2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪专题七动词的非谓语形式

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪专题七动词的非谓语形式，共23页。试卷主要包含了 作介词的宾语，study，t state等内容，欢迎下载使用。


命题趋势： 1. 高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，而且对非谓语作宾语、状语、定语的考查仍会是考查重点。
2. 非谓语动词作补语可能会成为未来高考的一个难点。
一、非谓语动词的概述
1. 非谓语动词的形式
2. 非谓语动词的句法功能
练习：
写出句中黑体部分在句中所作的成分
1、Being able t have access t digital payment is such a cnvenience fr us in the mdern age.
2、Our parents tell us that they miss the age when they swam catching fish in the pnd f their village.
3、 Faced with much truble，President Xi Jinping is making great effrts t lead us t a harmnius dream.
4、When I came in，the crying by pretended t be sleeping n the sfa.
5、With the 5G are cming，we shuld prepare urselves fr the rapidly develping sciety.
6、The new Gaka refrm can make every teenager feel pretty ambitius fr an ideal future.
7、After being vercme，the truble seems like such a tiny stne.
8、Embarrassed and shameful，the little Japanese slipped quickly int the
crwd.
9、T be admitted by a key university，every teenager is managing t fulfill his
tasks.
10、Ma Yun having retired frm Alibaba，many staff members are trying t adapt t the new wrk atmsphere.
答案:
1、主语
2、伴随状语
3、时间状语
4、宾语
5、宾语补足语
6、宾语补足语
7、宾语
8、伴随状语
9、目的状语
10、独立主格结构作状语
二、非谓语动词作宾语
1. 下列动词一般用不定式作宾语
此外，affrd, strive, happen(碰巧)， wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
2. 下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语
注意： allw，permit，frbid，advise，cnsider后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作窦语，则用不定式作宾补。
搭配：
allw/ permit/ frbid/ advise/ cnsider+ ding sth.(动名词作宾语)/sb. t d sth(不定式作宾补)
例句：We dn't allw smking in the hall.我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。
Smking is frbidden here but yu are allwed t smke ver there.
这里禁止吸烟，但你可以去那里吸。
3. 作介词的宾语
无论是普通介词还是含介词的动词短语，一般情况下要用动名词作宾语。
例：
If yu insist n ding smething，d it every day.
如果你坚持做某件事，那就每天做。
注意：
t既可以作介词，又可以作不定式符号，因此要牢记含介词t的常用短语。
t作介词的短语（t后+ding）：
be used t（习惯于）
be accustmed t（习惯于）
be ppsed t（反对）
bject t（反对）
lead t（导致）
be devted t（献身于）
cme clse t（差点）
stick t（坚持，坚守）
get dwn t（开始）
pay attentin t（注意）
reduce sb./sth.t（使沦落）
例：
He is used t getting up early.
他习惯了很早起床。
Heart failure can smetimes lead t being killed.
心力衰竭有时可能会导致死亡。
I was s angry that I came clse t hitting him.
我如此生气以至于差点儿打他。
He was reduced t begging in the streets.
他沦落到沿街乞讨。
4. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
1）remember
+t d sth.记着要做某事（d后于remember）
+ding sth.记得做过某事（d先于remember）
例：
Remember t lck the dr.
记得锁门。
I remember lcking the dr.
我记得把门锁上了。
2）frget
+t d sth.忘记要做某事（d后于frget）
+ding sth.忘记做过某事（d先于frget）
3) regret
+t say/tell/infrm...遗憾地说/告诉/通知……（say/tell/infrm后于regret）
+ding sth.后悔做过某事（d先于regret）
4）stp
+t d sth.停下来做另外一件事
+ding sth.停下正在做的事
例：
I stpped digging and lked at him.我停止挖，看着他。
He stpped t lk at him.他停下来看着他。
5）try
+t d sth.尽力做某事
+ding sth.试着做某事
例：
Try ding mre exercise and yu will lse weight.
试着多运动，你就会减肥了。
I will try t imprve my habit.
我将尽力改进我的习惯。
6）mean
+t d sth.打算做某事
+ding sth.意味着做某事
例：
Raising salary means increasing purchasing pwer.
涨工资意味着提高购买力。
He didn't mean t hurt yu.
他并没打算伤害你。
7）can’t help
+t d sth.不能帮助做某事
+ding sth.情不自禁做某事
例：
She culdn't help bursting int tears.
她禁不住突然大哭起来。
That can't help t imprve yur English.
那对你提高英语水平没有帮助。
5. 有些动词既可以用动名词也可用不定式作宾语，但用法不同。
1）sb. need (s) / want (s) + t d sth
sth. need (s) / want (s) + ding/ t be dne
例：
He needs t leave at nce.
他需要立即离开。
The windw needs cleaning/t be cleaned.
这扇窗户需要擦一下。
2) sth. require (s) + ding/ t be dne
3) deserve + ding/ t be dne
4) be wrthy + t be dne/ f being dne
5) be wrth ding
例：
The place is wrth visiting.
= The place is wrthy t be visited.
= The place is wrthy f being visited.
这个地方值得参观。
6. 动词不定式在连词but后面时，如果连词之前有行为动词d的某种形式，那么连词后的不定式不带t, 否则就要带t。
例：
1、We culd d nthing but wait.
= We had nthing t d but wait.
我们除了等待，什么也做不了。
2、We had n chice but t wait.我们除了等待，别无选择。
练习：用所给词的适当形式填空
1、I dn’t knw whether yu happen (hear), but I'm ging t study in the this September.
2、The discvery f new evidence led t the thief (catch).
3、The man insisted n (find) a taxi fr me even thugh I tld him I lived nearby.
4、Accrding t a recent U.S. survey, children spend up t 25 hurs a week (watch) TV.
5、Isn't it time yu gt dwn t (mark) the papers?
6、Oh, my gd, I didn't mean (hurt) him! I am s srry nw.
7、My new huse needs (decrate), fr we will marry next year.
8、Yu deserve (shulder) such an annying result because f yur carelessness.
9、The pr by can d nthing but (study) hard.
10、I regret (state) that yu are all late fr the meeting.
11、We are determined (fulfill) ur dream that we will g t Peking University fr further study.
12、We have t admit (make) a serius errr befre, fr we are far behind at present.
13、Any cuntry can't escape (punish) if it attempts t destry the interests f ther cuntries.
14、When at schl, teachers are sure t frbid us (g) ut t the dwntwn alne.
15、Dn't mentin it any mre! As yu knw, we have already been accustmed
t (live) in the schl drmitry.
16、Nw, it nt nly devtes itself t (sell) bks, but cmbines the functins f the bkstre, café and the sale f creative cultural prducts.
17、But if yu d find it difficult (fall) asleep at night, then yu shuld avid naps and try t build up healthy sleepiness in the evening.
18、Past studies have shwn a link between sleeping less and weighing mre, but scientists have had difficulty (determine) "which came first, the chicken r the egg?" says Julie frm the University f Michigan in Ann Arbr.
19、It is a part f (becme) an independent man.
20、In my mind, they' re helping us t becme calm and cnsider (win) and slving real prblems as well.
答案：
1.t have heard
2.being caught
3.finding
4.watching
5.marking
6.t hurt
7.t be decrated/decrating
8.shuldering/t shulder
9.study
10.t state
11.t fulfill
12.having made
13.being punished/punishment
14.t g
15.living
16.selling
17.t fall
18.determining
19.becming
20.winning
三、非谓语动词作定语
1. 不定式作定语
1）当名词被序数词或the nly，the right等修饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不定式主动形式作定语。
She was the first wman t win the gld medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
He was the nly ne t survive the plane crash.
他是这次飞机失事中唯一的幸存者。
2）有些名词的同源动词常跟不定式作宾语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：wish，decisin，refusal，arrangement，intentin，agreement，hpe，need，plan，prmise，failure，attempt，ffer，warning等。
例句：
1、I dn't trust his prmise t cme fr a visit.
我不相信他来访的诺言。
= He prmised t cme fr a visit.
2、He said he had n plans t g there.
他说他没有要去那里的计划。
= He didn't plan t g there.
3、He made an attempt t stand up.
他试图站起来。
= He attempted t stand up.
3）有些名词的同源形容词常跟不定式作状语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：ability，anxiety，eagerness，willingness，readiness，patience，bligatin，determinatin等。
例句：
His eagerness t get back hme was quite bvius.
很明显他急于回家。
vs
He was eager t get back hme.
他急于回家。
A gd teacher must have the ability t make himself understd.
一个好教师必须有把自己的知识讲明白的能力。
vs
He is able t make himself understd.
他有能力把自己的知识讲明白。
4）有些名词常用不定式作定语说明其内容，它们是：chance，pprtunity，reasn，way，effrt，measure，mvement，pwer，right，skill，strength，struggle，idea等不定式可以换成f + ding。
例：
He has a strange way t make his classes lively and interesting.
He has a strange way f making his classes lively and interesting.
他有一个奇怪的方法使他的课既生动又有趣。
5）中心词是作定语的不定式的动作的执行者，动词不定式所表示的动作一般后于谓语动词或在将来发生。
He had n phtgraphs t remind him f the past.
他没有照片来使他回顾过去的事情。（remind后于had）
Is there anybdy t carry n the wrk？
有人要继续这项工作吗？（t carry n表示将来）
6）have sth. t d与have sth. t be dne的区别
相同处：
都有“有…要做”的意思，不定式必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
区别：
1）have sth.t d句型中，t d的执行者是句子的主语。
例：
I have a letter t pst，s I can't g swimming with yu.
我有一封信要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳。
She has a lt f things t attend t.
她有许多事情要处理。
2）have sth.t be dne句型中，t be dne的执行者不是主语而是另有其人。
例：
I have a letter t be psted. Can yu help me？
我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？
“D yu have any clthes t be washed？”asked the maid.
女仆问：“您有衣服要洗吗？”
注意：
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。
例：
The Brwns have a cmfrtable huse t live in.
布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
D yu have a cup t drink water with？
你有用来喝水的杯子吗？
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
例：
He had n place t live.
他没有地方住。
练习：
1、They made a decisin (put) ff the meeting until next week.
2、There is n need (build) a dam n the small river.
3、Her eagerness (wrk) will please the bss.
4、I want t buy a brush t paint .
答案：
1、t put
2、t build
3、t wrk
4、with
2. 分词作定语
1）及物动词分词形式作定语
2）不及物动词分词形式作定语
v.ing 表示动作正在进行
过去分词 表示动作已经完成
例：
biling water正沸腾的水 vs biled water白开水
falling leaves正在下落的叶子 vs fallen leaves落叶
develping cuntries发展中国家 vs develped cuntries发达国家
3）英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”，过去分词形式表示“感到……的”。
an exciting vice令人兴奋的声音 vs an excited vice兴奋的声音
a puzzling expressin令人困惑的表情 vs a puzzled expressin困惑的表情
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的用途。
例：
a fishing net渔网（= a net fr fishing）
a swimming pl游泳池（=a pl fr swimming）
4. t be dne, being dne和dne作定语的区别
t be dne 表被动、将来
例：
The questin t be discussed at tmrrw's meeting is very imprtant.
明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
being dne 表被动、正在进行
例：
Listen！The sng being sung is very ppular with the students.
听！正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
dne 表被动、完成
例：Have yu read the nvel written by Dickens？
你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？
练习：
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1、There are still many prblems （slve）befre we are ready fr a lng stay n the Mn.
2、1 am fnd f the plan (g) n a trip t Hainan next mnth.
3、The flwers (smell) sweet in the btanic garden attract visitrs t the beauty f nature.
4、Designated a "City f Design" by UNESCO in 2008, Shenzhen was the first city in China (present) an fficial strategy arund creative develpment.
5、Hwever, ur discussins are mre than just a way (practice) ur debating skills.
6、I was watching the clck all thrugh the meeting, as I had a train (catch)
7、 It's (amaze) news that we will g n a research curse next weekend.
8、 The fellw (treat) by dctrs is exactly my cusin.
9、 It's necessary t drink (bil) water every day, but few peple can drink up (bil) water in ne minute
10、Mst clleges nw ffer first-year students a curse specially (design) t help them succeed academically and persnally.
11、 Actually, it is quite nrmal fr the average persn (live) in a city t see thusands f ads every single day.
12、During the XXIV Olympic Winter Games which will be held by Beijing in 2022，there will be quantities f peple （watch）the sprts events.
13、There is a nte pinned t the dr （say）when the supermarket will pen again.
14、Online，many f them argued that the shw's （delay）transmissin brke their children's cncept f punctuality，and als criticized the nn-cmmercial TV shw fr surrendering t cmmercial advertisements.
15.Over 2，000 delegates（代表） （chse）frm a grup f arund 89 millin party members acrss the natin will attend the 20th Natinal Cngress f the Cmmunist Party f China.
16.The Xing'an New Area， （lcate）t the suthwest f Beijing，cvers an area f abut 2，000 square kilmeters.
答案：
1、t be slved
2、t g
3、smelling
4、t present
5、t practice
6、t catch
7、amazing
8、being treated
9、biled；biling
10、designed
11、living
12、watching
13、saying
14、delayed
15、chsen
16、lcated
四、非谓语动词作主语、表语
1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别
1）不定式：表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。
常见表达：
It+be+名词 t d sth
It takes/tk sb.+sme time t d sth
It be difficult/easy/imprtantv/ impssible/necessary…+fr sb. t d sth
It+be+careless/clever/flish/hnest/ kind/lazy/silly/stupid/wise...+f sb. t d sth
例：
Yur task tday is t wash the curtains.
你今天的任务是洗窗帘。
2）动名词：多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为
常见表达：
It is/was + n use/gd + ding sth
It is/was + nt any use/gd+ ding sth
It is/was + f little use/gd+ ding sth
It is/was + wrth+ ding sth
例：
His favrite sprt is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。
Playing with fire is dangerus.
玩火会很危险。
4.现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
1）现在分词表特征，意为“令人……的”
例：The film is exciting.
这部电影激动人心。
2）过去分词表心理状态，意为“（人）感到……的”
例：He was excited at the news.
听到这则消息，他激动不已。
5. 非谓语动词作remain的表语
主语+remain dne ding/dne意为：仍然是（remain = be still…）
主语+remain be dne意为：仍需被做
例：
She remained standing（= was still standing）thugh we repeatedly asked her t sit dwn.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
The true authr f the bk remains unknwn（= is still unknwn）
这本书真正的作者依然不详。
Much remains t be dne.许多事仍需去做。
练习：
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1、It is n use （cry）ver spilt milk.
2、First f all， （becme）aware f what causes yur wrry will help t reduce the stress.
3、We take care f patients f all ages. There is n type f injury，medical r surgical cnditin that we are nt （equip）t care fr.
4、A life burdened with wrk leads yu nwhere，fr yu will get tired and （bre）with yur daily rutine wrk.
5、As well as the weather，the relaxing atmsphere and nightlife are very （appeal）.
6、___（use） mbile phnes fr t lng tends t make us passive and ignre physical exercise，which will cause besity and pr eyesight.
7、His new idea was （make）the shell shape n the rf int the shape f a ball.
8、They may feel （leave）ut.
9、The rbt is （equip）with speakers，micrphnes and cameras，which makes cmmunicatin easier.
答案：
1、crying
2、becming
3、equipped
4、bred
5、appealing
6、Using
7、t make
8、left
9、equipped
五、非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则
不定式、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，即不定式、分词作状语，必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系，否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。
2. 不定式作状语
1）不定式作目的状语
2）不定式作结果状语
3）不定式作原因状语
用法：形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。
常用词：happy, glad, srry, anxius, prud, disappinted, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, pleased
例：
Yu will never knw hw happy I was t see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。
4）不定式的主动形式表被动意义
用法：在“主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+t d”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
常用词：easy, hard, difficult, imprtant, impssible, interesting , pleasant, nice , cmfrtable, safe, dangerus
例：This questin is easy t answer.
这个问题容易回答。
This bk is difficult t understand.
这本书很难理解。
3.分词作状语时其形式的选择
1)分词作状语时其形式的选择
2）分词作状语的句法功能
4. 独立成分作状语
定义：有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分。
常见独立成分：generally speaking一般来说
frankly speaking坦白地说
judging frm/by… 根据……来判断
cnsideratin考虑到…….
t tell yu the truth说实话
cmpared t/with与……相比
5. 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，并在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。
构成：
①名词/代词+分词；
②名词/代词+不定式；
③with/withut+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
例：
The test finished（= When the test was finished），we began ur hliday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
The president assassinated（= Because the president was assassinated），the whle cuntry was in deep srrw.
总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在深深的悲痛之中。
Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we are ging t visit yu tmrrw.
如果天气允许的话，我们打算明天去看你。
I std befre her with my heart beating fast.
我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。
练习：
1. Anxiusly, she tk the dress ut f the package and tried it n, nly (find) it didn't fit.
2. Clearly and thughtfully (write), the bk inspires cnfidence in students wh wish t seek answers f their wn.
3. Grup activities will be rganized after class (help) children develp team spirit.
4. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hng Kng, Linda appears maturer than thse f her age.
5. The lecture (give ), a lively questin-and-answer sessin fllwed.
6. Here are sme tips t help yu in managing stress ver exam... It's a gd idea t talk t yur classmates and teachers (share) fears.
7. (hst ) by the Jinan Municipal Peple's Gvernment, the Jinan winter swimming race has been held fr seven successive years.
8. And it made me think that maybe I need t set time aside (tell) the peple in my life hw much I appreciate what they did.
9. On the ther side, many Chinese systems have been created (earn) mney.
10. Thrughut Sandra's life, she had t mve between cities, never (allw) her much time t get settled in ne place.
答案：
1.t find
2.written
3.t help
4.Having spent
5.having been given
6.t share
7.Hsted
8.t tell
9.t earn
10.allwing 主动形式
被动形式
肯定句
不定式
t d, t be ding,
t have dne,
t have been ding
t be dne,
t have been dne
v-ing形式
ding, having dne
being dne,
having been dne
过去分词
dne
否定句
以上形式前加nt,如: nt t d, nt ding, nt t be dne, nt having dne
复合
结构
动名词
名词所有格、形容词性物主代词+动名词
不定式
fr sb./sth. t d
主语
宾语
补语
表语
定语
状语
不定式
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
动名词
✔
✔
✔
✔
分词
✔
✔
✔
✔
口诀
解释
例句
决心学会想希望
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hpe/wish
She pretended nt t see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。
We agreed t meet here but s far she hasn't turned up yet.我们约好了在此地见面，但是她到现
在还没有露面。
拒绝设法愿假装
refuse, manage, care
, pretend
主动答应选计划
ffer, prmise chse, plan
同意请求帮一帮
agree, ask/beg, help
口诀
对应动词（词组）
例句
考虑建议盼原谅
cnsider，suggest/advise，lk frward t，excuse/
pardn
The squirrels were lucky that they just missed being caught.松鼠们很幸运没有被抓住。
I wuld appreciate yur calling back this afternn.
我对你今天下午回电话表示感谢。
I can hardly imagine Peter sailing acrss the Atlantic Ocean in five days.我几乎不能想象彼得在五天之内横渡大西洋。
He gt well-prepared fr the jb interview，fr he culdn't risk lsing the gd pprtunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
承认推迟没得想
admit，delay/put ff，fancy（想象，设想）
避免错过继续练
avid，miss，keep/
keep n，practice
否认完成就欣赏
deny，finish，enjy/
appreciate
禁止想象才冒险
frbid，imagine，risk
不禁介意准逃亡
can't help，mind，allw/permit，escape
形式
用法
例句
v.ing
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系，v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征
I have never seen a mre mving mvie.我从未看过更动人的电影了。
being dne
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行
The huses being built are fr the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。
dne
被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系，表示动作已经完成或表状态
“Things lst never cme again！”I culdn't help talking t myself.
我不禁自言自语道：“失去的东西不会再来！”
形式
位置
例句
t+动词原形
句首，句中
In rder t/T make a study f kangars，he went t Australia.
为了研究袋鼠，他去了澳大利亚。
Her mther plans t fly t Beijing at least fur times a year s as t/in rder t/t visit her.
她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
in rder t+动词原形
句首，句中
s as t+动词原形
句中
形式
意思
例句
t+动词原形
结果……
What have I dne t ffend yu？
我做什么了结果把你冒犯了？
nly t
+动词原形
结果却……（表示意外的或事与愿违的结果）
Jane hurried back nly t find that her mther had left.
简匆忙赶回来，结果却发现她的母亲已经离开了。
s+形容词
或副词+as t+
动词原形
如此……以至于
I'm nt s stupid（a fl）as t write it dwn.
我不至于愚蠢到把它写下来。
such+名词+as
t+动词原形
如此……以至于
It was such a lud nise as t wake everyne in the huse.
声音很大，屋里的所有人都被吵醒了。
…enugh t+
动词原形
足够……能……
He is ld enugh t jin the army.
他足够大，可以参军了。
+
动词原形
太……而不能……
I'm t tired t stay up any lnger.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
形式
意义
v.ing(ding)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
having+v.ed
(having dne)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词动作发生
v.ed
(dne)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
being+v.ed
(being dne)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同时发生
having been +v.ed
(having been dne)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生
句法功能
例句
时间状语
When ffered help，ne ften says"Thank yu"r"It's kind f yu".
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说"Thank yu"或"It's kind f yu".
原因状语
Having been separated frm ther cntinents fr millins f years，Australia has many animals and plants nt fund in any ther cuntry in the wrld.
和其他大陆分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的
国家都找不到的动植物。
条件状语
Generally speaking，if taken accrding t the instructins，the drug has n side effects.一股来说，如果按照用法说明服用，这种药没有副作用。
结果状语
He glanced at her，nticing that thugh she was tiny，she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她，注意到她虽然很纤弱，但看起来非常健康。
让步状语
Having been tld many times，he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
伴随状语
The teacher came int the lab，fllwed by sme students.
老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。