2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists单元主题训练

这是一份2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists单元主题训练，共10页。试卷主要包含了写作词数应为80左右；等内容，欢迎下载使用。
UNIT 1 单元主题训练Ⅰ.阅读理解AWith outbreaks of infectious(感染性的) diseases making headlines around the world, scientists are under pressure to understand the drivers that influence the transmission of pathogens (病菌的传播) in order to better predict and control disease outbreaks.In the wilds of Botswana, a pathogen called M. mungi has a different way of infecting the banded mongoose (a small furry animal that kills snakes and rats). The pathogen spreads from animal to animal through scent(气味) marks. “Scent marks are deposited into the environment and contain smell signals that convey information from one mongoose to another，” explained Kathleen Alexander, a wildlife biologist, who led the new study.To conduct their experiment, Alexander and Carole Anne Nichols monitored the movements and communication of about 500 banded mongooses in protected park landscapes, urban environments, and other places with varying characteristics in Botswana. In this way, researchers were able to gain insight into the manner in which land type and animal behaviour interact to influence the spread of the pathogen. The result was a comprehensive data set of mongoose behavioural interactions across a range of landscape types.In high­traffic, predator­rich (食肉动物多的) environments, such as urban centres or national parks, the mongooses stayed constantly alerted(警觉的), devoting their energy to scanning the surrounding environment and preparing themselves for escaping. This super awareness likely kept them safe from danger, but it also greatly curtailed their contact with others, reducing the possibility that M. mungi would spread. “If you're running from a predator, you're not stopping to leave a message for other animals，” Nichols says. “You're running for your life.”But the opposite was true at tourism cabins, where predators are scarce and food, which is often left by human hands, is easy to find. Here, the mongooses spent a good amount of time marking scent, creating a lot of opportunities for the pathogen to spread.Previous studies by Alexander have pulled back the mask on how animal behaviour shapes the spread of disease. These new findings, however, add another layer of difference to the spread of disease, stressing the role of environments.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于缟獴(banded mongoose)的研究，揭示了环境会影响传染病的传播。1．What's the purpose of marking scent by banded mongooses?A．To track down snakes and rats.B．To better adapt to the environment.C．To share information with each other.D．To protect themselves from pathogens.解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scent marks ...one mongoose to another”可知，缟獴之间利用气味相互交流。2．What did Alexander and Nichols do during the experiment?A．Analyzed the spreading way of the pathogen.B．Marked the characteristics of different land types.C．Collected previous data about banded mongooses' behaviour.D．Observed banded mongooses across a range of environments.解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，Alexander和Nichols在不同环境下观察缟獴的行为。3．What does the underlined word “curtailed” in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Decreased.　　　　　　　 B．Explained.C．Replaced.  D．Repeated.解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第四段画线单词后的“... you're not stopping to leave a message for other animals”可知，这种状况会“减少”缟獴之间的接触。4．What's the finding of Alexander and Nichols's new research?A．Predators can speed up the spread of diseases.B．Environments can influence the spread of diseases.C．Animals can sense potential danger around them.D．The spread of diseases can shape animals' behaviour.解析：选B　推理判断题。根据文章内容及最后一段的内容可知，缟獴在捕食者少的地方感染病菌的概率会大很多，因此，Alexander和Nichols新的研究表明生存环境会影响疾病的传播。BNew smart wheelchairs are designed to allow users more freedom of movement. Some even allow them to raise or lower the seats or to go up and down stairs. Now, Scewo, a Swiss company, has designed their futuristic motorized wheelchair Scewo Bro that is a complete solution with multitasking innovation. This smart wheelchair is so advanced and multifunctional that it won the Design Prize in 2018 and has been recognized as a pioneer in the medical technology industry.With clearly defined lines and a reduction to the essentials, the design team developed a clear design language. That way, Scewo Bro is seen as a new generation of wheelchairs at first glance. Scewo Bro users can control the wheelchair either by a touch interface (界面) or a smart phone. They can switch from one to the other and can also choose from three different modes: the park mode, the drive mode, and the track mode. This allows for any terrain (地形) and allows people with mobility disabilities to be independent.Built with safety in mind, the seat always balances itself so the user stays in a sitting position. This feature allows users to deal with different terrains without the risk of tipping over. Besides, the foot rests, the seat, and the arm rests are designed to be comfortable and adjustable.The smart wheelchair can go up to 35 kilometers on one charge and can go 10 kilometers per hour. If a break is needed, just put the chair into the relaxation position. The smart wheelchair comes with two secure storage areas for people on the go to store valuables. It can fit in the trunk of a car and can be charged in just five hours.Scewo Bro is available in Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. While the first batch (首批) has sold out, people can pre­order it at the end of the year. This futuristic wheelchair will allow increased movement and a better quality of life for people with mobility issues.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了瑞士公司Scewo研发的一款智能轮椅的设计理念、功能和市场情况。5．What do we know about the wheelchair?A．It targets medical workers.B．It features more functions.C．It is designed for household use.D．It is the first motorized wheelchair.解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a complete solution with multitasking innovation ... advanced and multifunctional”可知，该轮椅功能众多。6．What is mainly discussed about the wheelchair in Paragraph 3?A．Its design philosophy.B．Its working principle.C．Its customer experience.D．Its fashionable elements.解析：选A　段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Built with safety in mind”及本段内容可以判断，本段主要讲述了设计轮椅时的想法，即设计理念。7．How does the author introduce the wheelchair in Paragraph 4?A．By giving exact figures.B．By making comparisons.C．By offering examples.D．By listing reasons.解析：选A　写作手法题。根据第四段中的“go up to 35 kilometers”“go 10 kilometers per hour”“in just five hours”可以判断，作者通过罗列精确数据来介绍该轮椅。8．What can be inferred from the text?A．The wheelchair needs further improvement.B．The company Scewo is a non­profit organization.C．The wheelchair users can move around independently.D．The design team has been awarded many design prizes.解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“New smart wheelchairs ... to allow users more freedom of movement”和第二段中的“This ... allows people with mobility disabilities to be independent”可以推断，轮椅使用者可以自由独立地四处活动。Ⅱ.阅读七选五The 21st century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. __9__Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe. __10__ Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activities will result in even greater advantages to human beings; in pure science — a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science — a more reasonable sharing of material benefits; and better protection of the environment.__11__ The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. __12__ Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.”__13__ But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?A．We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons.B．Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture.C．Fortunately, science has brought us with the greatest.D．It offers us less access to nature as well as social life.E．The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities — science seems to prove what Shakespeare said.F．Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.G．It has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在21 世纪，科学有了很大的进步。科学研究极大地开阔了我们的视野，给人类带来了更大的好处，但另一方面科学的创造力也被用来损害人类。9．选F　第一段首句提到关于21世纪的种种变化；选项F意为：许多事情导致了变化，但在我看来，最重要的是科学的进步。选项F顺承上文的话题，其中the changes与上文中多次出现的changes是词汇复现。故选F。10．选G　选项G意为：它使我们对生命本质及其不断发展有了更好的理解。选项G中的“It has brought us a better understanding of ...”与上一句中的“It has given us a deeper knowledge of ...”是并列句式，其中It都是指代该段首句中的“Scientific research in physics and biology”。故选G。11．选B　第二段首句提到“科学研究使我们扩大视野”，第三段首句提到“科学研究活动将给人类带来更大的好处”；第四段空后一句提到“科学的创新被用来损害人类”，该段话题与文章上两段的话题出现转折；选项B意为：然而，不幸的是，事情还有另一面。选项B中的however表示转折，承上启下。 故选B。12．选A　第四段话题是科学创新被利用来损害人类。选项A意为：我们已经在核武器的问题上看到了这种情况。空前一句提到“发展和生产大规模毁灭性武器对人类的继续生存造成了危险”，选项A是顺承上一句的话题，以核武器为例进一步说明上一句的内容。故选A。13．选E　选项E意为：以上对人类活动——科学应用的仅仅一部分的简要回顾似乎证明了莎士比亚所说的。选项E中“what Shakespeare said”即是上一句中“William Shakespeare said”的复现。故选E。Ⅲ.完形填空The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to __14__ that we should learn science __15__  observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself __16__ many important truths.Galileo (1564－1642), __17__， who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, who began to show how many important __18__  could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies __19__  more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, __20__ Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the __21__ of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two __22__ stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It is Galileo's __23__ of going direct to nature, and proving our __24__ and theories by experiment, that has __25__ all the discoveries of modern science.What __26__  those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know clearly that __27__ scientists are those whose observations have __28__ better results.语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。14．A.command　　　　　 B．suspectC．suggest  D．conclude解析：选C　根据空后的内容可知，这里应是Roger Bacon提出的建议。故C选项正确。15．A.in　　 B．with  C．on　　　D．by解析：选D　根据空后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知，此处表示通过观察我们周围的事物并做实验。故D选项正确。16．A.brought  B．discoveredC．handled  D．announced解析：选B　结合上文和空后的“many important truths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。故B选项正确。17．A.however  B．thereforeC．seldom  D．never解析：选A　上文说Roger Bacon也许是中世纪第一个建议通过观察和实验的方式来学习科学，此处表示转折，然而，伽利略是几个伟大的人物中最伟大的一个。故A选项正确。18．A.truths  B．problemsC．investigations  D．subjects解析：选A　由空后的“could be discovered by observation”可知，很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。上文中的“many important truths”也是提示。故A选项正确。19．A.threw  B．fellC．ran  D．rolled解析：选B　根据下文中的“let fall”可知，空处应选fell。故B选项正确。20．A.although  B．becauseC．when  D．if解析：选B　根据“Aristotle said so”可知，这里表示因为亚里士多德是这样说的。故B选项正确。21．A.place  B．footC．top  D．ceiling解析：选C　结合空后的“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two ________ stones”可知，伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶。故C选项正确。22．A.big  B．smallC．similar  D．unequal解析：选D　根据上文和空后面的“stones and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示使用了两块不同重量的石头。故D选项正确。23．A.spirit  B．skillC．theory  D．wish解析：选A　由空后面的“of going direct to nature”可知，此处表示科学精神(spirit)。故A选项正确。24．A.plans  B．opinionsC．world  D．ability解析：选B　与空后面“and theories by experiment”中的theories呼应，此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点和理论。故B选项正确。25．A.led to  B．turned toC．set up  D．put forward解析：选A　这里是说正是伽利略的这种精神使得现代科学能有所发现。故A选项正确。26．A.makes  B．preventsC．considers  D．promises解析：选A　结合下文中的“scientists are those ...”可知，此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。故A选项正确。27．A.reasonable  B．successfulC．expert  D．sensitive解析：选B　结合上文中所举的例子我们可以清楚地知道，成功的(successful)科学家是那些善于观察、敢于实践和挑战权威的人。故B选项正确。28．A.foreseen  B．rejectedC．produced  D．challenged解析：选C　根据语境，此处指那些科学家们的观察产生了更好的结果。故C选项正确。Ⅳ.语法填空The idea of inviting the public to take part in scientific studies is known as “citizen science”. Anyone __1__ helps scientists do the job is called a  “citizen scientist”. What can you get if you become a citizen scientist?A sense of purpose! Citizen science projects can help you make good use of __2__ (you) time.Fun times! You never know what might__3__ (find)．More education! Learn about some __4__ (attract) things while doing scientific jobs.When you're having fun in the park and seeing a bird, why not take a picture of it? With a simple click, you could be helping scientists! Shanghai Natural History Museum has __5__ app. People  can upload sounds, __6__ (photo) and locations of animals if they see them around their city. Scientists can use these data __7__ (study) city animals and better protect them.In fact, people just like you can help out with many scientific studies. For example, scientists always spend many years __8__ (discover) every kind of ladybug (瓢虫) in the world. But if we share our own pictures of ladybugs with scientists, they can find them much __9__ (fast). As one old saying goes, “Many hands make light work.”Of course, there is more to study than just animals. There are many other fun projects, such __10__ watching stars and clouds, counting penguins and even listening to laughs. You'll find that science is fun and is for everyone!语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是公众科学以及公众科学不仅给市民带来益处，也能为科学家提供帮助。1．who/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Anyone，所以填who/that。2．your　考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语，修饰名词time，所以填形容词性物主代词your。3．be found　考查语态。find和从句主语what是被动关系，所以填be found。4．attractive　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词things，所以填attractive。5．an　考查冠词。app是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰，且 app的发音以元音音素开头，所以填an。6．photos　考查名词复数。photo是可数名词，且空前无限定词，故用复数形式，所以填photos。7．to study　考查非谓语动词。此处不定式作目的状语。8．discovering　考查非谓语动词。spend time (in) doing sth. 是固定搭配，所以填discovering。9．faster　考查副词的比较级。much, far, even, still等副词常修饰形容词或副词的比较级，所以填faster。10．as　考查介词。such as “例如”，是固定搭配。Ⅴ.应用文写作假定你是李华，你想邀请你的英国朋友Peter下周六参观你校举办的“科技小发明(technological gadgets)”展览。请给他写一封邮件，内容包括：1．具体时间和地点；2．展览目的和内容。注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考范文：Dear Peter，I'm glad to invite you to an exhibition of technological gadgets to be held in our school next Saturday.The exhibition is scheduled to take place in the football field from 8：00 am to 11：00 am, lasting 3 hours. It's aimed at encouraging students' creative thinking as well as sharing their works with others. In this exhibition, you can enjoy various gadgets which are of great use in our daily life. Additionally, some excellent student inventors will introduce the functions of their technological gadgets and perform them on the spot. It would be nice if you could join in the coming exhibition.Looking forward to your reply and expecting your coming.Yours，Li Hua