2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题七 动词的非谓语形式

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2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题七 动词的非谓语形式
命题规律：2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中对非谓语动词用法的考查比较全面，各种功能用法均有所涉及，主要考查非谓语动词作状语、宾语、定语的用法。

命题趋势： 1. 高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，而且对非谓语作宾语、状语、定语的考查仍会是考查重点。
2. 非谓语动词作补语可能会成为未来高考的一个难点。

一、非谓语动词的概述
1. 非谓语动词的形式


主动形式
被动形式
肯定句
不定式
to do, to be doing,
to have done,
to have been doing
to be done,
to have been done
v-ing形式
doing, having done
being done,
having been done
过去分词

done
否定句
以上形式前加not,如: not to do, not doing, not to be done, not having done
复合
结构
动名词
名词所有格、形容词性物主代词+动名词
不定式
for sb./sth. to do





2. 非谓语动词的句法功能

主语
宾语
补语
表语
定语
状语
不定式
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
动名词
✔
✔

✔
✔

分词


✔
✔
✔
✔

练习：
写出句中黑体部分在句中所作的成分
1、Being able to have access to digital payment is such a convenience for us in the modern age.
2、Our parents tell us that they miss the age when they swam catching fish in the pond of their village.
3、 Faced with much trouble，President Xi Jinping is making great efforts to lead us to a harmonious dream.
4、When I came in，the crying boy pretended to be sleeping on the sofa.
5、With the 5G are coming，we should prepare ourselves for the rapidly developing society.
6、The new Gaokao reform can make every teenager feel pretty ambitious for an ideal future.
7、After being overcome，the trouble seems like such a tiny stone.
8、Embarrassed and shameful，the little Japanese slipped quickly into the
crowd.
9、To be admitted by a key university，every teenager is managing to fulfill his
tasks.
10、Ma Yun having retired from Alibaba，many staff members are trying to adapt to the new work atmosphere.

答案:
1、主语
2、伴随状语
3、时间状语
4、宾语
5、宾语补足语
6、宾语补足语
7、宾语
8、伴随状语
9、目的状语
10、独立主格结构作状语

二、非谓语动词作宾语

1. 下列动词一般用不定式作宾语
口诀
解释
例句
决心学会想希望
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.我们约好了在此地见面，但是她到现
在还没有露面。
拒绝设法愿假装
refuse, manage, care
, pretend
主动答应选计划
offer, promise choose, plan
同意请求帮一帮
agree, ask/beg, help
此外，afford, strive, happen(碰巧)， wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。

2. 下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语
口诀
对应动词（词组）
例句
考虑建议盼原谅
consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/
pardon
The squirrels were lucky that they just missed being caught.松鼠们很幸运没有被抓住。
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
我对你今天下午回电话表示感谢。
I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.我几乎不能想象彼得在五天之内横渡大西洋。
He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
承认推迟没得想
admit，delay/put off，fancy（想象，设想）
避免错过继续练
avoid，miss，keep/
keep on，practice
否认完成就欣赏
deny，finish，enjoy/
appreciate
禁止想象才冒险
forbid，imagine，risk
不禁介意准逃亡
can't help，mind，allow/permit，escape

注意： allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作窦语，则用不定式作宾补。
搭配：
allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider+ doing sth.(动名词作宾语)/sb. to do sth(不定式作宾补)
例句：We don't allow smoking in the hall.我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。
Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke over there.
这里禁止吸烟，但你可以去那里吸。

3. 作介词的宾语
无论是普通介词还是含介词的动词短语，一般情况下要用动名词作宾语。
例：
If you insist on doing something，do it every day.
如果你坚持做某件事，那就每天做。
注意：
to既可以作介词，又可以作不定式符号，因此要牢记含介词to的常用短语。
to作介词的短语（to后+doing）：
be used to（习惯于）
be accustomed to（习惯于）
be opposed to（反对）
object to（反对）
lead to（导致）
be devoted to（献身于）
come close to（差点）
stick to（坚持，坚守）
get down to（开始）
pay attention to（注意）
reduce sb./sth.to（使沦落）
例：
He is used to getting up early.
他习惯了很早起床。
Heart failure can sometimes lead to being killed.
心力衰竭有时可能会导致死亡。
I was so angry that I came close to hitting him.
我如此生气以至于差点儿打他。
He was reduced to begging in the streets.
他沦落到沿街乞讨。

4. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
1）remember
+to do sth.记着要做某事（do后于remember）
+doing sth.记得做过某事（do先于remember）
例：
Remember to lock the door.
记得锁门。
I remember locking the door.
我记得把门锁上了。
2）forget
+to do sth.忘记要做某事（do后于forget）
+doing sth.忘记做过某事（do先于forget）
3) regret
+to say/tell/inform...遗憾地说/告诉/通知……（say/tell/inform后于regret）
+doing sth.后悔做过某事（do先于regret）
4）stop
+to do sth.停下来做另外一件事
+doing sth.停下正在做的事
例：
I stopped digging and looked at him.我停止挖，看着他。
He stopped to look at him.他停下来看着他。
5）try
+to do sth.尽力做某事
+doing sth.试着做某事
例：
Try doing more exercise and you will lose weight.
试着多运动，你就会减肥了。
I will try to improve my habit.
我将尽力改进我的习惯。
6）mean
+to do sth.打算做某事
+doing sth.意味着做某事
例：
Raising salary means increasing purchasing power.
涨工资意味着提高购买力。
He didn't mean to hurt you.
他并没打算伤害你。
7）can’t help
+to do sth.不能帮助做某事
+doing sth.情不自禁做某事
例：
She couldn't help bursting into tears.
她禁不住突然大哭起来。
That can't help to improve your English.
那对你提高英语水平没有帮助。

5. 有些动词既可以用动名词也可用不定式作宾语，但用法不同。
1）sb. need (s) / want (s) + to do sth
sth. need (s) / want (s) + doing/ to be done
例：
He needs to leave at once.
他需要立即离开。
The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.
这扇窗户需要擦一下。
2) sth. require (s) + doing/ to be done
3) deserve + doing/ to be done
4) be worthy + to be done/ of being done
5) be worth doing
例：
The place is worth visiting.
= The place is worthy to be visited.
= The place is worthy of being visited.
这个地方值得参观。

6. 动词不定式在连词but后面时，如果连词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么连词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。
例：
1、We could do nothing but wait.
= We had nothing to do but wait.
我们除了等待，什么也做不了。
2、We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待，别无选择。

练习：用所给词的适当形式填空
1、I don’t know whether you happen (hear), but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
2、The discovery of new evidence led to the thief (catch).
3、The man insisted on (find) a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
4、According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week (watch) TV.
5、Isn't it time you got down to (mark) the papers?
6、Oh, my god, I didn't mean (hurt) him! I am so sorry now.
7、My new house needs (decorate), for we will marry next year.
8、You deserve (shoulder) such an annoying result because of your carelessness.
9、The poor boy can do nothing but (study) hard.
10、I regret (state) that you are all late for the meeting.
11、We are determined (fulfill) our dream that we will go to Peking University for further study.
12、We have to admit (make) a serious error before, for we are far behind at present.
13、Any country can't escape (punish) if it attempts to destroy the interests of other countries.
14、When at school, teachers are sure to forbid us (go) out to the downtown alone.
15、Don't mention it any more! As you know, we have already been accustomed
to (live) in the school dormitory.
16、Now, it not only devotes itself to (sell) books, but combines the functions of the bookstore, café and the sale of creative cultural products.
17、But if you do find it difficult (fall) asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to build up healthy sleepiness in the evening.
18、Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty (determine) "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" says Julie from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
19、It is a part of (become) an independent man.
20、In my mind, they' re helping us to become calm and consider (win) and solving real problems as well.

答案：
1.to have heard
2.being caught
3.finding
4.watching
5.marking
6.to hurt
7.to be decorated/decorating
8.shouldering/to shoulder
9.study
10.to state
11.to fulfill
12.having made
13.being punished/punishment
14.to go
15.living
16.selling
17.to fall
18.determining
19.becoming
20.winning

三、非谓语动词作定语

1. 不定式作定语
1）当名词被序数词或the only，the right等修饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不定式主动形式作定语。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
He was the only one to survive the plane crash.
他是这次飞机失事中唯一的幸存者。
2）有些名词的同源动词常跟不定式作宾语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：wish，decision，refusal，arrangement，intention，agreement，hope，need，plan，promise，failure，attempt，offer，warning等。
例句：
1、I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.
我不相信他来访的诺言。
= He promised to come for a visit.
2、He said he had no plans to go there.
他说他没有要去那里的计划。
= He didn't plan to go there.
3、He made an attempt to stand up.
他试图站起来。
= He attempted to stand up.
3）有些名词的同源形容词常跟不定式作状语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：ability，anxiety，eagerness，willingness，readiness，patience，obligation，determination等。
例句：
His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious.
很明显他急于回家。
vs
He was eager to get back home.
他急于回家。
A good teacher must have the ability to make himself understood.
一个好教师必须有把自己的知识讲明白的能力。
vs
He is able to make himself understood.
他有能力把自己的知识讲明白。
4）有些名词常用不定式作定语说明其内容，它们是：chance，opportunity，reason，way，effort，measure，movement，power，right，skill，strength，struggle，idea等不定式可以换成of + doing。
例：
He has a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting.
He has a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
他有一个奇怪的方法使他的课既生动又有趣。
5）中心词是作定语的不定式的动作的执行者，动词不定式所表示的动作一般后于谓语动词或在将来发生。
He had no photographs to remind him of the past.
他没有照片来使他回顾过去的事情。（remind后于had）
Is there anybody to carry on the work？
有人要继续这项工作吗？（to carry on表示将来）
6）have sth. to do与have sth. to be done的区别
相同处：
都有“有…要做”的意思，不定式必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
区别：
1）have sth.to do句型中，to do的执行者是句子的主语。
例：
I have a letter to post，so I can't go swimming with you.
我有一封信要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳。
She has a lot of things to attend to.
她有许多事情要处理。
2）have sth.to be done句型中，to be done的执行者不是主语而是另有其人。
例：
I have a letter to be posted. Can you help me？
我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？
“Do you have any clothes to be washed？”asked the maid.
女仆问：“您有衣服要洗吗？”
注意：
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。
例：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
Do you have a cup to drink water with？
你有用来喝水的杯子吗？

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
例：
He had no place to live.
他没有地方住。

练习：
1、They made a decision (put) off the meeting until next week.
2、There is no need (build) a dam on the small river.
3、Her eagerness (work) will please the boss.
4、I want to buy a brush to paint .

答案：
1、to put
2、to build
3、to work
4、with

2. 分词作定语
1）及物动词分词形式作定语
形式
用法
例句
v.ing
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系，v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征
I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更动人的电影了。
being done
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。
done
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系，表示动作已经完成或表状态
“Things lost never come again！”I couldn't help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语道：“失去的东西不会再来！”

2）不及物动词分词形式作定语
v.ing 表示动作正在进行
过去分词 表示动作已经完成
例：
boiling water正沸腾的水 vs boiled water白开水
falling leaves正在下落的叶子 vs fallen leaves落叶
developing countries发展中国家 vs developed countries发达国家
3）英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”，过去分词形式表示“感到……的”。
an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 vs an excited voice兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 vs a puzzled expression困惑的表情

3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的用途。
例：
a fishing net渔网（= a net for fishing）
a swimming pool游泳池（=a pool for swimming）

4. to be done, being done和done作定语的区别
to be done 表被动、将来
例：
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
being done 表被动、正在进行
例：
Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.
听！正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
done 表被动、完成
例：Have you read the novel written by Dickens？
你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？

练习：
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1、There are still many problems （solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
2、1 am fond of the plan (go) on a trip to Hainan next month.
3、The flowers (smell) sweet in the botanic garden attract visitors to the beauty of nature.
4、Designated a "City of Design" by UNESCO in 2008, Shenzhen was the first city in China (present) an official strategy around creative development.
5、However, our discussions are more than just a way (practice) our debating skills.
6、I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train (catch)
7、 It's (amaze) news that we will go on a research course next weekend.
8、 The fellow (treat) by doctors is exactly my cousin.
9、 It's necessary to drink (boil) water every day, but few people can drink up (boil) water in one minute
10、Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
11、 Actually, it is quite normal for the average person (live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day.
12、During the XXIV Olympic Winter Games which will be held by Beijing in 2022，there will be quantities of people （watch）the sports events.
13、There is a note pinned to the door （say）when the supermarket will open again.
14、Online，many of them argued that the show's （delay）transmission broke their children's concept of punctuality，and also criticized the non-commercial TV show for surrendering to commercial advertisements.
15.Over 2，000 delegates（代表） （choose）from a group of around 89 million party members across the nation will attend the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
16.The Xiong'an New Area， （locate）to the southwest of Beijing，covers an area of about 2，000 square kilometers.

答案：
1、to be solved
2、to go
3、smelling
4、to present
5、to practice
6、to catch
7、amazing
8、being treated
9、boiled；boiling
10、designed
11、living
12、watching
13、saying
14、delayed
15、chosen
16、located

四、非谓语动词作主语、表语

1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别
1）不定式：表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。
常见表达：
It+be+名词 to do sth
It takes/took sb.+some time to do sth
It be difficult/easy/importantv/ impossible/necessary…+for sb. to do sth
It+be+careless/clever/foolish/honest/ kind/lazy/silly/stupid/wise...+of sb. to do sth
例：
Your task today is to wash the curtains.
你今天的任务是洗窗帘。
2）动名词：多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为
常见表达：
It is/was + no use/good + doing sth
It is/was + not any use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + of little use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + worth+ doing sth
例：
His favorite sport is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。

4.现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
1）现在分词表特征，意为“令人……的”
例：The film is exciting.
这部电影激动人心。
2）过去分词表心理状态，意为“（人）感到……的”
例：He was excited at the news.
听到这则消息，他激动不已。

5. 非谓语动词作remain的表语
主语+remain done doing/done意为：仍然是（remain = be still…）
主语+remain be done意为：仍需被做
例：
She remained standing（= was still standing）though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
The true author of the book remains unknown（= is still unknown）
这本书真正的作者依然不详。
Much remains to be done.许多事仍需去做。

练习：
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1、It is no use （cry）over spilt milk.
2、First of all， （become）aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress.
3、We take care of patients of all ages. There is no type of injury，medical or surgical condition that we are not （equip）to care for.
4、A life burdened with work leads you nowhere，for you will get tired and （bore）with your daily routine work.
5、As well as the weather，the relaxing atmosphere and nightlife are very （appeal）.
6、___（use） mobile phones for too long tends to make us passive and ignore physical exercise，which will cause obesity and poor eyesight.
7、His new idea was （make）the shell shape on the roof into the shape of a ball.
8、They may feel （leave）out.
9、The robot is （equip）with speakers，microphones and cameras，which makes communication easier.
答案：
1、crying
2、becoming
3、equipped
4、bored
5、appealing
6、Using
7、to make
8、left
9、equipped

五、非谓语动词作状语

1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则
不定式、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，即不定式、分词作状语，必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系，否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。

2. 不定式作状语
1）不定式作目的状语

形式
位置
例句
to+动词原形
句首，句中
In order to/To make a study of kangaroos，he went to Australia.
为了研究袋鼠，他去了澳大利亚。
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year so as to/in order to/to visit her.
她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
in order to+动词原形
句首，句中
so as to+动词原形
句中

2）不定式作结果状语

形式
意思
例句
to+动词原形
结果……
What have I done to offend you？
我做什么了结果把你冒犯了？
only to
+动词原形
结果却……（表示意外的或事与愿违的结果）
Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.
简匆忙赶回来，结果却发现她的母亲已经离开了。
so+形容词
或副词+as to+
动词原形
如此……以至于
I'm not so stupid（a fool）as to write it down.
我不至于愚蠢到把它写下来。
such+名词+as
to+动词原形
如此……以至于
It was such a loud noise as to wake everyone in the house.
声音很大，屋里的所有人都被吵醒了。
…enough to+
动词原形
足够……能……
He is old enough to join the army.
他足够大，可以参军了。
too...to+
动词原形
太……而不能……
I'm too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。

3）不定式作原因状语
用法：形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。
常用词：happy, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, pleased
例：
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。
4）不定式的主动形式表被动意义
用法：在“主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
常用词：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting , pleasant, nice , comfortable, safe, dangerous
例：This question is easy to answer.
这个问题容易回答。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。

3.分词作状语时其形式的选择
1)分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式
意义
v.ing(doing)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
having+v.ed
(having done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词动作发生
v.ed
(done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
being+v.ed
(being done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同时发生
having been +v.ed
(having been done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生

2）分词作状语的句法功能
句法功能
例句
时间状语
When offered help，one often says"Thank you"or"It's kind of you".
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说"Thank you"或"It's kind of you".
原因状语
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.
和其他大陆分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的
国家都找不到的动植物。
条件状语
Generally speaking，if taken according to the instructions，the drug has no side effects.一股来说，如果按照用法说明服用，这种药没有副作用。
结果状语
He glanced at her，noticing that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她，注意到她虽然很纤弱，但看起来非常健康。
让步状语
Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
伴随状语
The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.
老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。

4. 独立成分作状语
定义：有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分。
常见独立成分：generally speaking一般来说
frankly speaking坦白地说
judging from/by… 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到…….
to tell you the truth说实话
compared to/with与……相比

5. 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，并在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。
构成：
①名词/代词+分词；
②名词/代词+不定式；
③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
例：
The test finished（= When the test was finished），we began our holiday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
The president assassinated（= Because the president was assassinated），the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在深深的悲痛之中。
Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，我们打算明天去看你。
I stood before her with my heart beating fast.
我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。
练习：
1. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find) it didn't fit.
2. Clearly and thoughtfully (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek answers of their own.
3. Group activities will be organized after class (help) children develop team spirit.
4. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears maturer than those of her age.
5. The lecture (give ), a lively question-and-answer session followed.
6. Here are some tips to help you in managing stress over exam... It's a good idea to talk to your classmates and teachers (share) fears.
7. (host ) by the Jinan Municipal People's Government, the Jinan winter swimming race has been held for seven successive years.
8. And it made me think that maybe I need to set time aside (tell) the people in my life how much I appreciate what they did.
9. On the other side, many Chinese systems have been created (earn) money.
10. Throughout Sandra's life, she had to move between cities, never (allow) her much time to get settled in one place.
答案：
1.to find
2.written
3.to help
4.Having spent
5.having been given
6.to share
7.Hosted
8.to tell
9.to earn
10.allowing