2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十五 语法填空
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2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题十五 语法填空
命题规律:
1.从选材的角度看,2020年新高考I卷及近年课标卷语篇型填空所选文章主要为说明文和记叙文,题目难度适中,区分度较好。主题语境涵盖了课程标准列举的人与自我、人与社会和人与自然三大主题语境。
2.从命题的角度看,语篇型填空设题分为有提示词和无提示词两种,以考查词性转换、谓语动词、非谓语动词、连词和各类复合句为主,兼顾形容词和副词的比较等级、名词的数、介词、冠词的考查,突出对重点语法和易错语法点的考查。
命题趋势:
1.语篇型填空考查难度相对稳定,考点设置将继续涵盖词汇、语法规则、构词法、逻辑理解等方面。设空方式仍将为有提示词和无提示词两种。
2.语篇型填空有提示词类的题目仍将占较大比例,其中谓语动词、非谓语动词和词性转换仍将为考查重点;无提示词类的题目将重点考查连词、各类主从复合句的引导词、介词冠词等考生在语言运用中容易出错的点。
第1讲 解题步骤
一、通读全文,理解大意
二、由易到难,突破难点
三、复读检查,修正错误
第2讲 考点分类突破
一、考查词性的变化
1 分析句子结构,确定句子成分
1)形容词和副词的转化——修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,做状语——使用副词。
2)名词与形容词的转化——表示事物的性质或状态,作表语——使用形容词。
3)动词与名词的转化——在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后,做主语或宾语——使用名词。
2 根据构词法和逻辑关系确定答案
例1:
Jane knew from the past experience that her (choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.
解析:
设空处在从句中作主语,应用名词或动名词,而空后又有of短语作定语,所以填 choice。
答案:choice
例2:
I'm (true)sorry that I can't accompany you to the bookstore next Monday.
解析:
sorry在句中为形容词,要用true的副词形式来修饰,所以填truly。
答案: truly
例3:
There is no doubt that doing exercise is of great (important)
解析:
本题考查“be+of+抽象名词”结构。be of importance = be important,所以填 importance。
答案: importance
二、考查谓语动词的曲折变化
1看结构:根据句子结构判断是否考查谓语动词。若句中没有别的谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词。
2定语态:根据语境和动词的用法确定使用主动语态还是被动语态。
3定时态:根据时间状语或上下文确定具体时态。
4看主谓一致:根据主语确定谓语动词的适当形式。
5注意特殊句式(祈使句使用动词原形)
例4:
In Logan,three people (take)to a hospital while others were treated at a local clinic.
解析:根据下文中的 were treated(一般过去时的被动语态)可知,此空需用一般过去时。根据题意可知,此空还需用被动语态,主语为 three people,故答案为 were taken。
答案: were taken
例5:
At that time,soda pop was sold in bottles,and they were washed and (fill)again。
解析:分析句子结构可知,主语they与fill之间为被动关系,设空处前已经有了be动词were,故设空处应填 filled。
答案:filled
例6
My mother often said to me," ( work)hard if you want to make more progress in your study.
解析:根据直接引语中的句意和句子结构可判断,if从句前为祈使句,所以填动词原形Work。
答案:Work
三、考查非谓语动词的曲折变化
1 判断使用非谓语动词——句中已有谓语,且设空处不作并列谓语
2 确定非谓语动词的形式
(1)根据句子成分判断
1)作目的状语——不定式
2)作结果状语——现在分词或不定式
3)作原因、伴随、时间等状语:与句子主语构成主动关系——现在分词
;与句子主语构成被动关系——过去分词。
4)作主语或宾语——动名词或不定式
5)作定语:与被修饰词构成主动关系——现在分词或不定式;与被修饰词构成被动关系——过去分词。
6)作宾语补足语:与句子宾语构成主动关系——现在分词或不定式
;与句子宾语构成被动关系——过去分词。
(2)根据动词的特点判断:
1)enjoy,finish等动词的宾语常用动名词。
2)decide,refuse等动词的宾语常用不定式。
3)remember,forget等动词的宾语使用动名词和不定式的意义不同。
3 注意固定搭配或固定句型——have difficulty in doing sth., be busy doing sth., it's no use/good doing sth., spend…doing sth等。
例7:
When I was a young boy about 8 years old,my younger sister and I got the idea to buy something for my mother for Mother's Day. Money was hard (make)
解析:
设空处所在的句子结构完整,根据句子结构可判断空格处作状语,be+表示难、易、好、坏等的形容词时,后面用不定式的主动形式作状语,故答案为 to make。
答案: to make
例8: It rained heavily in the south, (cause)serious flooding in several provinces.
解析: cause与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系,故使用现在分词 causing作结果状语。
答案:causing。
例9:
The dictionary (sell)in the bookstore is very popular among student.
解析:分析句子结构可知,空格处作 dictionary的后置定语,sell与被修饰的名词 dictionary构成被动关系,所以填sell的过去分词sold。
答案:sold
四、考查词“数”的变化
名词的数:
(1)根据many, several, one of… 等信息词确定。
(2)根据句意确定。
例10:
It's reported that a great many (zoo)will be built all over the count.
解析:根据空格前的信息词 a great many可判断空格处应使用复数名词,所以填zoos。
答案:zoos
例11:
As far as I know,one of the (novel)you gave him the other day is very interesting。
解析:根据空格前的信息词 one of可判断空格处应使用复数名词,所以填 novels。答案:novels
五、考查词“级”的变化
形容词或副词的比较等级
(1)根据信息词than,most等确定比较级或最高级
(2)根据语境确定比较级或最高级
例12:
The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could…He jumped even (hard)and finally made himself out.
解析:联系前句,又有even(更加)的提示,可知设空处用比较级,故答案为 harder。
答案: harder
例13:
The higher you stand,the (far)you will see.
解析:本题考查“the+比较级…,the+比较级,"句式。故空格处用far的比较级形式,即 farther。
答案:farther
六、考查词“格”的变化
代词的转化:
(1)作定语——使用形容词性物主代词
(2)作主语一一使用主格或名词性物主代词
(3)作宾语——使用宾格、名词性物主代词或反身代词
例14:
Tom's English is good in our class,but (I) is much better than his.
解析:
分析句子结构可知,空格处作主语,意为“我的英语”,应使用I的名词性物主代词,所以填mine。
答案:mine 。
例15:
At that time,I tried my best to make (me) understood by all my friends。解析:分析句子结构可知,空格处作make的宾语,故填me的反身代词 myself。答案:myself。
第3讲:无提示词的语篇型填空题的解题技巧
一、考查代词
1形式主语或形式宾语——it
2代替上文提到的单数名词或不可数名词——it
例1:
When stresses throw your nervous system out of balance,relaxation techniques can bring back into a balanced state。
解析:根据语境可知,此处应用it指代上文的your nervous system。
答案:it。
例2:The two girls are so alike that strangers find difficult to tell one from the other.
解析:句意:这两个女孩长得如此相像以至于陌生人很难把她们区分开。在so...that引导的结果状语从句中,谓语动词find的真正宾语是 to tell one from the other,所以空格处为形式宾语,故使用it。
答案:it。
二、考查冠词和介词
1 冠词:
a或an 表示泛指;与序数词连用表示“又一,再一”
the 表示特指;与序数词连用表示顺序
2 介词
1)空格后为名词、动名词或what从句,且不作主语或动词的宾语
2)空格前为动词且空格后为名词或动名词
3)根据语境或固定搭配确定使用介词
例3:
In order to find a better job,he decided to study second foreign language.
解析:句意:为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定再学习一门外语。在“不定冠词+序数词+名词”结构中,不定冠词与序数词连用表示“又一,再一”;而在“定冠词+序数词+名词”结构中,定冠词与序数词连用表示顺序。根据句意及上述用法且 second以辅音音素开头可确定答案为a。
答案:at。
例4:
The only reason why a man would sell his house a lower price would be that he needed money badly.
解析:
a lower price在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语,故应为介词的宾语,根据习惯搭配可知用介词at。
答案:at
例5:
Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.
解析:句意:吉姆太累了,背靠一棵大树很快就进入梦乡了。表示“靠着,倚着”应使用介词 against。
答案:against。
三、考查并列连词和复合句
并列连词:and, but, yet, or, so, for等
复合句:
1 定语从句
1)关系副词——when, where, why
2)关系代词——that, which, who, whom, whose
2 名词性从句
1)that, if, whether
2)连接代词——what, whom,who, which等
3)连接副词——when, where, how, why, however等
3 状语从句
1)表条件——if, unless
2)表让步——though, although
3)表原因——because, as, since
4)表结果——so…that…,such…that…
5)表时间——when, while, as, before, after, since, until
例6:
I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in two day I was to return to Guangzhou解析:
根据语境和空格前后的逻辑关系可知,“参观这个城市尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前,故填before。
答案:before。
例7:
As a matter of fact,Tom didn't like the present, was given by his father.
解析:
分析句子结构并结合语境可判断此处考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为 present,指“物”,且关系词在从句中作主语,所以应用关系代词 which。
答案:which。
例8:
Behind him were other people to he was trying to talk.
解析:
分析句子结构可知,此处应填一个定语从句的关系词,先行词是 people,关系词指人且作介词to的宾语,故应用关系代词whom。
答案:whom。
例9:
Actually,what I want to stress is we should take immediate measures to protect the environment.
解析:考查表语从句。表语从句的结构和意义均完整,所以填that。
答案:that。
实战演练:
COVID-19 is a new 1 (ill) and scientists are still studying the best ways to control it. Defeating COVID-19, 2 , is not only the job of scientists and doctors. People have an important role to play in the battle. The best way to help prevent the virus 3 (spread) is by protecting yourself and staying healthy.
Scientists are now sure that COVID-19 is passed between people through coughing and sneezing. The virus travels through the air and can be breathed in by people nearby. It may also land 4 surfaces of tables or chairs. If these surfaces 5 (touch), the virus may be on your hands. Touching your eyes or mouth with 6 (wash) hands can let the virus enter your body.
. 7 (protect) yourself and others, wear a mask at all times when out in public. This stops healthy people from breathing in COVID-19 and 8 (reduce) the amount of the virus ill people send into the air. Most importantly, wash your hands carefully and frequently, especially 9 you are outside your home.
COVID-19 is undoubtedly a serious social challenge, but if we all contribute and behave 10 (responsible), it is one that we can overcome.
答案解析:
本文为说明文,主题语境是人与社会。新型冠状病毒肺炎是一种新的疾病,现在被正式命名为COVID-19,科学家们仍在研究控制它的最佳方法。文章介绍了一些有助于预防病毒传播的方法。
1.illness 考查名词。根据a new可知,此处应用单数名词illness,表示“疾病”,故填 illness。
2. however 考查副词。句意:然而,击败COVID-19不仅仅是科学家和医生的工作。结合语境可知,此处上下文构成转折关系,故填副词 however。
3. spreading 考查非谓语动词。固定短语 prevent…(from)doing sth.意为“阻止……做某事”,介词from后跟动名词作宾语,from可以省略。因 the virus和 spread为逻辑上的主动关系,故填 spreading。
4. on考查介词。land on为固定搭配,意为"降落在……上"。
5. are touched考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。本句中主语 these surfaces与动词 touch构成被动关系。故用被动语态,描述客观事实用一般现在时,又因为主语为 these surfaces,谓语动词应用复数形式,故填are touched。
6. unwashed考查形容词。修饰名词 hands且表示“未洗的”应用形容词 unwashed 。7. To protect 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处应用不定式作目的状语,且句首字母要大写,故填 To protect。
8. reduces 考查主谓一致。此处and连接两个并列谓语,根据上文 This stops healthy people from breathing in COVID-19可知,此处应用一般现在时,且主语为This,谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式,故填 reduces.
9. when考查时间状语从句。句意:最重要的是,要仔细地并经常洗手,尤其是当你出门在外的时候。此处引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”,故应用
when。
10. responsibly考查副词。修饰动词 behave应用副词 responsibly,表示“负责地”。
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