新高考英语复习：训练08 概要写作示例与写作训练3新高考英语复习：

这是一份新高考英语复习：训练08 概要写作示例与写作训练3新高考英语复习：，共14页。
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Fd serves as a frm f cmmunicatin in tw fundamental ways. Sharing bread r ther fds is a cmmn human traditin that can prmte unity and trust. Fd can als have a specific meaning, and play a significant rle in a family r culture's celebratins r traditins. The fds we eat—and when and hw we eat them—are ften unique t a particular culture r may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within ne cuntry.
Sharing bread, whether during a special ccasin (时刻) r at the family dinner table, is a cmmn symbl f tgetherness. Many cultures als celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared amng the guests. Early frms f cake were simply a kind f bread, s this traditin hits its rts in the custm f sharing bread.
Fd als plays an imprtant rle in many New Year celebratins. In the suthern United States, pieces f crn bread represent blcks f gld fr prsperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, peple share a special cake called vasilpita. A cin is put int the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year fr the persn wh receives it.
Many cultures have ceremnies t celebrate the birth f a child, and fd can play a significant rle. In China, when a baby is ne mnth ld, families name and welcme their child in a celebratin that includes giving red-clred eggs t guests. In many cultures, rund fds such as grapes, bread, and mn cakes are eaten at welcme celebratins t represent family unity.
Nutritin is necessary fr life, s it is nt surprising that fd is such an imprtant part f different cultures arund the wrld.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲了食物和文化有着深刻的联系，不同的文化包含着不同的饮食传统和庆祝方式。食物通过这两种基本的方式扮演着沟通的角色。第二段以分享面包为例，说明了分享食物可以促进团结和建立信任。第三段举了两个具体的列子说明食物在庆祝新年时起的重要作用。第四段解释了食物在其他一些庆祝仪式中所扮演的角色，如新生命的诞生，家庭的团聚。第五段总结全文，俗话说，民以食为天，食物在不同文化当中的作用如此之大其实不足为奇。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是Fd serves as a frm f cmmunicatin in tw fundamental ways；第二第三段主题句是段落的首句。第四段没有明显的主题句，但是可以归纳为fd plays an imprtant rle in many ther ceremnies such as family unity；第五段的整一句句子是本段的主题句。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段主要讲了食物作为一种沟通方式对文化起了两种基础性的作用，所以可以将第一段概括成“Fd can be a way f cmmunicatin in tw basic ways”，是概要当中的要点1,；第二段以分享面包为例，说明了食物可以承载团圆之意，为避免照抄原文，可将原文“is a cmmn symbl f tgetherness”转换成“carry the meaning f unity”，为要点2；第三段讲到在新年之际，人们会吃一些特别的食物，比如在蛋糕中放入钱币，这其实是人们将新年的美好愿望承载于食物当中，因此可以表达成“Fd bears peple’s best wishes”，这一点信息是要点3；第四段是对第三段更进一步的说明，即在其他的一些庆祝仪式上，食物也充当着重要的作用，包含着特定的意义，如文中的两个例子，代表新生命的红鸡蛋和代表家庭团圆的圆形食物，概要当中可将这两点简要概括成要点4。最后一段主要强调了食物对于文化的重要作用取决于它是人类安生立命的必需品，概要中用necessity一词强调了食物的这一作用，为要点5。
[参考范文]
Fd can be a way f cmmunicatin in tw basic ways.(要点1)Sharing bread n sme special situatins carries the meaning f unity. (要点2)In many New Year celebratins, fd bears peple’s best wishes such as success and prsperity. (要点3)Mrever, fd als plays an significant part in ther ceremnies such as family unity and celebratins fr the new brn.(要点4) As fd is such a necessity, it is nt surprise t knw its vital rle in different cultures. (要点5)(76 wrds)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1当中的tw fundamental ways替换成tw basic ways；要点2省略了文中的具体例子，用unity一词来概括了分享食物这一传统所包含的意义；要点3和要点4都旨在说明在各种庆祝仪式中食物充当的作用，要点4是要点3的补充，所以范文中用了mrever一词，表明递进。原文第三和第四段给出多个例子来支撑短首的中心句，由于受到字数的限制，范文用了几个名词性短语family unity, celebratins fr new brn, success and prsperity高度概括了文章所给的例子；要点5用necessity替换了原文中的形容词， 用its vital rle代替such a imprtant part，含义相同，简洁易懂。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。 范文中我们将“团结的象征symbl f tgetherness”表达为“meaning f unity”，意义相同，可避免与原文重复。原文第二段和第三段都在讲食物在不同文化中承载的意义，为避免用词单一，范文先后用了carry和bear来表达“承载”的意思。
2. 要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的字数，在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，可以帮助我们更简洁、有效地表达。本篇文章主要是通过论点加例子的形式进行论证的，在形成概要的过程中，例子是“茎”，论点是“秆”，论点当中的要点一个都不能少，那么相应的例子必须做到极其的简练概括，范文中family unity, celebratins fr new brn, success and prsperity等名词性质的短语都是对大篇幅例子的概括处理。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says, "We've gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when parents tended t be mre strict." By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they're building their children's cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. T much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, dn't g t far in the ther directin. Nt giving enugh praise can be just as damaging as giving t much. Kids will feel like they're nt gd enugh r that yu dn't care and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.
S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that the quality f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can give it as ften as yur child des smething that deserves a verbal reward. “We shuld especially recgnize ur children's effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal,” says Dnahue, authr f Parenting Withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters. “One thing t remember is that it's the prcess nt the end prduct that matters.”
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he's ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. Praising the effrt and nt the utcme can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case-by-case basis and be prprtinate(相称的)t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it.
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Elephants can tell
It is easy fr us t tell ur friends frm ur enemies. But can ther animals d the same? Elephants can! They can use their sense f visin and smell t tell the difference between peple wh pse a threat and thse wh d nt.
In Kenya， researchers fund that elephants react differently t clthing wrn by men f the Maasai and Kamba ethnic grups. Yung Maasai men kill animals and thus pse a threat t elephants； Kamba men are mainly farmers and are nt a danger t elephants.
In an experiment cnducted by animal scientists， elephants were first presented with clean clthing r clthing that had been wrn fr five days by either a Maasai r a Kamba man. When the elephants recgnized the smell f clthing wrn by a Maasai man， they mved away frm the smell faster and tk lnger t relax than when they recgnized the smells f either clthing wrn by a Kamba man r clthing that had nt been wrn at all.
Clthing clr als plays a rle， thugh in a different way. In the same study， when the elephants saw red clthing nt wrn befre， they reacted angrily， as red is typically wrn by Maasai men. Rather than running away as they did with the smell， the elephants acted aggressively(攻击性地) tward the red clthing.
The researchers believe that the elephants’ emtinal reactins are because f their different understanding f the smells and the sights. Smelling a ptential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing t d is run away and hide. Seeing a ptential threat withut its smell means that risk is lw. Therefr， instead f shwing fear and running away， the elephants express their anger and becme aggressive.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why is America's Milk Industry in s much truble?
Fr much f The 20th century, milk was a simple part f daily life in the U. S. , as farmers raised cws, milkmen delivered bttles and children drank it at schl. But thse days are fading—a fact emphasized by the annuncement n Jan. 5 by Brden Dairy, a milk prcessr, that it is filing fr bankruptcy prtectin. Brden, which said it was impacted by “market challenges facing the dairy industry,” fllws Dean Fds, America's largest milk prducer, which filed fr bankruptcy prtectin in Nvember.
America has fallen ut f lve with drinking milk and peple are substituting water bttles fr milk cartns. The dwnturn has been tugh n dairy prcessrs like Brden and Dean, which buy fresh milk frm farms and use techniques like pasteurizatin(加热杀菌法) t create a cnsumer-safe beverage with a lnger shelf life. Fr the past five years, thanks t technlgy that increased milk prductin, fresh-milk prices were relatively lw. But prices began ticking up again last year, squeezing the prcessrs' already tight margins. “Declining sales in a thin﹣margin business is nt a gd recipe fr success,” says Mark Stephensn, directr f dairy plicy analysis at the University f Wiscnsin. (Americans are still eating cheese, butter and ice cream, but fluid-milk prcessrs such as Dean and Brden aren't big players in thse businesses.)
Milk prcessrs are als facing cmpetitin frm big retailers, which have set up their wn prcessing plants. In 2018, Walmart pened a milk﹣prcessing plant in Indiana t serve hundreds f stres in the Midwest, taking away apprximately 95 millin gal. f milk﹣prcessing business frm Dean Fds.
On the ther end f the supply chain, dairy farms are facing truble f their wn. The lw prices that were a benefit t prcessrs left small farmers struggling acrss the industry. The number f Chapter 12 farm bankruptcies in 2019 was up 24% frm the previus year. “We're trying ur best t hang n,” says Mary Rieckmann, a dairy farmer in Wiscnsin whse family has turned t GFundMe t keep their century﹣ld farm running.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
On Nvember 18, 1995, Itzhak Perlman, the wrld famus vilinist, came n stage t give a cncert at Lincln Centre in New Yrk City. If yu have ever been t a Perlman's cncert, yu knw that getting n stage is nt easy fr him. He gt pli(小儿麻痹症) as a child, and has t walk with the aid f tw crutches(拐杖) nw.
That night Perlman walked slwly t his chair. Then he sat dwn and began t play. But, suddenly, ne f the strings n his vilin brke, Yu culd hear it break—it brke with a lud nise. Peple thught t themselves, "He will have t get up t either find anther vilin r find anther string fr this ne. " But he didn't. Instead, he waited a mment, clsed his eyes and then signaled the cnductr t begin again. The rchestra began, and he played frm where he had stpped. He played with such passin and such pwer. Of curse, everyne knws that it is impssible t play a symphnic wrk with just three strings. But that night Itzhak Perlman refused t knw that. Yu culd see him changing and recmpsing the piece in his head
When he finished, there was a silence in the rm. Then peple rse and cheered. We were all n ur feet, ding everything we culd t shw hw much we appreciated what he had dne. He smiled and then he said in a quiet tne, "Yu knw, smetimes it is the artist's task t find ut hw much music yu can make with what yu have left.”
His wrds have stayed in my mind ever since I heard them. That is als the way f life. Perhaps ur task in this quickly changing wrld in which we live is t make music, at first with all that we have, and then, when that is n lnger pssible, t make music with what we have left.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
If yu haven’t seen r heard anything abut Rad Rage (路怒) in the last few mnths, yu’ve prbably been aviding the media. There have been cuntless stries abut this new and scary phenmenn, cnsidered a type f aggressive driving. Yu’ve mst likely encuntered aggressive driving r Rad Rage recently if yu drive.
Why is this phenmenn ccurring mre than ever nw and why is it smething that seemed almst nnexistent a few shrt years ag? Experts have certain theries and all are prbably partially crrect. One suggestin is vercrwding. In the last decade, the number f the cars n the rads has increased by mre than 11 percent, and the number f miles driven has increased by 35 percent. Hwever, the number f new rad miles has nly increased by 1 percent. That means mre cars in the same amunt f space; and the prblem is even serius in urban areas. Als, peple have less time and mre things t d. With peple wrking and trying t fit extra chres and activities int the day, street levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads t shrt tempers. These factrs, when cmbined in certain situatins, can cause Rad Rage.
Yu may think yu are the last persn wh wuld drive aggressively, but yu might be surprised. Fr instance, have yu ever yelled ut lud at a slwer driver, sunded the hrn lng and hard at anther car, r sped up t keep anther driver frm passing? If yu recgnize yurself in any f these situatins, watch ut!
Whether yu are getting angry at ther drivers, r anther driver is visibly upset with yu, there are things yu can d t avid any majr cnflict. If yu are easily influenced t Rad Rage, the key is t discharge yur emtin in a healthy way. If yu are the target f anther driver’s rage, d everything pssible t get away frm the ther driver safely, including aviding eye cntact and getting ut f their way.
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文1】
Parents tend t g t extremes when it cmes t pausing their kids. Hwever, t much r t latte praise can be equally damaging. When giving praise, parents shuld be sincere and cncentrate n the prcess instead f the result. Similarly, they ught t give praise fr hw much effrt their kids have invested in the wrk.
【参考范文2】
Parents believe praising can help raise children's cnfidence, but t much praise may result in the ppsite effect. Yet, t little praise can discurage them. Accrding t sme experts, it is the quality f praise rather than quantity that matters, which shws parents' sincerity and cncentratin n the prcess. Meanwhile, kids d deserve praise if they strive t d their duty. Anyway, the amunt f praise depends n their perfrmance.
【解析】
本文是概要写作。我们需要用正确的英语把给出的要点表达出来。动笔前，一定要认真分析要点，理解要点要表达的含义，不能遗漏要点，跑题偏题。本作文中给出的要点比较具体，故需要准确表达。文章第一段主要讲述在教育孩子方面，父母们走向另一个极端；第二段讲述过多的批评也是不合适的；第三段讲述专家说，重要的是表扬的质量而不是数量，这表明了父母对这个过程的诚意和专注。第四段讲述表扬的数量取决于他们的表现。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要赋予变化。平时除了加强词汇积累，写作联系以外，还可以适当记忆一些类似的范文，这样在考试中可以起到事半功倍的效果。
【范文点评】
高级句型：
1. Currently, cntrary t what peple did in the past, many parents think highly f their kids t ften. ​译文：目前，与过去的做法相反，许多父母过于高度评价自己的孩子。
分析：what引导宾语从句。
2. It is said that what matters is nt the quantity but the quality f praise.
译文：据说重要的不是表扬数量，而是表扬质量。
分析：使用It is said that 据说，what引导主语从句。
2.【参考范文】
Studies have shwn that elephants can use their sight and smell t distinguish between thse wh pse a threat and thse wh d nt. In Kenya, researchers have fund that elephants respnd differently t clthing wrn by masai and Kamba peple. The clr f clthes als plays a rle, albeit in a different way. The researchers believe that elephants' emtinal respnse is due t their different interpretatins f smells and sights.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了研究表明大象可以用它们的视觉和嗅觉来区分那些构成威胁的人和那些没有构成威胁的人。在肯尼亚，研究人员发现大象对马赛人和坎巴人穿的衣服反应不同。衣服的颜色也有一定的作用，虽然方式不同。研究人员认为，大象的情绪反应是因为它们对气味和景象的理解不同。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：Studies have shwn that elephants can use their sight and smell t distinguish between thse wh pse a threat and thse wh d nt. 宾语从句和定语从句的运用；The researchers believe that elephants' emtinal respnse is due t their different interpretatins f smells and sights. 宾语从句的运用等高级句式。
3.【参考范文】
American dairy industry is facing challenges as the cnsumers switch frm milk t ther beverages. Cmpanies that prcess milk nw have lwer margins, making it hard t sustain the business. Big retailers wh have their wn milk﹣prcessing plants als take business away frm dairy cmpanies. Farmers wh sell fresh milk fr lw prices nw struggle t hang n.
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了随着消费者从牛奶转向其他饮料，美国乳制品行业正面临挑战。牛奶加工企业现在的利润率较低，很难维持这项业务。大型零售商有自己的牛奶加工工厂也从乳制品公司拿走生意。那些以低价出售鲜奶的农民现在都在为维持生计而挣扎。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：switch frm，beverages，make it hard t d sth.等高级词汇；Cmpanies that prcess milk nw have lwer margins, making it hard t sustain the business.运用现在分词作结果状语；Farmers wh sell fresh milk fr lw prices nw struggle t hang n.运用定语从句等高级句式。
4.【参考范文】
As a pli victim since his childhd, Itzhak Perlman always faced challenges bravely. (要点1) One night while Perlman, a wrld famus vilinist, was perfrming at a cncert, ne string n his vilin brke. (要点2) Instead f changing the vilin r the string, he cntinued playing recmpsed music with three strings, which wn him the audience’s admiratin. (要点3) He set a gd example fr us t live life t the fullest with what we have. (要点4)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要讲述了伊扎克·帕尔曼自幼患小儿麻痹症，他总是勇敢地面对挑战。一天晚上，世界著名的小提琴家帕尔曼在音乐会上演奏时，他的小提琴的一根弦断了。他没有更换小提琴或琴弦，而是继续用三根琴弦演奏重新谱写的乐曲，赢得了观众的赞赏。他为我们树立了一个好榜样，让我们充分利用我们所拥有的生活。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：victim，Instead f，set a gd example fr等高级词汇；One night while Perlman, a wrld famus vilinist, was perfrming at a cncert, ne string n his vilin brke.运用了时间状语从句；Instead f changing the vilin r the string, he cntinued playing recmpsed music with three strings, which wn him the audience’s admiratin.运用了非限制性定语从句等高级句式。
5.参考范文】
Rad Rage has received much attentin in the past few mnths.(要点1)Experts put frward sme partially crrect theries that can result in Rad Rage.(要点2)It may be surprising t find that every ne f us can be a Rad Rage driver.(要点3)Frtunately, there are sme reasnable ways fr yu t get ut f Rad Rage when yu are annyed with ther drivers r anther driver is in rage, such as aviding eye cntact, getting ut f the way and s n.(要点4)
【解析】
这是—篇概要写作。文章讲述的是路怒现象，路怒产生的原因及给予读者的一些避免路怒的建议。
写作步骤
1. 细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章第一段阐述了在过去的几个月里，公路暴怒受到了广泛的关注。第二段阐述了专家们提出了一些可能导致路怒症的部分正确理论。第三段阐述了令人惊讶的是，我们每个人都可能成为路怒症司机。最后一段阐述了幸运的是，当你对其他司机生气或其他司机生气时，有一些合理的方法可以让你摆脱“路怒症”，比如避免眼神接触，让道等等。
2. 弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3. 列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如: put frward , result in , get ut f等高级词汇; Experts put frward sme partially crrect theries that can result in Rad Rage.定语从句等高级句式。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。