在肥沃的土壤里时，融入新的生命，结出变化之果。v.-ed作状语。plant和主句主语hpe之间是被动关系。故填planted。
Ⅳ.应用文写作
(2024·安徽省皖南八校联考)
假定你是某国际学校学生李华，你校的校报正在为12月即将举办的科技节征集英文口号，要求主题积极向上，不超过10个英文单词。请你根据该要求投稿，内容包括：
1．介绍你的口号；
2．预祝活动成功。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Dear Editr，
Yurs，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear Editr,
Knwing that ur schl newspaper is cllecting English slgans fr the Science & Technlgy Festival t be held in December, I'm writing t recmmend mine, which I believe can fully reveal the theme.
“Science and technlgy brightens ur life” is the ne I chse since technlgical advances have brught us tremendus benefits.Fr instance, we're nw living cmfrtably and cnveniently in huses equipped with varius intelligent hme appliances.Besides, ur wrking efficiency has been dramatically increased with the help f the Internet.
I wuld appreciate it if yu culd take my slgan int accunt.Wish this festival a huge success!
Yurs,
Li Hua