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2020版高考英语新设计一轮复习人教全国版讲义：选修6Unit2Poems
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(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．tick vt. 给……标记号
2．rhyme n. 韵；押韵；押韵的词
vi. & vt. (使)押韵
3．nursery n. 托儿所
4．violinist n. 小提琴演奏者
5．contradictory adj. 引起矛盾的；好反驳的
6．diamond n. 钻石；菱形
7．cottage n. 村舍；小屋
8．sparrow n. 麻雀
[纵联1] 取笑；招惹；戏弄
10．minimum n. 最低限度；最少量；最小数
11．diploma n. 毕业文凭；学位证书
12．compass n. 指南针；罗盘；(复数)圆规
13．bride n. 新娘
14．bridegroom n. 新郎
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．convey vt. 传达；运送
2．flexible adj. 灵活的；可弯曲的；柔顺的
3．pattern_ n. 模式；式样；图案
4．branch n. 枝条；支流；部门
5．eventually adv. 最后；终于
6．bare adj. 赤裸的；光秃的；稀少的
n. 最基本的要素
7．librarian n. 图书馆馆长；图书馆管理员
8．forever adv. 永远
9．section n. 部分；节；切下的块
10．exchange n. 交换；交流；互换
vt.&vi. 调换；交换
11．sponsor n. 赞助人；主办者；倡议者
vt. 发起；举办；倡议
12．blank n. 空白
adj. 空白的；茫然的
13．concrete adj. 具体的
14．load n. 负担；负荷物(尤指沉重的)
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．salty adj.含盐的；咸的→salt n．盐；食盐
2．endless adj.无穷的；无止境的→end n．&v.终止；结束→ending n．结尾；结局
3．translation n．翻译；译文→translate v．翻译→translator n．译员；翻译家
4．transform vi.&vt.转化；转换；改造；变换→transformation n．转化；转换；变换
5．sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；懊悔→sorrowful adj.悲伤的；悲痛的
6．appropriate adj.适当的；正当的→appropriately adv.适当地；合适地
7．championship n．冠军称号→champion n．冠军
8．darkness n．黑暗；漆黑→dark adj.黑暗的[纵联2]
9．warmth n．暖和；温暖→warm adj.暖和的；温暖的；热情的
10．scholarship n．奖学金；学问；学术成就→scholar n．学者[纵联3]
11．pianist n．钢琴家；钢琴演奏者→piano n．钢琴
纵联1.“取笑与愚弄”面面观
①tease 取笑；戏弄
②laugh at 嘲笑
③play the fool with 愚弄
④make fun of 取笑
⑤make a fool/joke of 愚弄
⑥play a trick/joke on 捉弄
纵联2.后缀ness高频名词荟萃
①darkness黑暗；漆黑 ②sickness疾病
③loneliness孤独 ④happiness快乐
⑤sadness悲伤 ⑥kindness善良
⑦bitterness苦味；苦难；怨恨
纵联3.同在一条船(ship)上
①scholarship奖学金；学问 ②friendship友谊
③leadership领导地位 ④relationship关系
⑤hardship苦难 ⑥membership成员资格
⑦championship冠军称号
单元话题——诗歌
子话题 诗歌
①extraordinary adj.非凡的 ②series n．系列
③appreciate vt.欣赏 ④unique adj.独特的
⑤reflect v．反映 ⑥background n．背景
⑦production n．作品 ⑧inspiration n．灵感；启发
⑨description n. 描述；描写 ⑩masterpiece n．杰作
⑪adaptation n．改编本；适应 ⑫lyric n．抒情诗
⑬essay n．散文；文章；随笔 ⑭myth n．神话
⑮legend n．传说；传奇故事 ⑯chapter n．章
⑰original adj.原创的
n．原作
⑱draft n．草稿；草案
vt.起草；草拟
⑲be set in 以……为背景 ⑳works appreciation 作品欣赏
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2015·重庆高考阅读E)History has witnessed the ❶ (end) productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare❷ to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.
①用end的适当形式填空：endless，此处用来形容“多产”
②写出加彩词在本单元的同义词：bare
2．(2014·浙江高考阅读B)Brazilians are warm❶ and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be ❷ ， with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours — there's no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring facetoface communication over emails or phone calls.
①写出warm在句中的含义：热情的，其名词形式为warmth
②选词填空：__B__
A．concrete B．flexible C．endless
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词补全句子)
1．(2011·湖南高考写作)它向我们传递一个信息：整体是由很多紧密相关的小的部分组成。(convey)
It_conveys_a_message_to_us:_A whole is made up of many small parts that are closely related.
2．(2015·广东高考写作)她最后赢得了他们的尊重，他们最终变得自信，表现也不错。(eventually)
She finally earned respect of them, who_eventually_became_confident as well as wellbehaved.
3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)正如你知道的，除了美味的饺子，敬老院里的老年人同样需要的是温暖和关心。(warmth)
As you know, besides tasty dumplings, what elderly people in the nursing home also need is warmth and care.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．convey vt.传达；表达；运送；传导；传播
[记牢]
convey ... (to sb.) (向某人)表达/传递/传达……
convey to sb. for ... 因……向某人表达……
convey ... from A to B 把……从A处运到B处
[练通]
单句语法填空
①In this letter, I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to you for your help.
②Your luggage will be conveyed from the airport to your hotel.
单句改错
③(2015·陕西高考)They took a more reasonable approach, convey to their children how success at school could improve their lives. convey→conveying
[写美] 补全句子
④(2013·江苏高考书面表达)这儿向我们传达出的信息十分清楚：“事实胜于雄辩。”
The message conveyed_to_us here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”
2．transform vi.&vt.转化；转换；改造；变换
[记牢]
transform ...into ... 使……变成……
transform ...from ...into ... 把……从……变成……
[练通]
单句语法填空
①As we can see in the picture above, a mother polar bear is trying to colour her babies with black to transform them into pandas so that they can immigrate to China.
②The company has been transformed from a family business into one with 5,000 workforce.
单句改错
③He transformed into a controversial figure, which affected his reputation a great deal.transformed前加was
[写美] 补全句子
④另外，您的慷慨帮助和精心照顾让我感到家一般的温暖，把我的首次美国之旅变成一种难忘的记忆。
Additionally, your generous help and tender care made me feel as warm as at home and transformed_my_first_American_trip_into_an_unforgettable_memory.
3．appropriate adj.适当的；正当的
[记牢]
(1)be appropriate to/for 适用于；合乎
be appropriate to do sth. 做某事是合适的
be appropriate that sb. (should) do 某人做……是合适的
(2)appropriately adv. 适当地；合适地
[练通]
单句语法填空
①It is not appropriate to_ask (ask) such personal questions in an interview.
②It's necessary for you to make your child know that you expect him to act appropriately (appropriate) toward other people.
③Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding.
单句改错
④It is not appropriate that a student would take smartphones in the school. would→should或去掉would
[写美] 补全句子
⑤作为中学生，我们不熟悉外国文化，而中国的文化也不适合出现在英语报刊中。
As middle school students, we're not familiar with foreign cultures, while Chinese culture isn't appropriate to appear in an English newspaper.
4．exchange n．交换；交流；互换vt.&vi.调换；交换
[记牢]
(1)in exchange (for ...) 作为交换(……)
make an exchange 交换
exchange student 交换生
(2)exchange ...for ... 用……交换……
exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物
[练通] 单句语法填空
①I've offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a week's accommodation.
②We students should often exchange ideas with our parents, who are rich in experience, and above all, love us most in the world.
③Could you please help me to exchange this shirt for a bigger one?
④When he is interested in others' books instead of his own, he tries to make an exchange.
[用准] exchange和change作动词时，前者强调双方交换，而后者则强调事物的属性或位置的改变。
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2015·重庆高考写作)所有的参与者都能得到他们想要的东西。与此同时，他们彼此交流想法和感受。
All the participants can get what they want. Meanwhile, they exchange ideas and feelings with each other.
5．load n．负担；负荷物(尤指沉重的) v．装载；加重；把弹药装入(枪、炮)
[辨清] 写出下列句中load的含义
①His family is really a heavy load on his shoulder. 负担
②The lorry has to stop because its load had fallen off.负荷物
③It is time to load this truck.装载
④Be careful! This gun is loaded.把弹药装入
[记牢]
(1)loads of＝a load of 许多；大量(修饰可数或不可数名词)
(2)take a load off one's mind 打消某人的顾虑
(3)load ... with ... 用……装载……
[练通]
同义替换
⑤Even though I have lots of (＝loads_of_/a_load_of) schoolwork to do, I'll spend some free time having sports so that I can keep fit and energetic.
单句语法填空
⑥It takes a load off my mind to leave the child in your charge.
⑦Some students complain that they are loaded with too much homework.
[写美] 补全句子
⑧多年来学生的负担是一个热门话题，但父母的负担，尤其是来自子女的负担，却没有多少人重视。
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Have you got any concrete (具体的) thoughts on how to deal with this difficulty?
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns (图案) and masses of color.
3．(2017·江苏高考)He's been informed that he doesn't qualify for the scholarship (奖学金) because of his academic background.
4．He is such a person that he likes teasing (戏弄) his colleagues.
5．He dreams of one day becoming a famous violinist (小提琴演奏者)．
6．He turned his head and saw a figure approaching in the darkness (黑暗)．
7．The river has two main branches (支流) along its way to the sea.
8．To keep things move smoothly, they need a more flexible (灵活的) policy.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The question is whether they are sure their heart loaded (load) with love will bring good to their children.
2．Many students with a large amount of pocket money may not know how to use it appropriately (appropriate)．
3．Some students feel that exchanging (exchange) gifts can make more friends and expand their network of friends.
4．It is a surprise that the faraway village has_been_transformed (transform) into a famous tourist city in only ten years.
5．To my sorrow, I did the same work as he did, but got paid much less.
6．What's more, reading brings us not only endless (end) fun but also opportunities.
7．We had many difficulties at first, but eventually (eventual) we succeeded.
8．We should use our schedule flexibly (flexible) to balance our academic and spare time.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．As a exchange student, she studied in a British high school for one year.第一个a→an
2．We had bare enough money to last through the weekend so we had to ask for help.bare→barely
3．I think it isn't appropriate of you to attend the party in such a casual coat.of→for
4．I did very badly at the beginning, so I was often teasing by other students.teasing→teased
5．Tony held her firmly in his arms and she felt the warm of his body. warm→warmth
6．She worked so hard that eventual she suffered from a serious headache.
eventual→eventually
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子/一句多译
1．对于您的帮助，我想在这封信中表达对您的感谢。(convey)
In this letter, I would like to_convey_my_thanks_to_you for your assistance.
2．他们的努力使这个光秃秃的小山变成了绿树成荫的地方。(transform)
Their efforts have_transformed_the_bare_hill_into one covered with green trees all over.
3．生活就像满载乘客的列车，每个人都有自己的终点站。(load)
Life is like a train loaded_with_passengers,_each man to his destination.
4．对于学生来说，到处乱丢垃圾，乱写乱画是不合适的。
①It_is_not_appropriate_for a student to litter and scribble about.
②It_is_not_appropriate_that a student should litter and scribble about.
(一)课前自主学习
1．stay_up 熬夜
2．be_popular_with 受……欢迎
3．in_particular 尤其；特别
4．take_it_easy 轻松；不紧张；从容
[串记1] 坚持
6．make_sense 有道理；讲得通
7．try_out 测试；试验
[串记2] 发出；放走；泄露
[串记3] 用完
10．be_made_up_of 由……构成
[同根短语串记]
串记1.贵在“坚持”
①hold on 坚持(不及物)
②stick to 坚持；粘住(及物)
③insist on 坚持(及物)
④persist in 坚持；固执于(及物)
⑤go/keep on 坚持；继续下去(及物)
串记2.“v.＋out”短语集锦
①let out 发出；放走；泄露
②leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑
③bring out 阐明；使显示；出版
④make out 理解；辨认出
⑤pick out 挑出；辨认出
⑥figure out 理解；弄清楚
串记3.“用完；耗尽”短语多棱镜
①run out of 用完(及物)
②run out 用完(不及物)
③use up 用完(及物)
④give out 耗尽(不及物)
⑤be/get burnt out 筋疲力尽(不及物)
⑥be tired out 筋疲力尽(不及物)
1．various reasons 各种各样的理由
2．tell_a story 讲故事
3．convey certain emotions 传达某种感情
4．have_strong_rhythm 节奏感强
5．have a flexible_line length 可长可短
6．away_from_darkness 远离黑暗
7．feed one's mind 滋养心灵
8．keep_your smile 珍藏你的微笑
9．on your way 在你人生的旅程中
10．lie_somewhere 在某处
1．There are various reasons why_people_write_poetry.
人们写诗有着各种各样的原因。
2．The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they_are_easy_to_learn and recite.
童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至(有的)看起来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。
3．Some rhyme (like B) while_others_do_not (like C)．
有些(清单诗)押韵(如B)，而有些不押韵(如C)。
4．Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a_poem_made_up_of_five_lines.
另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。
5．With_so_many_different_forms_of_poetry_to_choose_from,_students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
6．Although the future may be difficult for you, whenever you need warmth and love, remember I'll have some to give you. 尽管未来对你来说也许是艰难的，但无论你什么时候需要温暖与爱，记住我都会给你。
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语
选词填空(let out, hold on, stay up)
1．(2018·浙江高考完形填空)Once that happened, I just kept pushing my studying further and further back in my day.Then I got to the point where I was staying_up really late at night to get my work done.
2．(2013·江西高考完形填空)Panicking, she began to scream.Then, just as it seemed as if she would slip beneath the surface, she heard a calm voice.“Hold_on_! I'm coming.” With relief, she saw the old man rowing an ancientlooking boat towards her.
3．(2012·四川高考阅读E)Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis (光合作用) to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let_out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
高考采撷(二) 写作中的句式(补全句子)
1．(2014·安徽高考书面表达)我认为你总是发脾气的原因可能是学习上的巨大压力。(why引导定语从句)
I think the_reason_why_you_are_always_angry may be the high pressure of study.
2．(2018·北京高考书面表达)事先阅读一些书是必要的，然而一些汉语口语在线课程也能够帮助你融入汉语言文化的氛围中。(while)
Some reading in advance is needed while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)另外，由于建立了体育馆，各种体育赛事能够得以举行。(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
Moreover, with_the_stadium_set_up,_a wide range of sports events are able to be held.
4．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)因此，无论什么时候购物，都要再考虑一下这些排名。(whenever)
Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever_we_go_shopping.
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．take it easy (＝take things easy) 轻松；不紧张；从容；休息
[记牢]
take it seriously 认真对待；当真
take one's time 别着急；慢慢来
take ... for granted 认 为……理所当然；想当然
[练通]
选词填空(take it easy/take one's time)
①—I feel so nervous about the National English Speech Competition tomorrow.
—Take_it_easy.
②Take_your_time,_please. Try to follow the natural steps and have your own clock.
补全句子
③You should not take_it_for_granted_that you can do the work perfectly. Take_it_seriously and make enough preparations.
不要想当然的认为你能把这项工作做得十分完美；认真对待，并做好充分准备。
[写美] 翻译句子
④休息几天你就没事了。
Take_it_easy_for_a_few_days_and_you_should_be_all_right.
2．run out of用完；用尽；用光
[记牢]
(1)run out 用完；用光
give out 耗尽；筋疲力尽
use up 用完；耗尽
(2)run for 竞选；匆匆去取
run across 偶然遇到
run into 撞上；遇到；邂逅
run through 浏览；跑着穿过
[练通]
单句语法填空
①The taxi ran into the bike and the man on the bike was thrown off.
②I ran across one of my old friends when I was walking in the street the other day.
补全句子
③We are running_out_of (用尽) time.(run)
④Our time is running_out (用完)．(run)
⑤We were giving_out (筋疲力尽) and didn't want to move on.(give)
⑥The petrol has_been_used_up (用光); the car can't move.(use)
[用准] run out of＝use up表主动意义，主语一般是人；run out＝be used up表被动意义，主语通常是物；give out属于不及物动词短语，主语通常是人。
[写美] 翻译句子
⑦我想竞选我们学校英语俱乐部的副主席。
I'd_like_to_run_for_the_vice_president_of_the_English_club_in_our_school._
3．let out 释放；放走；发出(叫喊声等)；泄露(消息、秘密等)；透露
[辨清] 写出下列句中let out的含义
①Hearing the good news, the boy let out a cry of joy.发出
②When the bird gets well, we will let it out.放走
③They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism (生物) on the planet.释放
④She promised that she would not let out the plan to the press.泄露
[记牢]
let in 允许进入；容许；改小
let off 放过；使爆炸
let alone 更不用说；更谈不上
let ...down 把……放下来；使……失望
[练通] 单句语法填空
⑤I believe I can be a good volunteer and I won't let you down.
⑥The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, letting in the natural light during the day.
⑦I hardly had time to think these days, let alone relax.
[写美] 补全句子
⑧对于大多数人来说，没有鼠标来操作电脑几乎是不可能的，更谈不上上网。
For most people, it's almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let_alone_surf_the_Internet.
[句式集释]
1．why引导的定语从句
[教材原句] There are various reasons why people write poetry.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)There are various reasons_why they want to do parttime jobs.
他们想做兼职工作有着各种各样的原因。
(2)The reason why_he_failed_the_English_exam_was_that he didn't learn it well.
他英语考试不及格的原因是他没学好英语。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)reason后常常使用why引导的定语从句，意为“……的原因”。
(2)the reason why ... is that ...“……的原因是……”。
注意事项
当reason在句中作定语从句的宾语时，先行词用that或which，或者省略关系代词。
The reason (that/which) he explained to us was that he hadn't read the book before.
[背写作佳句]
(1)There are some reasons why I'm writing to ask you to do me a favour.(开头句)
(2)The reason why I have been longing to go to America is that I want to experience American culture, which is believed to be the most diverse in the world.(要点句)
2．with 复合结构
[教材原句] With_so_many_different_forms_of_poetry_to_choose_from,_students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)With a guide to_show (show) us around the scenic spots, we're sure to have a good time.
(2)With several problems remaining (remain) to be solved, we still needed to hold another meeting as soon as possible.
(3)With more and more forests damaged (damage), some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
(4)With_John_away,_we've got more room.
约翰离开了，我们有了更多的空间。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)with＋宾语＋to do(表示将来的动作) (2)with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动或进行) (3)with＋宾语＋done(表示被动或完成) (4)with＋宾语＋介词短语/adj./adv.
注意事项
with的复合结构除了在句中作状语外，还可以作定语，如：The man with a book under his arms is our beloved teacher.
[背写作佳句]
(1)With a vital exam drawing near, I felt so nervous that I even couldn't eat or sleep, thus making me very sleepy in class.(开头句)
(2)(2018·北京高考书面表达)With their interest greatly sparked, I then began to teach them how to make tea. (要点句)
(3)(2018·北京高考书面表达)Soon the tea room became lively with every international student trying to make their own tea.(要点句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
stay up， try out， let out， hold on， make sense， in particular， take it easy， run out of， be made up of， be popular with
1．You've been working hard for the past week.You must take_it_easy and relax over the weekend.
2．Do remember not to let_out the news.It's between you and me.
3．English weekly is one of the learning materials that are_popular_with middle school students.
4．He has to stay_up late to prepare for the important examination.
5．This passage just didn't make_sense to me, no matter how I read it.
6．Try_out the new medicine for a year and we'll see how well it works.
7．I have something important to say. Please hold_on for a moment.
8．The whole meal was good and the wine in_particular was excellent.
9．They ran_out_of money and had to abandon the project.
10．About five percent of the U．S. population is_made_up_of_American Indians.
Ⅱ.根据提示补全句子
1．在这么令人害怕的情况下没有一个可以求助的人，她感到很无助。(with复合结构)
With_no_one_to_turn_to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
2．在炎热的夏天，人们带伞的原因是暴露在烈日下可能对皮肤有害。(why引导的定语从句)
The_reason_why_people_carry_umbrellas in hot summer days is that the hot sun may be harmful to the exposed skin.
3．为了实现梦想，必须要努力使自己具有丰富的知识，并且设定一个容易达到的目标。(be＋adj.＋不定式)
To achieve one's dream, one must make great efforts to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set_a_goal_which_is_easy_to_reach.
4．(2015·天津高考书面表达)我是李津，晨光中学学生会主席。(名词短语作同位语)
I am Li Jin, chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_Chenguang_High_School.
Ⅲ.分步写作
假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry发邮件向你询问有关诗歌的相关内容。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括：
1．诗歌表达情感；
2．你喜欢的诗歌；
3．诗歌的创作源泉。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
本文属于应用文中的电子邮件，时态为一般现在时，人称以第一人称为主。文章可分三个层次：开头应点明写信的缘由(介绍诗歌)；主体部分应依据题目所给的三个要点进行构思，即诗歌表达情感；喜欢的诗歌；诗歌的创作源泉，本部分为半开放性，考生可合情合理地发挥想象；结尾应表达希望(希望对对方有所帮助)。
要点1：我写信给你介绍诗歌的一些细节。
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_to_you.
要点2－①：诗歌能够表达一定情感。
Poems_can_convey_certain_emotions.
要点2－②：一些人喜欢古诗而另一些人喜欢现代诗。
Some_people_like_poems_in_the_old_style_while_others_like_the_modern_ones.
要点2－③：我尤其喜欢莎士比亚写的诗歌。
I_like_the_poems_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular.
要点2－④：如果热爱生活，我们对于诗歌的灵感就永远不会枯竭。
If_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
要点3：我希望它们对你有所帮助。
I_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容充实、行文连贯，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展，如对要点1可添加定语从句(我所了解的)；在要点2－①中增加原因状语从句(它们能够生动地把现实转换成文学)；在要点2－③中增加范围限制(在所有的诗歌中)并用定语从句简要介绍莎士比亚的诗歌由十四行构成；要点2－④可增加主语从句作主语；将要点3升级为do强调句。
拓展要点1：我写信给你介绍我所了解的一些诗歌的细节。(定语从句)
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_I_have_learned_to_you.
拓展要点2－①：诗歌能够表达一定情感的原因是它们能够生动地把现实转换成文学。(the reason why ...is that ..., transform ...into)
The_reason_why_poems_can_convey_certain_emotions_is_that_they_can_vividly_transform_reality_into_literature.
拓展要点2－③：在所有的诗歌中，我尤其喜欢莎士比亚写的诗歌，它们是由十四行构成的。(定语从句)
Of_all_the_poems,_I_like_the_ones_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular,_which_are_made_up_of_fourteen_lines.
拓展要点2－④：我想要强调的是，如果我们热爱生活，我们对于诗歌的灵感就永远不会枯竭。(主语从句作主语，emphasize)
What_I_want_to_emphasize_is_that_if_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
升级要点3：我的确希望它们对你有所帮助。(do强调谓语)
I_do_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
为了使以上要点紧密衔接，可在成文过程中对要点适当整合，并巧妙使用initially， additionally， last过渡词，以使文章顺畅，衔接自然。
Dear_Terry，
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_I_have_learned_to_you.
Initially,_the_reason_why_poems_can_convey_certain_emotions_is_that_they_can_vividly_transform_reality_into_literature.Additionally,_some_people_like_poems_in_the_old_style_while_others_like_the_modern_ones.Of_all_the_poems,_I_like_the_ones_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular,_which_are_made_up_of_fourteen_lines.Last,_what_I_want_to_emphasize_is_that_if_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
I_do_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
Yours，
Li_Hua
理清句间结构之(四) 因果
因果逻辑关系很受高考英语命题者的青睐，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。一般来说，考查因果关系的题目有两种形式，给出原因推结果或是给出结果找原因。命题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。
表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, for, since, due to, thanks to, as a result of, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result, result from, result in, cause, lead to, attribute ...to等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。
[高考典例1] 2013·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读七选五
If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it's going to give you lots of dos and don'ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about. __54__. As far as we're concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.Your audience can be your friends.
A．You aren't like anybody else
B．You already do lots of things well
C．Turn your back on too many rules
D．Check the rules about dos and don'ts
E．Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough
F．The one thing you don't want is for them to fall asleep
G．So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse
[分析] 分析空格前后内容可知，空格处与前文为因果关系。空格前面一句“Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，因此空格处应填表示结果的选项，而G项中的So在此处表示结果。故选G项。
[高考典例2] 2013·重庆卷·B篇
One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.This idea has inspired the awardwinning photographer Andrew Zuckerman.He interviewed and took photos of fifty oversixtyfiveyearolds all over the world.His project explores various aspects of their lives.The photos and interviews are now available on our website.
Q：Why did Andrew Zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?
A．Because their wisdom deserves to be passed on.
B．Because they are physically impressive.
C．Because their accomplishments inspired him.
D．Because they have similar experiences.
[分析] 本题是在因果关系处设题。根据文章第一句话“One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.”可知，这些老人的智慧是他们给下一代的礼物，所以值得传递下去。故选A项。
[高考典例3] 2014·安徽卷·完形填空
In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an invitation to a writer's conference in Orlando, Florida. My family persuaded me that a 36(holiday) might be just what the doctor ordered, so off I __37__.
37．A.kept B．went
C．dropped D．knocked
[分析] 通过首句可知，本文为记叙文，作者讲述了自己2012年到佛罗里达州的奥兰多参加作家研讨会的故事。37题前面有so，前后为因果关系，当然是went off(离开)。
(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．tick vt. 给……标记号
2．rhyme n. 韵；押韵；押韵的词
vi. & vt. (使)押韵
3．nursery n. 托儿所
4．violinist n. 小提琴演奏者
5．contradictory adj. 引起矛盾的；好反驳的
6．diamond n. 钻石；菱形
7．cottage n. 村舍；小屋
8．sparrow n. 麻雀
[纵联1] 取笑；招惹；戏弄
10．minimum n. 最低限度；最少量；最小数
11．diploma n. 毕业文凭；学位证书
12．compass n. 指南针；罗盘；(复数)圆规
13．bride n. 新娘
14．bridegroom n. 新郎
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．convey vt. 传达；运送
2．flexible adj. 灵活的；可弯曲的；柔顺的
3．pattern_ n. 模式；式样；图案
4．branch n. 枝条；支流；部门
5．eventually adv. 最后；终于
6．bare adj. 赤裸的；光秃的；稀少的
n. 最基本的要素
7．librarian n. 图书馆馆长；图书馆管理员
8．forever adv. 永远
9．section n. 部分；节；切下的块
10．exchange n. 交换；交流；互换
vt.&vi. 调换；交换
11．sponsor n. 赞助人；主办者；倡议者
vt. 发起；举办；倡议
12．blank n. 空白
adj. 空白的；茫然的
13．concrete adj. 具体的
14．load n. 负担；负荷物(尤指沉重的)
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．salty adj.含盐的；咸的→salt n．盐；食盐
2．endless adj.无穷的；无止境的→end n．&v.终止；结束→ending n．结尾；结局
3．translation n．翻译；译文→translate v．翻译→translator n．译员；翻译家
4．transform vi.&vt.转化；转换；改造；变换→transformation n．转化；转换；变换
5．sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；懊悔→sorrowful adj.悲伤的；悲痛的
6．appropriate adj.适当的；正当的→appropriately adv.适当地；合适地
7．championship n．冠军称号→champion n．冠军
8．darkness n．黑暗；漆黑→dark adj.黑暗的[纵联2]
9．warmth n．暖和；温暖→warm adj.暖和的；温暖的；热情的
10．scholarship n．奖学金；学问；学术成就→scholar n．学者[纵联3]
11．pianist n．钢琴家；钢琴演奏者→piano n．钢琴
纵联1.“取笑与愚弄”面面观
①tease 取笑；戏弄
②laugh at 嘲笑
③play the fool with 愚弄
④make fun of 取笑
⑤make a fool/joke of 愚弄
⑥play a trick/joke on 捉弄
纵联2.后缀ness高频名词荟萃
①darkness黑暗；漆黑 ②sickness疾病
③loneliness孤独 ④happiness快乐
⑤sadness悲伤 ⑥kindness善良
⑦bitterness苦味；苦难；怨恨
纵联3.同在一条船(ship)上
①scholarship奖学金；学问 ②friendship友谊
③leadership领导地位 ④relationship关系
⑤hardship苦难 ⑥membership成员资格
⑦championship冠军称号
单元话题——诗歌
子话题 诗歌
①extraordinary adj.非凡的 ②series n．系列
③appreciate vt.欣赏 ④unique adj.独特的
⑤reflect v．反映 ⑥background n．背景
⑦production n．作品 ⑧inspiration n．灵感；启发
⑨description n. 描述；描写 ⑩masterpiece n．杰作
⑪adaptation n．改编本；适应 ⑫lyric n．抒情诗
⑬essay n．散文；文章；随笔 ⑭myth n．神话
⑮legend n．传说；传奇故事 ⑯chapter n．章
⑰original adj.原创的
n．原作
⑱draft n．草稿；草案
vt.起草；草拟
⑲be set in 以……为背景 ⑳works appreciation 作品欣赏
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2015·重庆高考阅读E)History has witnessed the ❶ (end) productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare❷ to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.
①用end的适当形式填空：endless，此处用来形容“多产”
②写出加彩词在本单元的同义词：bare
2．(2014·浙江高考阅读B)Brazilians are warm❶ and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be ❷ ， with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours — there's no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring facetoface communication over emails or phone calls.
①写出warm在句中的含义：热情的，其名词形式为warmth
②选词填空：__B__
A．concrete B．flexible C．endless
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词补全句子)
1．(2011·湖南高考写作)它向我们传递一个信息：整体是由很多紧密相关的小的部分组成。(convey)
It_conveys_a_message_to_us:_A whole is made up of many small parts that are closely related.
2．(2015·广东高考写作)她最后赢得了他们的尊重，他们最终变得自信，表现也不错。(eventually)
She finally earned respect of them, who_eventually_became_confident as well as wellbehaved.
3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)正如你知道的，除了美味的饺子，敬老院里的老年人同样需要的是温暖和关心。(warmth)
As you know, besides tasty dumplings, what elderly people in the nursing home also need is warmth and care.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．convey vt.传达；表达；运送；传导；传播
[记牢]
convey ... (to sb.) (向某人)表达/传递/传达……
convey to sb. for ... 因……向某人表达……
convey ... from A to B 把……从A处运到B处
[练通]
单句语法填空
①In this letter, I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to you for your help.
②Your luggage will be conveyed from the airport to your hotel.
单句改错
③(2015·陕西高考)They took a more reasonable approach, convey to their children how success at school could improve their lives. convey→conveying
[写美] 补全句子
④(2013·江苏高考书面表达)这儿向我们传达出的信息十分清楚：“事实胜于雄辩。”
The message conveyed_to_us here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”
2．transform vi.&vt.转化；转换；改造；变换
[记牢]
transform ...into ... 使……变成……
transform ...from ...into ... 把……从……变成……
[练通]
单句语法填空
①As we can see in the picture above, a mother polar bear is trying to colour her babies with black to transform them into pandas so that they can immigrate to China.
②The company has been transformed from a family business into one with 5,000 workforce.
单句改错
③He transformed into a controversial figure, which affected his reputation a great deal.transformed前加was
[写美] 补全句子
④另外，您的慷慨帮助和精心照顾让我感到家一般的温暖，把我的首次美国之旅变成一种难忘的记忆。
Additionally, your generous help and tender care made me feel as warm as at home and transformed_my_first_American_trip_into_an_unforgettable_memory.
3．appropriate adj.适当的；正当的
[记牢]
(1)be appropriate to/for 适用于；合乎
be appropriate to do sth. 做某事是合适的
be appropriate that sb. (should) do 某人做……是合适的
(2)appropriately adv. 适当地；合适地
[练通]
单句语法填空
①It is not appropriate to_ask (ask) such personal questions in an interview.
②It's necessary for you to make your child know that you expect him to act appropriately (appropriate) toward other people.
③Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding.
单句改错
④It is not appropriate that a student would take smartphones in the school. would→should或去掉would
[写美] 补全句子
⑤作为中学生，我们不熟悉外国文化，而中国的文化也不适合出现在英语报刊中。
As middle school students, we're not familiar with foreign cultures, while Chinese culture isn't appropriate to appear in an English newspaper.
4．exchange n．交换；交流；互换vt.&vi.调换；交换
[记牢]
(1)in exchange (for ...) 作为交换(……)
make an exchange 交换
exchange student 交换生
(2)exchange ...for ... 用……交换……
exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物
[练通] 单句语法填空
①I've offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a week's accommodation.
②We students should often exchange ideas with our parents, who are rich in experience, and above all, love us most in the world.
③Could you please help me to exchange this shirt for a bigger one?
④When he is interested in others' books instead of his own, he tries to make an exchange.
[用准] exchange和change作动词时，前者强调双方交换，而后者则强调事物的属性或位置的改变。
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2015·重庆高考写作)所有的参与者都能得到他们想要的东西。与此同时，他们彼此交流想法和感受。
All the participants can get what they want. Meanwhile, they exchange ideas and feelings with each other.
5．load n．负担；负荷物(尤指沉重的) v．装载；加重；把弹药装入(枪、炮)
[辨清] 写出下列句中load的含义
①His family is really a heavy load on his shoulder. 负担
②The lorry has to stop because its load had fallen off.负荷物
③It is time to load this truck.装载
④Be careful! This gun is loaded.把弹药装入
[记牢]
(1)loads of＝a load of 许多；大量(修饰可数或不可数名词)
(2)take a load off one's mind 打消某人的顾虑
(3)load ... with ... 用……装载……
[练通]
同义替换
⑤Even though I have lots of (＝loads_of_/a_load_of) schoolwork to do, I'll spend some free time having sports so that I can keep fit and energetic.
单句语法填空
⑥It takes a load off my mind to leave the child in your charge.
⑦Some students complain that they are loaded with too much homework.
[写美] 补全句子
⑧多年来学生的负担是一个热门话题，但父母的负担，尤其是来自子女的负担，却没有多少人重视。
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Have you got any concrete (具体的) thoughts on how to deal with this difficulty?
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns (图案) and masses of color.
3．(2017·江苏高考)He's been informed that he doesn't qualify for the scholarship (奖学金) because of his academic background.
4．He is such a person that he likes teasing (戏弄) his colleagues.
5．He dreams of one day becoming a famous violinist (小提琴演奏者)．
6．He turned his head and saw a figure approaching in the darkness (黑暗)．
7．The river has two main branches (支流) along its way to the sea.
8．To keep things move smoothly, they need a more flexible (灵活的) policy.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The question is whether they are sure their heart loaded (load) with love will bring good to their children.
2．Many students with a large amount of pocket money may not know how to use it appropriately (appropriate)．
3．Some students feel that exchanging (exchange) gifts can make more friends and expand their network of friends.
4．It is a surprise that the faraway village has_been_transformed (transform) into a famous tourist city in only ten years.
5．To my sorrow, I did the same work as he did, but got paid much less.
6．What's more, reading brings us not only endless (end) fun but also opportunities.
7．We had many difficulties at first, but eventually (eventual) we succeeded.
8．We should use our schedule flexibly (flexible) to balance our academic and spare time.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．As a exchange student, she studied in a British high school for one year.第一个a→an
2．We had bare enough money to last through the weekend so we had to ask for help.bare→barely
3．I think it isn't appropriate of you to attend the party in such a casual coat.of→for
4．I did very badly at the beginning, so I was often teasing by other students.teasing→teased
5．Tony held her firmly in his arms and she felt the warm of his body. warm→warmth
6．She worked so hard that eventual she suffered from a serious headache.
eventual→eventually
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子/一句多译
1．对于您的帮助，我想在这封信中表达对您的感谢。(convey)
In this letter, I would like to_convey_my_thanks_to_you for your assistance.
2．他们的努力使这个光秃秃的小山变成了绿树成荫的地方。(transform)
Their efforts have_transformed_the_bare_hill_into one covered with green trees all over.
3．生活就像满载乘客的列车，每个人都有自己的终点站。(load)
Life is like a train loaded_with_passengers,_each man to his destination.
4．对于学生来说，到处乱丢垃圾，乱写乱画是不合适的。
①It_is_not_appropriate_for a student to litter and scribble about.
②It_is_not_appropriate_that a student should litter and scribble about.
(一)课前自主学习
1．stay_up 熬夜
2．be_popular_with 受……欢迎
3．in_particular 尤其；特别
4．take_it_easy 轻松；不紧张；从容
[串记1] 坚持
6．make_sense 有道理；讲得通
7．try_out 测试；试验
[串记2] 发出；放走；泄露
[串记3] 用完
10．be_made_up_of 由……构成
[同根短语串记]
串记1.贵在“坚持”
①hold on 坚持(不及物)
②stick to 坚持；粘住(及物)
③insist on 坚持(及物)
④persist in 坚持；固执于(及物)
⑤go/keep on 坚持；继续下去(及物)
串记2.“v.＋out”短语集锦
①let out 发出；放走；泄露
②leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑
③bring out 阐明；使显示；出版
④make out 理解；辨认出
⑤pick out 挑出；辨认出
⑥figure out 理解；弄清楚
串记3.“用完；耗尽”短语多棱镜
①run out of 用完(及物)
②run out 用完(不及物)
③use up 用完(及物)
④give out 耗尽(不及物)
⑤be/get burnt out 筋疲力尽(不及物)
⑥be tired out 筋疲力尽(不及物)
1．various reasons 各种各样的理由
2．tell_a story 讲故事
3．convey certain emotions 传达某种感情
4．have_strong_rhythm 节奏感强
5．have a flexible_line length 可长可短
6．away_from_darkness 远离黑暗
7．feed one's mind 滋养心灵
8．keep_your smile 珍藏你的微笑
9．on your way 在你人生的旅程中
10．lie_somewhere 在某处
1．There are various reasons why_people_write_poetry.
人们写诗有着各种各样的原因。
2．The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they_are_easy_to_learn and recite.
童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至(有的)看起来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。
3．Some rhyme (like B) while_others_do_not (like C)．
有些(清单诗)押韵(如B)，而有些不押韵(如C)。
4．Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a_poem_made_up_of_five_lines.
另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。
5．With_so_many_different_forms_of_poetry_to_choose_from,_students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
6．Although the future may be difficult for you, whenever you need warmth and love, remember I'll have some to give you. 尽管未来对你来说也许是艰难的，但无论你什么时候需要温暖与爱，记住我都会给你。
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语
选词填空(let out, hold on, stay up)
1．(2018·浙江高考完形填空)Once that happened, I just kept pushing my studying further and further back in my day.Then I got to the point where I was staying_up really late at night to get my work done.
2．(2013·江西高考完形填空)Panicking, she began to scream.Then, just as it seemed as if she would slip beneath the surface, she heard a calm voice.“Hold_on_! I'm coming.” With relief, she saw the old man rowing an ancientlooking boat towards her.
3．(2012·四川高考阅读E)Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis (光合作用) to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let_out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
高考采撷(二) 写作中的句式(补全句子)
1．(2014·安徽高考书面表达)我认为你总是发脾气的原因可能是学习上的巨大压力。(why引导定语从句)
I think the_reason_why_you_are_always_angry may be the high pressure of study.
2．(2018·北京高考书面表达)事先阅读一些书是必要的，然而一些汉语口语在线课程也能够帮助你融入汉语言文化的氛围中。(while)
Some reading in advance is needed while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)另外，由于建立了体育馆，各种体育赛事能够得以举行。(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
Moreover, with_the_stadium_set_up,_a wide range of sports events are able to be held.
4．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)因此，无论什么时候购物，都要再考虑一下这些排名。(whenever)
Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever_we_go_shopping.
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．take it easy (＝take things easy) 轻松；不紧张；从容；休息
[记牢]
take it seriously 认真对待；当真
take one's time 别着急；慢慢来
take ... for granted 认 为……理所当然；想当然
[练通]
选词填空(take it easy/take one's time)
①—I feel so nervous about the National English Speech Competition tomorrow.
—Take_it_easy.
②Take_your_time,_please. Try to follow the natural steps and have your own clock.
补全句子
③You should not take_it_for_granted_that you can do the work perfectly. Take_it_seriously and make enough preparations.
不要想当然的认为你能把这项工作做得十分完美；认真对待，并做好充分准备。
[写美] 翻译句子
④休息几天你就没事了。
Take_it_easy_for_a_few_days_and_you_should_be_all_right.
2．run out of用完；用尽；用光
[记牢]
(1)run out 用完；用光
give out 耗尽；筋疲力尽
use up 用完；耗尽
(2)run for 竞选；匆匆去取
run across 偶然遇到
run into 撞上；遇到；邂逅
run through 浏览；跑着穿过
[练通]
单句语法填空
①The taxi ran into the bike and the man on the bike was thrown off.
②I ran across one of my old friends when I was walking in the street the other day.
补全句子
③We are running_out_of (用尽) time.(run)
④Our time is running_out (用完)．(run)
⑤We were giving_out (筋疲力尽) and didn't want to move on.(give)
⑥The petrol has_been_used_up (用光); the car can't move.(use)
[用准] run out of＝use up表主动意义，主语一般是人；run out＝be used up表被动意义，主语通常是物；give out属于不及物动词短语，主语通常是人。
[写美] 翻译句子
⑦我想竞选我们学校英语俱乐部的副主席。
I'd_like_to_run_for_the_vice_president_of_the_English_club_in_our_school._
3．let out 释放；放走；发出(叫喊声等)；泄露(消息、秘密等)；透露
[辨清] 写出下列句中let out的含义
①Hearing the good news, the boy let out a cry of joy.发出
②When the bird gets well, we will let it out.放走
③They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism (生物) on the planet.释放
④She promised that she would not let out the plan to the press.泄露
[记牢]
let in 允许进入；容许；改小
let off 放过；使爆炸
let alone 更不用说；更谈不上
let ...down 把……放下来；使……失望
[练通] 单句语法填空
⑤I believe I can be a good volunteer and I won't let you down.
⑥The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, letting in the natural light during the day.
⑦I hardly had time to think these days, let alone relax.
[写美] 补全句子
⑧对于大多数人来说，没有鼠标来操作电脑几乎是不可能的，更谈不上上网。
For most people, it's almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let_alone_surf_the_Internet.
[句式集释]
1．why引导的定语从句
[教材原句] There are various reasons why people write poetry.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)There are various reasons_why they want to do parttime jobs.
他们想做兼职工作有着各种各样的原因。
(2)The reason why_he_failed_the_English_exam_was_that he didn't learn it well.
他英语考试不及格的原因是他没学好英语。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)reason后常常使用why引导的定语从句，意为“……的原因”。
(2)the reason why ... is that ...“……的原因是……”。
注意事项
当reason在句中作定语从句的宾语时，先行词用that或which，或者省略关系代词。
The reason (that/which) he explained to us was that he hadn't read the book before.
[背写作佳句]
(1)There are some reasons why I'm writing to ask you to do me a favour.(开头句)
(2)The reason why I have been longing to go to America is that I want to experience American culture, which is believed to be the most diverse in the world.(要点句)
2．with 复合结构
[教材原句] With_so_many_different_forms_of_poetry_to_choose_from,_students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)With a guide to_show (show) us around the scenic spots, we're sure to have a good time.
(2)With several problems remaining (remain) to be solved, we still needed to hold another meeting as soon as possible.
(3)With more and more forests damaged (damage), some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
(4)With_John_away,_we've got more room.
约翰离开了，我们有了更多的空间。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)with＋宾语＋to do(表示将来的动作) (2)with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动或进行) (3)with＋宾语＋done(表示被动或完成) (4)with＋宾语＋介词短语/adj./adv.
注意事项
with的复合结构除了在句中作状语外，还可以作定语，如：The man with a book under his arms is our beloved teacher.
[背写作佳句]
(1)With a vital exam drawing near, I felt so nervous that I even couldn't eat or sleep, thus making me very sleepy in class.(开头句)
(2)(2018·北京高考书面表达)With their interest greatly sparked, I then began to teach them how to make tea. (要点句)
(3)(2018·北京高考书面表达)Soon the tea room became lively with every international student trying to make their own tea.(要点句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
stay up， try out， let out， hold on， make sense， in particular， take it easy， run out of， be made up of， be popular with
1．You've been working hard for the past week.You must take_it_easy and relax over the weekend.
2．Do remember not to let_out the news.It's between you and me.
3．English weekly is one of the learning materials that are_popular_with middle school students.
4．He has to stay_up late to prepare for the important examination.
5．This passage just didn't make_sense to me, no matter how I read it.
6．Try_out the new medicine for a year and we'll see how well it works.
7．I have something important to say. Please hold_on for a moment.
8．The whole meal was good and the wine in_particular was excellent.
9．They ran_out_of money and had to abandon the project.
10．About five percent of the U．S. population is_made_up_of_American Indians.
Ⅱ.根据提示补全句子
1．在这么令人害怕的情况下没有一个可以求助的人，她感到很无助。(with复合结构)
With_no_one_to_turn_to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
2．在炎热的夏天，人们带伞的原因是暴露在烈日下可能对皮肤有害。(why引导的定语从句)
The_reason_why_people_carry_umbrellas in hot summer days is that the hot sun may be harmful to the exposed skin.
3．为了实现梦想，必须要努力使自己具有丰富的知识，并且设定一个容易达到的目标。(be＋adj.＋不定式)
To achieve one's dream, one must make great efforts to equip oneself with rich knowledge and set_a_goal_which_is_easy_to_reach.
4．(2015·天津高考书面表达)我是李津，晨光中学学生会主席。(名词短语作同位语)
I am Li Jin, chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_Chenguang_High_School.
Ⅲ.分步写作
假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry发邮件向你询问有关诗歌的相关内容。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括：
1．诗歌表达情感；
2．你喜欢的诗歌；
3．诗歌的创作源泉。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
本文属于应用文中的电子邮件，时态为一般现在时，人称以第一人称为主。文章可分三个层次：开头应点明写信的缘由(介绍诗歌)；主体部分应依据题目所给的三个要点进行构思，即诗歌表达情感；喜欢的诗歌；诗歌的创作源泉，本部分为半开放性，考生可合情合理地发挥想象；结尾应表达希望(希望对对方有所帮助)。
要点1：我写信给你介绍诗歌的一些细节。
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_to_you.
要点2－①：诗歌能够表达一定情感。
Poems_can_convey_certain_emotions.
要点2－②：一些人喜欢古诗而另一些人喜欢现代诗。
Some_people_like_poems_in_the_old_style_while_others_like_the_modern_ones.
要点2－③：我尤其喜欢莎士比亚写的诗歌。
I_like_the_poems_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular.
要点2－④：如果热爱生活，我们对于诗歌的灵感就永远不会枯竭。
If_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
要点3：我希望它们对你有所帮助。
I_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容充实、行文连贯，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展，如对要点1可添加定语从句(我所了解的)；在要点2－①中增加原因状语从句(它们能够生动地把现实转换成文学)；在要点2－③中增加范围限制(在所有的诗歌中)并用定语从句简要介绍莎士比亚的诗歌由十四行构成；要点2－④可增加主语从句作主语；将要点3升级为do强调句。
拓展要点1：我写信给你介绍我所了解的一些诗歌的细节。(定语从句)
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_I_have_learned_to_you.
拓展要点2－①：诗歌能够表达一定情感的原因是它们能够生动地把现实转换成文学。(the reason why ...is that ..., transform ...into)
The_reason_why_poems_can_convey_certain_emotions_is_that_they_can_vividly_transform_reality_into_literature.
拓展要点2－③：在所有的诗歌中，我尤其喜欢莎士比亚写的诗歌，它们是由十四行构成的。(定语从句)
Of_all_the_poems,_I_like_the_ones_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular,_which_are_made_up_of_fourteen_lines.
拓展要点2－④：我想要强调的是，如果我们热爱生活，我们对于诗歌的灵感就永远不会枯竭。(主语从句作主语，emphasize)
What_I_want_to_emphasize_is_that_if_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
升级要点3：我的确希望它们对你有所帮助。(do强调谓语)
I_do_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
为了使以上要点紧密衔接，可在成文过程中对要点适当整合，并巧妙使用initially， additionally， last过渡词，以使文章顺畅，衔接自然。
Dear_Terry，
I_am_writing_to_introduce_some_details_about_poems_I_have_learned_to_you.
Initially,_the_reason_why_poems_can_convey_certain_emotions_is_that_they_can_vividly_transform_reality_into_literature.Additionally,_some_people_like_poems_in_the_old_style_while_others_like_the_modern_ones.Of_all_the_poems,_I_like_the_ones_written_by_Shakespeare_in_particular,_which_are_made_up_of_fourteen_lines.Last,_what_I_want_to_emphasize_is_that_if_we_love_life,_our_inspirations_for_poems_will_never_run_out.
I_do_hope_they_are_helpful_to_you.
Yours，
Li_Hua
理清句间结构之(四) 因果
因果逻辑关系很受高考英语命题者的青睐，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。一般来说，考查因果关系的题目有两种形式，给出原因推结果或是给出结果找原因。命题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。
表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, for, since, due to, thanks to, as a result of, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result, result from, result in, cause, lead to, attribute ...to等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。
[高考典例1] 2013·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读七选五
If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it's going to give you lots of dos and don'ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about. __54__. As far as we're concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.Your audience can be your friends.
A．You aren't like anybody else
B．You already do lots of things well
C．Turn your back on too many rules
D．Check the rules about dos and don'ts
E．Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough
F．The one thing you don't want is for them to fall asleep
G．So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse
[分析] 分析空格前后内容可知，空格处与前文为因果关系。空格前面一句“Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，因此空格处应填表示结果的选项，而G项中的So在此处表示结果。故选G项。
[高考典例2] 2013·重庆卷·B篇
One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.This idea has inspired the awardwinning photographer Andrew Zuckerman.He interviewed and took photos of fifty oversixtyfiveyearolds all over the world.His project explores various aspects of their lives.The photos and interviews are now available on our website.
Q：Why did Andrew Zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?
A．Because their wisdom deserves to be passed on.
B．Because they are physically impressive.
C．Because their accomplishments inspired him.
D．Because they have similar experiences.
[分析] 本题是在因果关系处设题。根据文章第一句话“One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.”可知，这些老人的智慧是他们给下一代的礼物，所以值得传递下去。故选A项。
[高考典例3] 2014·安徽卷·完形填空
In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an invitation to a writer's conference in Orlando, Florida. My family persuaded me that a 36(holiday) might be just what the doctor ordered, so off I __37__.
37．A.kept B．went
C．dropped D．knocked
[分析] 通过首句可知，本文为记叙文，作者讲述了自己2012年到佛罗里达州的奥兰多参加作家研讨会的故事。37题前面有so，前后为因果关系，当然是went off(离开)。
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