新高考英语复习：训练10 概要写作示例与写作训练5新高考英语复习：

这是一份新高考英语复习：训练10 概要写作示例与写作训练5新高考英语复习：，共14页。
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
In New Yrk City public schls, 176 different languages are spken amng the mre than 1 millin students. Fr 160,000 children, English is nt their first language. New Yrk’s Department f Educatin makes learning better fr these students by prviding dual-language prgrams. Students are taught in tw languages, English and anther ne, like Chinese r Russian. Math, scial studies, science and all ther regular curses are taught in bth languages. And they learn abut the culture f the ther cuntry.
Milady Baez is Deputy Chancellr(副局长) f English Language Learners and Student Supprt. She says these dual-language prgrams will help children succeed in the future. “The jbs f the future require that ur students knw mre than ne language. They are ging t be traveling abrad, they are ging t be cmmunicating with peple frm all ver the wrld. This will pen drs fr them.”
Shuya Zhang teaches a dual language class. She says the prgram helps children get ready t wrk with peple in ther cuntries. “Lk at nw-a-days, America started ecnmic relatinships with China. Lts f cmpanies have been mved t China. They need peple with the skills with bth language skills.”
Middle schl students might nt have jbs n their minds yet. Fr Kequing Jaing, she likes keeping up her first language, Mandarin. “It makes me, feel that I am hme because I can speak in Chinese, learn in Chinese, while learning in English. S it makes me feel better and makes me understand mre abut the task I’m learning.” Anther student, Anastasia Hudikva, came t the United States when she was 2 years ld. She says the Russian-English prgram keeps her cnnected t her heritage(传统) and her parents happy. “They’re really happy abut the prgram that it exists. They are really happy that I can preserve my culture and my language, that I can speak it fluently in schl.”
The New Yrk schls als ffer dual-language prgrams in seven ther languages: Arabic, French, Haitian Crele, Hebrew, Krean, Plish and Spanish. There are plans t add even mre languages in the future. (344 wrds)
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲了纽约教育部为了母语非英语的学生能受到更好的教育而提供了双语项目。第二段讲了Milady Baez的观点——双语教学有助于学生在未来取得成功。第三段讲了一位双语教学的老师Shuya Zhang的观点——双语教学能够让学生们准备好未来与其他国家的人一起合作。第四段讲述了两个学生对双语教学的看法。第五段关于双语教学在纽约的一些学校的现状以及未来的发展。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。本文采用“呈现现象(Para.1)—讲述不同人的看法(Para.2-4)—总结(Para.5)”的形式，文章结构比较清晰，相对而言对于文章脉络的梳理比较容易。该文第一段的主题句是“New Yrk’s Department f Educatin makes learning better fr these students by prviding dual-language prgrams”。第二段的主题句是“She says the prgram helps children get ready t wrk with peple in ther cuntries”。第三段的主题句是“She says the prgram helps children get ready t wrk with peple in ther cuntries”。第四段没有现成的主题句，需要对两位学生的话语的内容进行概括。第五段是对纽约市双语教学现状的总结以及学校对双语教学未来发展的计划。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的主要内容是“dual-language prgrams”，因此可以将第一段的现象描述概括后作为概要的首句。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段包括一个要点，要点1是纽约教育部门为学生提供双语项目来促进他们学习。根据原文所表达的意思，我们可以将原文的主题句换另一种说法来表达，可以使用非谓语“t imprve their learning language”，并将“prvide”替换成“ffer”。要点2,3分别位于文章第二段和第三段，可以抓住“succeed in the future”和“get ready t wrk with peple in ther cuntries”的主题句，将其结合起来一起概括，可以用“becme successful”替换原文中的动词“succeed”，用“peple arund the wrld”替换原文中的“peple in ther cuntries”。要点4要根据第四段进行概括。主要是从学习者的角度出发，表达双语学习的好处，可以将两个学生所说的话找共同点一起归纳，如用“guarantee the cntinuus learning …”。要点7可以用被动“be added”来替换原文中的主动“add”。
[参考范文]
T imprve their learning, New Yrk’s Department f Educatin ffers dual-language prgrams fr thse students whse first language is nt English.(要点1) Dual-language prgrams will help children wrk with peple arund the wrld and becme successful in the future.(要点2,3) In additin, it can guarantee the cntinuus learning f their native culture and the practice f their native language, which is beneficial t their develpment.(要点4)Cnsidering all the benefits, Mre dual-language prgrams will be added in the future.(要点5)(76wrds)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1用“t imprve their learning”替代原文中的“makes learning better”，并将“prvide”用“ffer”替代，表达上将对象以定语从句的形式融入到一个句子。要点2,3中用“arund the wrld”替换原文的“in ther cuntries”，用“becme successful”替换原文的“succeed”，并且将两者结合起来表达。要点4用“guarantee the cntinuus learning f their native culture and the practice f their native language”对两个不同国籍和语言的学生的例子和体会概括了。要点5用了被动语态替换了原文中的主动语态，并且根据对全文的理解，用“mre dual-language prgrams”替换了原文的“even mre languages”。然后对各要点进行了适当的整合和衔接。要点2,3和4之间用衔接语“in additin”连接，让文本更通顺。要点5是未来的发展，为了让概写更加紧凑，范文中加了个原因状语“cnsidering all the benefits”。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。本范文中主要通过同义词替换达到这一要求，比如“ffer”，“arund the wrld”，“becme success”等词的使用都是为了替换原文中的表达。
2. 结构转换
除了同义词和同义词组的替换外，我们也可以从从句、非谓、主动被动语态的转换等语法角度进行改写。比如本文中的第一句话，是将原文的句子结构进行了改写，从而同时达到paraphrase和内容整合的要求。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文, 根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Is Fast Fashin Taking Over?
The fashin industry has changed significantly in recent years. Traditinally, fashin retailers(零售商) created tw clthing cllectins per year, called seasns. Nwadays, in cntrast, they can design and manufacture(生产) clthes in as little as fur weeks. Fast Fashin means that the latest designs shwn at the fashin shws in Paris, Lndn, New Yrk, and Milan can be cped and sld in shpping malls within a mnth.
The advantages f rapidly changing fashins are clear. Shrtening the life cycle f a prduct means that if a design desn’t sell well within a week, it is taken ut f the stres and replaced with a new ne. This is gd fr manufacturers, as it means a greater vlume f sales. It is als gd fr custmers, wh can keep up with fast-mving trends cheaply and wh can enjy finding smething new every time they visit the stre.
Hwever, there are als a number f disadvantages t the fast-fashin apprach. Perhaps the biggest cncern is the impact f wasted clthes n the envirnment. The lw cst f mst fast fashin enables shppers t buy several new sets f clthes each seasn. This means that huge amunts f clthing are thrwn away. Furthermre, with fashins changing s quickly, cttn grwers need t prduce mre cttn mre cheaply, and that means using mre pesticides and chemicals. A third prblem is the theft f ideas. Fashin huses invest a lt f time and mney in new designs, nly t see these ideas stlen and cpied by fast-fashin cmpanies.
In shrt, these days it seems that the fashin industry is changing almst as fast as the fashin it prduces. What d yu think f this?
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Envirnmental prblems are becming mre and mre serius all ver the wrld. Fr example, cars have made the air unhealthy fr peple t breathe and pisnus gas is given ff by factries. Trees n the hills have been cut dwn and waste water is being pured cntinuusly int rivers. Furthermre, wherever we g tday, we can find rubbish carelessly dispsed(处理).
There are different kinds f pllutants, each f which cmes frm different surces. It is necessary t identify the surce f pllutin, in rder t make a plicy t get rid f them. Different prducts, prcesses and activities f ur industrialized wrld tgether frm the majr surce f pllutin.
The frms f pllutin can be mainly divided int three kinds—slids，liquid and gas. These pllutants have greatly damaged ur planet and cntinue t d s. In fact，pllutin is threatening ur existence. The whle eclgical balance f the earth is changing. Massive destructin f envirnment has brught abut negative effects and even psed a great threat t man’s existence.
We must face the situatin that exists and take actin t slve ur envirnmental prblems. Fr instance, new laws must be passed t place strict cntrl ver industrial pllutin; the public must receive the educatin abut the danger f pllutin and raise their awareness f prtecting the envirnment and s n.
The earth is ur hme and we have the duty t take care f it fr urselves and ur later generatins. Frtunately, mre and mre peple have realized these prblems. Measures have been taken t deal with these situatins by the gvernment. And laws have been passed t stp pllutin, I hpe the prblems will be slved in the near future and ur hme will becme better and better.
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3.概要写作：阅读下文，根据其内容写一篇50-60词胡内容概要。
Fr decades, dctrs have warned patients that t much salt can be bad fr the heart. Heart attack has lng beencnsidered a grwn-up prblem, but new research suggests that salt is starting t affect children. Eating t much salty fd when yu’re yung can lead t health prblems later.
Salt is made up f tw elements: sdium andchlrine. Dietary guidelines recmmend that adults and kids aged 9-13 shuldn’t cnsume mre than abut a teaspn f sdium daily. The average American eats twice this amunt.This wrries dctrs because t much sdium results in the bdy prducing mre bld. T pump the extra bld, the heart has t wrk harder. This causes a rise in bld pressure---a measurement f hw stressed the heart is. High bld pressure ften leads t heart disease.
A kid with high bld pressure is mre likely t becme a grwn-up with high bld pressure. Reducing salt might als help stp childhd besity. British researchers recently fund that kids wh eat less salt als drink fewer sugary sft drinks. Drinking fewer fizzy drinks makes kids less likely t gain weight, becme bese and develp high bldpressure.
Salt can affect mre than just yur heart and weight. A recent study fund that a grwing number f kids in theUSaresuffering frm kidney stnes. This painful cnditin usually affects peple aged ver 40. Nw, kids as yung as five are getting it.
Cutting dwn n salt can be hard, but yu can retrain yurself t prefer less salty fd. The best way t reduce the amunt f sdium yu eat is t make changes gradually. Start by adding half as much salt t yur dinner as yu nrmally d. Switch t fresh fds instead f canned and bttled versins. And g easy n the cndiments. Yu might als want t start reading nutritin labels. Yu may be surprised t learn that there are1,150 mg f sdium in a duble cheeseburger, and ver 2,000 mg in many frzen meals.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Chsing the right cllege can be a difficult task. There are thusands f clleges and universities fr yu t chse frm and many are wrthy f being cnsidered. Fr each ptential cllege, find ut the success rate f students' getting their jbs, especially thse related t yur majrs. Here are sme strategies(策略)fr yu t make the right chice.
Clleges which ffer practice in sme f the fields are wrthy f yur attentin. It can prvide yu with a large amunt f infrmatin n jb hunting. Cmpanies ften prefer emplyees that perfrm well. Practice gives yu the valuable experience and necessary pprtunities. Sme practical skills that yu learn will really prepare yurself fr the certain jbs. Besides, chsing a cllege that has teacher members with gd reputatins in their fields can als be very useful since these teacher members can prvide yu with steps int the wrking wrld by practice.
Schl rankings and a natinal reputatin f academic success are ften the imprtant factrs(因素)fr yur ptential emplyers. This type f infrmatin can be fund easily n the Internet and in magazines. T the emplyers, graduates frm high ranking clleges are ften cnsidered mre reliable. They have a strnger ability t learn and are mre likely t create wealth fr the cmpany. Smetimes it can even be a mre imprtant factr in lking fr a jb than the actual quality f educatin the cllege prvides.
After narrwing dwn yur chices t a few clleges, it's time t visit them. Taking a lk at the campus(校园)can change yur attitude t a particular schl. Plan yur tur and then d sme research n yur wn. It is als imprtant t talk t as many students as yu can and find ut if earning a degree frm the schl is helpful in getting a jb. Meanwhile, yu can speak t the students in the majrs yu're cnsidering t knw what the curses are like, what yu'll learn, and what yur expected utcme will be.
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5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Artificial intelligence(AI)teachers can prvide custmized teaching fr students t meet their unique requirements thrugh analyzing data and deep learning.In the future, they may replace human teachers fr basic teaching tasks.Since sme students may find it and put new pwer int traditinal teaching patterns.An educatinal system prviding custmized teaching centered n students represents the future trend f AI educatin.
China's AI educatin has develped rapidly in recent years with the rise f several thusand relevant cmpanies.Currently,AI teachers are able t help students leamn prnunciatin,analyze their cnditin,guide them t learn independently,and even grade writing assignments. Sme freign AI educatinal systems have been intrduced int several dmestic schls and have wrked well n trial.
Hwever,the prmtin f AI educatin is still facing several difficulties in practice such as lw technlgical levels,inadequacy f data and lack f funds.AI educatin still depends largely n human teachers' wrk.Mst imprtantly,it cnflicts with current educatinal patterns because the curses develped by freign cuntries are nt suitable fr Chinese exam-riented educatin.Teachers may als find it hard t change their riginal rles in classrms since easing cntrl n classes may make them seem irrespnsible.These prblems need t be handled befre the mass prmtin f Al educatin.
With AI teachers,the riginal teacher-centered classes will be transfrmed int student-centered nes where teachers nly rganize the class and prvide guidance.Since teachers are suppsed t nt nly equip students with knwledge but als shape their values and help them develp creative abilities,AI teachers will nt replace human teachers but will nly pse higher requirements f teaching.A cmbinatin f AI teachers and human nes can create the best future fr Al educatin.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Nwadays, fast fashin has shrtened the life cycle f clthes t fur weeks, which means a greater vlume f sales fr manufacturers and cheaper and mre fashinable clthes fr custmers. Hwever, the wasted clthes due t the lw cst and mre usage f chemicals can d great harm t the envirnment. Besides, the theft f designs is als a serius prblem caused by fast fashin. (65)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了如今，快时尚已经将服装的生命周期缩短到四周，这对于制造商来说意味着更大的销售量，对于消费者来说意味着更便宜更时尚的衣服。然而，由于低成本和更多的化学品的使用，浪费的衣服可以对环境造成很大的危害。此外，设计被盗也是快速时尚带来的一个严重问题。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：shrten，life cycle，a greater vlume f等高级词汇；Nwadays, fast fashin has shrtened the life cycle f clthes t fur weeks, which means a greater vlume f sales fr manufacturers and cheaper and mre fashinable clthes fr custmers.非限制性定语从句；Besides, the theft f designs is als a serius prblem caused by fast fashin.非谓语动词的运用等高级句式。
2.【参考范文】
The glbal envirnment is becming wrse because f varius pllutants related t the industrial wrld.(要点1) In the frms f gas, slids and liquid, these pllutants are becming a majr threat t the earth and human survival.(要点2)Therefre, we have t face it directly and spare n effrt t handle it.(要点3) Luckily, peple have been aware f the urgency f envirnmental prtectin and the gvernment has taken actin t slve these prblems, which surely will help make ur earth better.(要点4)
【解析】
本篇书面表达是内容概要。通过阅读所给文章可知，本文是一篇环保主题的文章，内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。
“Envirnmental prblems are becming mre and mre serius all ver the wrld.”第一段第一句开篇点题，点出世界各地的环境问题越来越严重。“There are different kinds f pllutants, each f which cmes frm different surces.”“The frms f pllutin can be mainly divided int three kinds—slids，liquid and gas.”第二、三段将污染形式进行分类，分为固体、液体和气体三种。“The earth is ur hme and we have the duty t take care f it fr urselves and ur later generatins.”“Measures have been taken t deal with these situatins by the gvernment.”最后点出地球是我们的家园，我们有责任为我们自己和我们的后代去照顾它。并且人们已经在不断地努力。
即总结可根据此结构分为四点来总结：由于与工业世界有关的各种污染物，全球环境正变得越来越恶劣。(要点1)在气体、固体和液体的形式中，这些污染物正成为对地球和人类生存的主要威胁。(要点2)因此，我们必须直接面对它，(要点3)很幸运，人们已经意识到环境保护的紧迫性，政府已经采取行动来解决这些问题，这必将有助于改善我们的地球。(要点4)
【范文点评】
英文文章一般在每一段的首句和尾句会点明段落主旨大意。进行文章总结的时候，应重点关注各段落的首位句的大意，并进行总结提要，按照逻辑关系进行总结。
3.【参考范文】
Eating t much salt has health risks fr children such as causing high bld pressure, heart prblems, besity and kidney stnes.But there are several ways t cut dwn n salt. Children can reduce the amunt f salt they usually use by half. They shuld eat fresh fds and reduce the cndiments they add t fd. Finally, they shuld check the amunt f salt in fd by reading nutritin labels.
【解析】
概要写作首先要通读全文内容，通晓文章大意；然后提炼语言；最后用高度概括性的句子表达出全文内容。本文主要写出三点：一、太多的盐(主要是钠)摄入会导致三个方面的健康问题：高血压、肥胖、心脏病和肾结石，二、主要讲到对孩子的危害。三、提出了解决办法，主要是逐步减少摄入、多吃新鲜食品、多看食品营养标签。结合三个要点即可写出本概要。
【范文点评】
本文要点齐全，语言概括性强，文中使用了Eating t much salt 动名词短语作主语；They shuld eat fresh fds and reduce the cndiments they add t fd. 本句是and连接的并列句，they add t fd 是定语从句，that引导(作宾语可省略)。
4.【参考范文】
Challenging as it is t chse an ideal cllege, they're sme tips that may help. (要点1) First, clleges that prvide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are wrth cnsidering. (要点2) Secnd, it’s advisable t search fr academic rankings and reputatin, which yur future emplyers may care abut. (要点3) After yu have candidates, visit them and enquire mre f related students. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging as it is t chse an ideal cllege, there’re sme tips that may help.表示。
第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Clleges which ffer practice in sme f the fields are wrthy f yur attentin提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到chsing a cllege that has teacher members with gd reputatins in their fields can als be very useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即clleges that prvide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are wrth cnsidering.。
第三段给出第二个建议：Schl rankings and a natinal reputatin f academic success are ften the imprtant factrs(因素)fr yur ptential emplyers. 学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Secnd, it’s advisable t search fr academic rankings and reputatin, which yur future emplyers may care abut.
第四段给出第三个建议：After narrwing dwn yur chices t a few clleges, it's time t visit them. 在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It is als imprtant t talk t as many students as yu can and find ut if earning a degree frm the schl is helpful in getting a jb. 和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。
即After yu have candidates, visit them and enquire mre f related students.
第二步：连句成篇(衔接词)
1.表文章结构顺序：First f all, Firstly/First, Secndly/Secnd… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is mre, Besides, Mrever, Furthermre, In additin As well as, nt nly…but (als), including,
3.表转折对比关系：Hwever, On the cntrary, but, Althugh+clause(从句), In spite f+n/ding,On the ne hand…,On the ther hand… Sme…,while thers…,as fr, s…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, S, Thus, Therefre, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
5.【参考范文】
AI teachers catering fr students’ persnalities can prvide students with persnalized teaching t meet their needs. China has seen rapid develpment in AI educatin in the past years. But many practical prblems shuld be slved befre its wide applicatin. Despite the advantages f AI teachers, human nes will never be replaced; instead, bth will play their jint rles in the future teaching. The functin f AI teachers – the develpment f AI teachers – the prblems f AI teachers befre wide applicatin – the rle f human teachers with the applicatin f AI teachers
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作。要求概括针对学生个性的人工智能教师能够为学生提供个性化的教学，来满足学生的需求。中国在过去几年，人工智能教育发展迅速。但是很多实际问题在其广泛应用之前需要解决。尽管人工智能教师有其优点，但是人类教师永远不会被取代。相反，二者将会在未来的教学中共同发挥作用。
写作之前要认真阅读原材料，加深理解。遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰的表明原文信息。给摘要起一个好标题，如：可以采用文中的主题句。写作过程中，注意词数在60词左右，同时使用自己的语言，不要照抄原文语句。