(新高考)高考英语一轮复习讲义第1部分 教材知识解读 选择性必修第三册 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage (含答案)

Ⅰ.认阅读单词

1．adversity n．困境；逆境

2．expedition n．探险；远征；探险队

3．endurance n．忍耐力；耐久力

4．cupboard n．橱柜；壁橱；衣柜

5．steward n．(轮船、飞机或火车上的)乘务员；服务员

6．crush vt.毁坏；压坏；压碎 n．拥挤的人群

7．stove n．炉具；厨房灶具

8．banjo n．班卓琴(乐器)

9．voyage n．& vi.航海；航行

10．navy n．海军；海军部队

11．decent adj.相当不错的；正派的；得体的

12．cosy adj.温馨的；舒适的

13．crew n．(轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人

14．rugby n．橄榄球运动

15．corporate adj.公司的；法人的；社团的

16．navigator n．领航员；(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者

17．episode n．(人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲

18．motive n．动机；原因；目的

Ⅱ.记重点单词

1．bitter adj.严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的

2．wage n．工资

3．vigour (＝vigor) n．精力；力量；活力

4．sink vi.(sank/sunk，sunk)沉没；下沉；下降 vt.使下沉；使沉没

5．abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃；遗弃

6．blanket n．毯子

7．miserable adj.痛苦的；令人难受的

8．good/bad-tempered adj.脾气好的/坏的

9．genuine adj.真正的；真诚的；可信赖的

10．furniture n．家具

11．thorough adj.深入的；彻底的；细致的

12．bark vi.& n．(狗)吠叫；吠叫声；厉声质问

13．bat n．球拍；蝙蝠 vi.& vt.用球板击球；挥打；拍打

14．damp adj.潮湿的；湿气重的

15．recreation n．娱乐；消遣；游戏

16．nephew n．侄子；外甥

17．rough adj.汹涌的；粗糙的；粗略的

18．motor n．发动机；马达 adj.有引擎的；机动车的

19．candidate n．候选人；应试者

Ⅲ.知拓展单词

1．qualified adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→qualify v．(使)具有资格；(使)合格→qualification n．资格；资历；资格证书

2．enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→enthusiastically adv.热情地→enthusiasm n．热情；热忱

3．aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)→board v．上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等)；寄宿 n．木板；董事会；伙食

4．assign vt.分派；布置；分配→assignment n．任务；作业；分配

5．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的

6．belongings n．[pl.]财物；动产→belong vi.属于；应在(某处)

7．selfish adj.自私的→selfishly adv.自私地→selfishness n．自私

8．perseverance n．毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神→persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求

9．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念→resolution n．决议；解决；坚定；决心

10．cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的→cruelly adv.残忍地；残酷地→cruelty n．残忍；残酷

11．unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地→fortunately (反) adv.幸运地→fortune n．运气；财产

12．guidance n．指导；引导；导航→guide n．导游；指南 vt.带领；引导；为……领路

13．advertising n．广告活动；广告业→advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告→advertisement n．广告；宣传

14．loyal adj.忠诚的；忠实的→loyalty n．忠诚；忠实

15．commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献→commit vt.犯(错误、罪行等) vi.& vt.(使)承担义务；(使)作出保证→committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的

Ⅳ.背核心短语

1．turn sb.down拒绝(某人)

2．make fire生火

3．give off放出(热、光、气味或气体)

4．dream of/about梦想

5．at the age of在……岁时

6．be enthusiastic about对……充满热情

7．become/be stuck in陷于

8．throw away扔掉

9．manage to do sth.设法做成某事

10．go from bad to worse每况愈下

1．mess n．凌乱

2．midnight n．午夜

3．mild adj.温和的；轻微的

4．mineral n．矿物质，矿物

5．minister n．部长；牧师

6．minority n．少数；少数民族

7．misleading adj.欺骗的；误导性的

8．mixture n．混合；混合物

1．Below are some of Blackborow’s diary entries.(全部倒装)

下面是布莱克博罗的一些日记摘录。

2．Before we abandoned the ship，Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our most essential supplies—the small boats，our food，the cook stove，candles，clothes，and blankets.(before引导的时间状语从句)

在我们弃船之前，沙克尔顿镇定地把我们召集在一起，告诉我们要抢救我们最基本的供给品——小船、食物、炉子、蜡烛、衣服和毯子。

3．How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-Lees！(as...as...)

我怎么能变得像托马斯·奥德利斯一样自私和脾气暴躁呢！

4．It will eventually lead to success as long as you persevere.(as long as 只要)

只要你坚持，最终就会成功。

5．If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve.(if引导的虚拟条件句)

要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。

请先从表格中选用本单元所学词汇完成下列短文，然后核对答案并背诵该短文。

Born in a wealthy family，my nephew，Jack，leads such a thoroughly decent and cosy life that he hardly meets with cruel adversities.He has been dreaming of an adventure since he was young.At 18，Jack 1.resolved to join an expedition advertised in the newspaper，but the leader turned him down because he thought Jack was not 2.qualified.Full of vigour，Jack never abandoned his dream for he was so 3.enthusiastic about a great voyage.At 19，he joined the navy and was assigned to be a steward with low wages.On a bitter cold day，the crew went 4.aboard a massive ship bound for Atlantic Ocean.Jack was genuine，good-tempered and loyal and he wasn’t selfish，either.He often played the banjo for recreation.So those who were on the ship all liked him.Unfortunately，one day，the motor broke down and the ship got crushed on a huge iceberg.When the ship sank，their hearts also 5.sank.At that time，the calm captain made a commitment to save them and commanded them to throw away their belongings such as stoves，blankets，bats，cupboards and other pieces of furniture.Finally，they were 6.fortunate enough to escape the ship.It was their endurance，resolution and perseverance that helped them survive.On the distant island，Jack managed to make fire with animal fat，which gave off a smelly smell and then he cooked sea animals.One month later，they were saved by a passing ship.In summary，it has been a miserable but unforgettable episode in Jack’s life.

提示：题干中加底纹词汇为本单元词汇

enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的(enthusiastically adv.热情地；热心地 enthusiasm n．热情；热忱)

(1)He is selfish and bad-tempered.Thus，he will never be enthusiastic about helping those in trouble.

(2)我不仅热情而且容易相处，这使得我能胜任报纸上所刊登的志愿者工作。(应用文写作之个人优势)

I am not only enthusiastic but also easy to get along/on with，which makes me qualified for the voluntary work advertised in the newspaper.

(3)尽管失败了几次，伯纳德和约翰仍然热情地做爆米花。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)

Bernard and John still made popcorn enthusiastically/with enthusiasm in spite of several failures.

aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)[board vt.& vi.上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等) n．木板；董事会；伙食 broad adj.宽阔的；广阔的 abroad adv.在/到国外；在/到海外]

(1)他身材高大，肩膀宽阔，留着胡子，总是满面笑容。(读后续写之外貌描写)

He is tall with broad shoulders and a beard and always wears a broad smile.

(2)得知你将去国外深造，我写信告知你一些必要的注意事项。(应用文写作之告知信)

Learning that you will go abroad for further study，I’m writing to inform you of some necessary do’s and don’ts.

(3)这对年轻夫妇一上船，他们就吃东西、说话、大笑，好像他们是这世界上仅存的人。

①The instant the young couple went aboard the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(aboard)

②The instant the young couple boarded the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(board)

envy n．& vt.羡慕；嫉妒(envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的)

(1)I am envious(envy) of you，because you are leading such a cosy and decent life.

(2)老实说，我真羡慕你获得了优秀毕业生的称号，我应该向你学习。

Honestly speaking，I do envy you getting the title of the Excellent Graduate and I should follow your example.

(3)李明不仅学得快，而且善于用逻辑思维解决难题，我十分羡慕。

Not only is Li Ming quick at learning but also he is good at solving tough problems with logical mind.I am green with envy.

abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃  n．放任；放纵(abandoned adj.被遗弃的；放纵的)

(1)He abandoned asking(ask) for his guidance，which was beyond our expectations.

(2)I abandoned myself to computer games.I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.

①Abandoning myself to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)

②Abandoned to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)

resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念(resolution n．决定；解决；决心)

(1)The steward made a resolution(resolve) to visit her relatives more often.

(2)文化遗产代表我们祖先的智慧，因此我们国家已经决定不遗余力地保护它们。(话题写作之文化遗产与保护)

Cultural relics represent the wisdom of our ancestors，so our country has resolved to spare no effort to protect them.

(3)为了解决冲突，我们应该学会多沟通，设身处地为他人着想。(话题写作之人际沟通)

To resolve conflicts，we should learn to communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.

　 How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-Lees！

我怎么能变得像托马斯·奥德利斯一样自私和脾气暴躁呢！

(1)他和我一样勤奋，因此，他已取得了和我一样多的进步。

He is as hard-working as me，so he has made as much progress as me.

(2)我们投入的时间和精力是她以前的两倍，所以我深信我们能成功。

We have devoted twice as much time and energy as she did before，so I am greatly convinced that we will succeed.

(3)在我看来，这本书没有你认为的那么有趣。

As far as I am concerned，the book is not as/so interesting as you think.

　 If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve.

要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。

(1)受邀在这里做演讲我倍感荣幸。今天我的演讲主题是“如果我是一名环卫工人”。如果我是一名环卫工人，我会让我们的城市更干净，让街上没有任何垃圾。(应用文写作之演讲稿)

I feel honored to be invited here to deliver a speech.Today the topic of my speech is “If I were a dustman”．If I were a dustman，I would make our city cleaner with no rubbish lying on the street.

(2)如果我早听从你的建议，我就会通过这场重要的考试了。

If I had followed your advice earlier，I would have passed the important exam.

(3)如果我明天看到他，我就会告诉他我在昨天举行的比赛中获得了第一名的好消息。

If I saw/were to see/should see him tomorrow，I would inform him of the good news that I ranked first in the competition held yesterday.

提示：题干中加底纹词汇为上一单元词汇

Ⅰ.一词多义练/熟词生义练——清除阅读障碍

1．rough

(1)I can’t tolerate sailing in rough sea.  A 

(2)According to a rough estimate，about fifty seals starve to death annually.  C 

(3)I don’t know how to release the pressure in such a rough time.  D 

(4)The ice on the rough road has melted and it is safe to drive on it now.  B 

(5)He is such a rough child that he doesn’t behave himself.  E 

2．快速阅读下列句子并猜测句中加黑词汇的汉语意思

(1)To my sadness，my son was abandoned to smoking and drinking.沉湎于

(2)She was sincere and genuine in her wish to make up for her former mistakes.真诚的

Ⅱ.核心知识强化练——巩固语言知识

1．My heart sank/sunk(sink) when I was informed that my moderate reforms ended up in failure.

2．When I submitted the regulations I designed to my boss，he turned me down immediately.

3. Dozens of workers are qualified(qualify) for their jobs in the international firm.

4．Our monitor is enthusiastic about creating a harmonious campus and he often launches some campaigns to promote it.

5．These policies will be abandoned(abandon) because of financial problems next year.

6．We have resolved to reduce(reduce) our carbon footprint by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.

7．Fortunately(fortunate)，I succeeded in seizing this precious chance to be a volunteer in the activity.

8．I promise that I will be loyal to the enterprise and I will never quit my job.

9．Riding bicycles benefits the environmental conservation because they won’t give off waste gas.

10．The enterprises have thoroughly(thorough) implemented what they have promised to the public.

Ⅰ.单句写作——应用文增分练

话题写作之人际交往

1．以下是我最近一直在经历的事情。(全部倒装)

Below is what I have been experiencing recently.

2．我一直和我的同学相处得不好，我不知道如何和他们一样热情地交流。(as...as)

I have been getting on/along badly with my classmates and I don’t know how to communicate as enthusiastically as they do.

3．在我的老师帮助我之前，我一直茫然失措。(before引导的时间状语从句)

Before my teachers help me，I have been at a loss.

4．我亲爱的老师们一直告诉我：“只要你足够自信，抓住每个和别人聊天的机会，你就可以改变这种情况。”(as long as)

My dear teachers keep telling me，“As long as you are confident enough and grasp every chance to chat with others，you can transform the situation.”

5．如果老师们没有帮助我，我就不会和我的同学做朋友。(if引导的虚拟条件句)

If the teachers hadn’t given me a hand，I wouldn’t have made friends with my classmates.

Ⅱ.微型写作——续写提能练

教材续写语料

1．情感描写

cosy adj.温馨的；舒适的

miserable adj.痛苦的；令人难受的→miserably adv.痛苦地

good/bad-tempered adj.脾气好的/坏的

genuine adj.真正的；真诚的；可信赖的

bitter adj.严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的→bitterly adv.伤心地；愤恨地；极其

enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的

envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的

selfish adj.自私的

cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的

loyal adj.忠诚的；忠实的

commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献→committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的

2．动作描写

sink vi.沉没；下沉；下降 vt.使下沉；使沉没

abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃；遗弃

bark vi.& n．(狗)吠叫；吠叫声；厉声质问

resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难)

续写语料运用

请从以上语料中选择合适的词汇，并用适当的过渡词完成以下语段。

得知儿子汤姆沉溺于电脑游戏，妈妈的心一沉，接着伤心地哭了起来。接着，她勃然大怒，厉声质问汤姆，“你一直都是一个脾气好、真诚、热情、忠诚的孩子。其他人都羡慕你。”汤姆痛苦地抽泣道：“我不知道如何解决上次考试彻底失败的问题。”听到这里，妈妈冲向汤姆，把他揽入怀中，拍着他的后背，喃喃细语道：“只要你致力于学习你会取得巨大进步的。”

Learning that her son，Tom，was abandoned to computer games，the mother’s heart sank and then wept bitterly.Then，she exploded with anger and barked questions at Tom，“You are always a good-tempered，genuine，enthusiastic and loyal boy.Others envy you.” Tom sobbed miserably，“I don’t know how to resolve the complete failure in the last exam.” Hearing this，the mother hurried to Tom，gathered him into her arms and patted him on the back，murmuring，“As long as you are committed to your study you can make much more progress.”