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2020版高考英语新设计一轮复习人教全国版讲义：选修6Unit5Thepowerofnature
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(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．diagram n. 图解；图表；示意图
2．volcano n. 火山
3．ash n. 灰；灰末
4．hurricane n. 飓风；风暴
5．questionnaire n. 问卷；调查表
6．alongside adv. 在旁边；沿着边
prep. 在……旁边；沿着……的边
7．database n. 数据库；资料库
8．fountain vi.&vt. 泉水般地喷出或涌出
n. 喷泉；源泉
9．helmet n. 头盔
10．boot n. 靴子
11．bungalow n. 平房；小屋
12．typhoon n. 台风
13．thunderstorm n. 雷暴
14．document n. 文件；证件
15．rainbow n. 彩虹
16．balcony n. 阳台
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．wave n. 波浪；波涛
vi. 波动；起伏；挥手
2．potential n. 潜在性；可能性；潜能
adj. 可能的；潜在的
3．candidate n. 候选人；候补者
4．precious adj. 贵重的；珍贵的
5．shoot vt. 射中；射伤
6．shot n. 射击；枪炮声
7．sweat n. 汗
vi. 出汗
8．tremble vi. 摇晃；摇动；颤抖
9．panic vi.&vt. 惊慌
n. 惊慌；恐慌
10．guarantee vt. 保证；担保
11．threat n. 恐吓；威胁
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．equipment n．设备；装备→equip v．配备；装备[纵联1]
2．appoint vt.任命；委派→appointment n．任命；约定；约会[纵联2]
3．evaluate vt.评估；评价；估计→evaluation n．评估
4．absolute adj.绝对的；完全的→absolutely adv.绝对地；完全地
5．suit n．一套外衣；套装vt.适合；使适宜→suitable adj.适当的；相配的；适合的
6．erupt vi.(指火山)爆发；突然发生→eruption n．火山爆发；(战争等)爆发[纵联3]
7．actual adj.实在的；实际的→actually adv.实际地
8．novelist n．小说家→novel n．小说adj.新奇的
9．unconscious adj.失去知觉的；未察觉的→unconsciously adv.未察觉地→conscious adj.有知觉的；有意识的→consciously adv.有意识地
10．anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的；焦虑地→anxiously adv.不安地；焦虑地→anxiety n．担心；焦虑；渴望
11．appreciation n．欣赏；感激；感谢→appreciate vt.欣赏；感激
12．fog n．雾；烟雾→foggy adj.有雾的；模糊的
13．uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不舒适的→comfortable adj.合适的；舒适的→comfort vt.使安慰
14．diverse adj.多种多样的；不同的→diversity n．多种多样；多样性
15．bathe v．洗澡；游泳→bath n．洗澡；沐浴
纵联1.后缀ment名词小结
①equipment设备；装备 ②advertisement广告
③announcement通知；通告 ④achievement功绩；成就
⑤punishment惩罚 ⑥treatment对待；治疗
⑦appointment任命；约定 ⑧requirement要求
纵联2.“职场”高频动词集锦
①appoint任命 ②hire雇用
③employ雇用 ④interview面试
⑤promote晋升 ⑥fire开除
⑦dismiss解雇 ⑧resign辞职
⑨retire退休
纵联3.含词根“rupt(破)”词集合
①erupt＝“e向外＋rupt破”向外破即“爆发”
②interrupt＝“inter中间的＋rupt破”从中间打破即“打搅”
③corrupt＝“cor共同＋rupt破”共同破坏即“腐败”
④bankrupt＝“bank银行＋rupt破”银行破了即“破产”
单元话题——自然环境
子话题 大自然的力量
①natural disasters 自然灾害；天灾
②terrible adj. 可怕的；骇人的
③sandstorm n. 沙尘暴 ④landslide n．山体滑坡
⑤mudslide n．泥石流 ⑥acid rain n．酸雨
⑦shortage n．缺乏 ⑧threaten vt.威胁
⑨irreversible adj.不可逆的 ⑩frighten vt.使惊恐
⑪damage vt.毁坏；破坏 ⑫warning level警戒水位
⑬economic losses 经济损失
⑭rebuild one's home 重建某人的家园
⑮stricken area 受灾地区
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ完形填空)Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he taught me: “The absolute❶ most important skill that you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions. On every single move you have to analyze a situation, process what your opponent (对手) is doing and ❷ the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my role as a journalist.
①写出加彩词在句中的含义：完全的
②选词填空：__D___
A．announce B．signal C．block D．evaluate
2．(2017·6月浙江高考完形填空)Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq. Her library used to be a meeting place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. They discussed various❶ matters all over the world. When the war was near, Alia was worried that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more ❷ to her than mountains of gold.
①写出加彩词在本单元中的同义词：diverse
②选词填空：__B__
A．practical B．precious C．reliable D．expensive
3．(2009·辽宁高考阅读C)A volcanic ❶ (erupt) in Iceland has sent ash❷ across northern Europe.Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean，leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grimsvotn is one of the largest and most active ❸ (volcano) in Europe.What makes Grimsvotn different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 meters thick.
①用erupt的适当形式填空：eruption
②写出ash在句中的含义：灰
③用volcano的适当形式填空：volcanoes
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词补全句子)
1．(2015·陕西高考书面表达)首先，因为我的英语口语很流利，我认为这项工作很适合我。(suit)
Firstly, because my spoken English is fluent, I think this_job_suits_me_well.
2．(2013·福建高考书面表达)精心打扮的孩子在中间骄傲地挥动着手，然而后面的父亲向前弯下身体托起外套，前面的母亲汗流浃背滚动着地毯。(wave)
The son, well dressed, waves_proudly_in_the_middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet, sweating.
3．(2013·北京高考书面表达)就像图画中的这个人，他实际捉了一条小鱼而不是他梦想中的大鱼。(actually)
Just like the man in the picture, instead of the big fish he wishes for, he actually catches a small one.
4．(2010·福建高考书面表达)总之，全世界的人们应该意识到水资源缺乏的真实情况，保护现有的水资源并且科学开发潜在的水资源。(potential)
In conclusion, people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage, protect the present water resources and explore_potential_ones_scientifically.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．appoint vt.任命；委派；约定；指定(时间、地点等)
[记牢]
(1)appoint sb. as/to be ... 任命某人为……
appoint sb. to do sth. 委派某人做某事
(2)appointed adj. 约定的
(3)appointment n. 任命；约定；约会
have an appointment with sb. 与某人有约会
make an appointment with sb. 与某人预约
keep/break an appointment 守/违(爽)约
[练通]
单句语法填空
①Yesterday, Sam was_appointed (appoint) as manager of the engineering department.
②You can put the books in the appointed (appoint) place, and other participants can have free access to them.
③I have an appointment (appoint) with him, but I need to change it.
④I was appointed_to_take (take) charge of arranging all the activities on that day.
补全句子
⑤I have made_an_appointment_with my dentist to have my tooth pulled out this afternoon.
今天下午我和牙医约好给我拔牙了。
[写美] 句型转换
⑥He was appointed as president of the university yesterday. He is giving a speech on the platform now.
→Appointed_as_president of the university yesterday, he is giving a speech on the platform now.(过去分词作状语)
2．suit n．一套外衣；套装vt.适合；使适宜
[记牢]
(1)a suit of 一套……
suit ...to ... 使……适合……
(2)suited adj. 适合的(作表语)
be suited for/to sth. (某人)适合某物
(3)suitable adj. 适当的；相配的；适合的
be suitable for sb. (某物)适合某人
be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事
[练通]
单句语法填空
①A good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils.
②The simplicity of the book makes it suitable (suit) for children.
一句多译
他不适合这份工作，两周后就离职了。
③He_wasn't_suited_for_the_job_and left after two weeks.(suited)
④The_job_wasn't_suitable_for_him and he left after two weeks.(suitable)
⑤The_job_didn't_suit_him and he left after two weeks.(suit)
选词填空(suit/match/fit)
⑥The hat doesn't suit her, for one thing it doesn't fit because of its size; for another its color doesn't match her charming face.
[用准] suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、款式等； 而fit多指大小、形状的合适；match多指色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
[写美] 翻译句子
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)如果不方便，请告诉我什么时间最适合你。
If_not,_let_me_know_what_time_suits_you_best.
3．anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的
[记牢]
(1)be anxious for/about 为……担心/担忧
be anxious to do sth. 急于做某事
(2)anxiety n. 担心；焦虑；渴望
with anxiety＝anxiously 焦虑地；不安地
[练通]
单句语法填空
①The drought had lasted several months, which made farmers anxious (anxiety)．
②It's natural for parents to be anxious about/for their children's future.
单句改错
③I heard you suffered from anxious when you took an exam recently.anxious→anxiety
④Instead of blaming me, he asked me anxious what was going on.anxious→anxiously
[写美] 补全句子
⑤别人告诉我辅导中心可以给学生提供帮助，我急于想从您那儿得到一些帮助。
I was told the Learning Center provides help for students and I'm anxious to get help from you.
4．panic n．惊慌；恐慌vi.&vt.(使)惊慌/恐慌
[记牢]
(1)in panic 惊慌失措地
get into a panic 陷入恐慌
(2)panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事
[练通] 单句语法填空
①Not only do online rumors cause people in panic, but they disturb public order.
②Tom panicked at the sound of explosion and his wife also got into a panic.
③Hearing the gun, the deer was_panicked (panic) into running straight for the headlights.
[用准] 注意panic的过去式和过去分词都是“panicked”。
[写美] 补全句子
④每当人们在惊恐慌乱中做出决定时，结果往往都不太美妙。
Whenever_people_make_decisions_when_they_are_in_panic,_the consequences are rarely pretty.
5．guarantee v．保证；担保n.保证；担保；保修单
[记牢]
(1)guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事
guarantee sb. sth./guarantee sth. to sb. 向某人保证某事
(2)under guarantee 在保修期内
[练通]
单句语法填空
①We should pay attention to small details, which can guarantee to_succeed (succeed) in the end.
②The digital camera in our shop is of high quality. If there should be something wrong with it while it is still under guarantee, we would repair it at our expense.
单句改错
③If you send the application form in straight way, I can guarantee you of an interview.去掉of
[写美] 补全句子
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)作为准备，事先阅读一些中文小说会保证让你融入中国语言的环境中。
As for preparation, reading some Chinese novels in advance will guarantee you adapting into the Chinese language environment.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He crossed the street and walked alongside (沿着……的边) Central Park.
2．Waving (挥手) goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happy for them and wished them a safe journey.
3．I hope that I can fulfill my potential (潜力) in this exam.
4．I would appreciate it very much if you could give us some precious (宝贵的) advice on how to improve our online English school.
5．Only when one is in good health can he guarantee (保证) efficient learning.
6．Studies indicate an increasing threat (威胁) from extreme weather, such as tornado, typhoon, drought, flooding, sandstorm, hailstorm, and so on.
7．Our research attempts to evaluate (评估) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
8．They are the people from diverse (不同的) cultures.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We will not be_panicked (panic) into making a decision before we have considered all the evidence.
2．With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable for their children to see.
3．They equipped themselves with a pair of sharp axes and set off for the forest.
4．Cycling is an absolutely (absolute) energysaving means of transportation.
5．After listening to his advice he had no more anxieties (anxious)．
6．To show our appreciation (appreciate) for all your hard work, we'd like to give you a bonus.
7．She was the first woman to_be_appointed (appoint) to the board, for which she felt very excited and happy.
8．A man in the river was shouting and waving (wave) his arms around desperately.
9．If you have the interest to visit there, don't forget to take a camera and you are guaranteed to_enjoy (enjoy) the sights in their natural state.
10．That is the reason why many people often feel uncomfortable (comfort) in the back when sitting before computers for a long time.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．If the people in the building hadn't been in a panic and left in order when the fire occurred, many of them would not have been killed. 去掉a
2．Parents are usually anxious to the children when they don't come back home from school on time.to→for/about
3．A meeting was held for the purpose of appoint a new secretary.appoint→appointing
4．To students, you'd better choose the activities which interest you and suit for you.去掉for
5．This is the building where the new sports equipment are stored.are→is
6．You are absolute right. It is our responsibility to stop all illegal activities of damaging forests. absolute→absolutely
7．The headmaster who had attended the grand ceremony waved the students and teachers with a smile.waved后加to
8．It's believed that quantities of building materials are potential harmful to people's body.potential→potentially
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子/句型转换
1．他被委派去解决环境污染问题。(appoint)
He was_appointed_to_solve_the_problem of environmental pollution.
2．更糟糕的是，我急于寻找失败的原因。(anxious)
To make matters worse, I was_too_anxious_to_seek the reason for my failure.
3．If you want to go by bus, that suits me.
→If you want to go by bus, that is_suitable_for me.
4．He gave us a wave as the bus drove off.
→He waved_to/at_us as the bus drove off.
(一)课前自主学习
1．burn_to_the_ground 全部焚毁
2．make_one's_way 前往；到(某地)
[串记1] 组成；构成；编造；弥补
4．close_to 靠近；几乎
[串记2] 匆匆看一遍
6．be_home_to_... 是……的栖息地；原产地
7．vary_from_...to_... 由……到……不等
8．have_a_gift_for 有……的天赋
9．compared_with 与……相比
10．give_birth_to 生育；产生
[同根短语串记]
串记1.“动词＋up”短语集锦
①make up构成；弥补 ②take up拿起；开始
③dress up穿上盛装；打扮 ④show up出现；露面
⑤bring up抚养；教育 ⑥break up分裂；打碎
串记2.“v.＋through”相关短语面面观
①glance through匆匆看一遍 ②cut through开辟
③break through突破 ④pull through康复；痊愈
⑤pass through穿过；经历 ⑥look through浏览；翻阅
1．feel_alive 感到有活力
2．collect information 收集信息
3．as bright as day 亮如白昼
4．in its natural state 在原始状态
5．above_sea level 海拔高度
6．a great diversity of 多种多样
7．freeze over 全部结冰；冰封
8．do research 做研究
1．Yet, however_weak_we_are,_we are not completely powerless.
然而，不论我们多么脆弱，我们并不是完全没有力量。
2．I was_about_to_go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.
我刚要再睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。
3．... but this_being_my_first_experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.
……但我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
4．I think the boy_is_likely_to_achieve success in painting, but he needs training.
我认为那个男孩儿有可能会在绘画方面取得成功，但是他需要训练。
5._It_is_said_that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion ...
据说，这个男孩具有语言天赋和很强的说服力……
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语
选词填空(make up, close to, compared with)
1．(2018·北京高考阅读C)But compared_with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As a result, people will eat more food to try to make_up for that something missing.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close_to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.
用本单元短语升级句中加彩的词汇
4．(2018·天津高考阅读D)We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. made_their_way
高考采撷(二) 写作中的句式(补全/翻译句子)
1．(2014·重庆高考写作)无论我们距离有多远，我们都感觉近在咫尺。(however)
However_far_away_we_are,_we feel close to each other.
2．(2014·天津高考书面表达)如果你来我们学校，很可能会遇到生活中的一些难题。(be likely to)
If you come to our school, _you_are_likely_to_meet_some_difficult_problems in your life.
3．(2018·北京高考书面表达)据说中国的茶文化要追溯到5 000年前。(It is said that ...)
It_is_said_that_Chinese_tea_culture_dates_back_to_5,000_years_ago._
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．make one's way前往；到(某地)
[记牢]
fight one's way 奋力前进
lose one's way 迷路
feel one's way 摸索前进
push one's way 挤出来
wind one's way 蜿蜒前进
[练通] 补全句子
①Look! Many children_are_making_their_way to the beach.看！很多孩子正往海滩走去。
②It was so foggy that we had to feel_our_way_home.
雾这么大，我们只好摸索着回家。
③A stream is winding_its_way through the valley into the river.
一条小溪蜿蜒着穿过山谷，流入这条河。
[写美] 翻译句子
④他们在森林中迷路了，使情况更糟糕的是夜幕开始降临。
They_lost_their_way_in_the_forest_and_what_made_matters_worse_was_that_night_began_to_fall.
2．glance through匆匆看一遍
[记牢]
go through 通过；经受；仔细检查
get through 通过；做完；接通电话；熬过
look through 快速查看；浏览；翻阅
see through 看穿；识破
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
①I have looked_through all my papers but I still can't find my notes.
②The manager was rushing to the airport so he glanced_through the report the secretary had typed.
③They didn't even get_through the first round of the contest.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)你最好在上课前做好充分的准备并简要了解唐朝的历史，这会使你容易地通过这节课。
You'd better make full preparations before class and have a brief understanding of the history of Tang Dynasty, which makes_it_easy_for_you_to_go_through_the_class.
3．vary from ...to ...由……到……不等
[记牢]
(1)vary in ... 在……(大小、形状等)上不同
vary with/by 随……变化/改变
(2)various adj. 各种各样的；多姿多彩的
(3)variety n. 种种；多样化
a variety of/varieties of 种种；各种各样的
[练通]
单句语法填空
①I like reading very much, especially the story books, varying (vary) from Chinese stories to English stories.
②In my free time, I'll continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and various (vary) ball games.
③As in China, the climate in Canada varies with/by the area.
单句改错
④These bags are made of variety of materials that can be easily treated when they become rubbish.
variety前加a或variety→varieties
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)在新体育馆里，我们参加各种各样的活动，这给我们带来很多快乐。
We join_in_a_variety_of/varieties_of/various_activities in our new gymnasium, which brings us lots of pleasure.
[句式集释]
1．独立主格结构
[教材原句] The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this_being_my_first_experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)The guide leading (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
(2)The task completed (complete), we had a global traveling.
(3)Such an able man to_help (help) you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
(4)I heard that he got injured in the accident, my_heart_full_of_worry.
听说他在这起事故中受了伤，我内心充满了担忧。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
独立主格结构的常用形式：
(1)逻辑主语＋现在分词
(2)逻辑主语＋过去分词
(3)逻辑主语＋动词不定式
(4)逻辑主语＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
注意事项
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
[背写作佳句]
(1)The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.(要点句)
(2)Some falling behind, others would come and offer help.(要点句)
2．“It is said that ...” 句式
[教材原句] It_is_said_that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)It is said that the new mayor will come into power next month.
→The new mayor is_said_to_come into power next month.
(2)It is said that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as quickly as previously feared.
→Carbon dioxide is_said_to_be_heating the earth twice as quickly as previously feared.
(3)It is said that the early European playingcards were designed for entertainment and education.
→The early European playingcards are_said_to_have_been_designed for entertainment and education.
(4)It_is_hoped_that the terrible disease will soon be controlled.
人们希望这种可怕的疾病能迅速得到控制。
(5)It_is_wellknown_that learning English well will be of great benefit to us all.
众所周知，学好英语对我们大家都大有益处。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)句式“It is said that ...＝Sb./Sth. is said to do sth.”，意为“据说……”。其中，不定式根据情况可用一般式、进行式或完成式。
(2)It is thought that ... 据认为……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is hoped that ... 人们希望……
It is wellknown that ... 众所周知……
注意事项
在该句型中it为形式主语，that引导主语从句。
[背写作佳句]
(1)It's wellknown that “Where there is a will, there is a way.”(开头句)
(2)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)It is believed that the movie will be not only meaningful but also interesting. (要点句)
(3)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)It is hoped that these suggestions would be of great help to you. (总结句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
glance through， make one's way， be home to， compared with， burn to the ground， make up， have a gift for， close to
1．Compared_with traditional cards, there are many advantages of electronic cards.
2．After admiring the beautiful view, she made_her_way to the next destination.
3．Robert has rich work experience, so it will make_up for his lack of academic knowledge.
4．Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and is_home_to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.
5．If the bottle of gas catches fire, the whole building may be burned_to_the_ground.
6．He just glanced_through the headlines because he was too busy to read the whole newspaper.
7．The Greens have an eightyearold girl who has_a_gift_for painting. They expect her to be an artist in the future.
8．He didn't want to get close_to the tiger because he thought it dangerous.
Ⅱ.根据提示补全或翻译句子/一句多译
1．工作了两天，史蒂夫如期完成了报告。(现在分词作状语)
Having_worked_for_two_days,_Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
2．我们学校有三个大的多媒体教室，每一间都配备了最新的电脑。(独立主格结构)
We have three large multimedia classrooms in our school, each equipped with the newest computers.
3．据认为当今世界上有三千多种语言。(it作形式主语的主语从句)
It_is_thought_that_there_are_more_than_3,000_languages_in_the_world_today.
4．每个人都表达了看法，他们的观点各不相同。
①Everyone expressed their ideas, and their_opinions_varied_from_person_to_person.(vary)
②Everyone expressed their ideas, and their_opinions_were_various.(various)
Ⅲ.分步写作
如果说某些自然灾害无法抗拒，那么有些灾害却是人类自己造成的，比如酸雨(acid rain)、沙尘暴(sandstorms)等。请根据下面的提示写一篇保护环境的短文，呼吁人们爱护人类的生存环境，造福后代。
1．原因及后果：人类过度砍伐，乱排乱放污染物；水土流失，沙尘暴，酸雨。
2．措施：……
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
本文要求写一篇短文，呼吁人们保护环境，应用一般现在时，用第一人称写作。本写作有两个要点：要点1为简述人类自己造成的灾害及其原因和造成的后果(过度砍伐；乱排乱放；水土流失；沙尘暴、酸雨)；要点2为介绍具体的措施。要点2表述比较宽泛，需要细化处理，可以从常见的具体做法上来进行表达，如植树、立法、教育等。
要点1－①：人们遭受了许多自然灾害，但一些灾难是由人类造成的，如酸雨和沙尘暴。
People_have_suffered_many_natural_disasters,_but_some_disasters_are_caused_by_men,_such_as_acid_rain_and_sandstorms.
要点1－②：人们砍伐了太多的森林，但是没有重新种植树木。
People_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.
要点1－③：下雨的时候，土壤被冲走，大片的土地变成了沙漠。
When_it_rains,_soil_is_washed_away_and_large_areas_of_land_become_desert.
要点1－④：许多工厂直接将未经处理的水倾倒入河流中，并将有毒气体排放到空气中。
Many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air.
要点2－①：我们应该种更多的树，并且好好照顾它们。(take care of)
We_should_plant_more_trees_and_take_good_care_of_them.
要点2－②：必须制定法律来监督或惩罚那些破坏环境的人。(被动语态，定语从句)
Laws_must_be_made_to_monitor_or_punish_those_who_damage_the_environment.
要点2－③：最重要的是教会人们如何保护地球，以便造福子孙后代。(what引导主语从句作主语；so that引导目的状语从句)
What_is_most_important_is_to_teach_people_how_to_preserve_the_earth,_so_that_it_will_benefit_the_following_generations.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展。要点1－②可以添加时间状语(多年来)和目的状语(为了自己的利益)；要点1－③可以增加后果“当强风吹起时，沙尘暴就形成了”；要点1－④可以用非限制性定语从句拓展其后果(导致酸雨)；拟定的要点1与要点2彼此孤立，不衔接，因此在表述要点2前，可用“为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏”来进行衔接，使文章过渡自然。
拓展要点1－②：多年来，人们为了自己的利益砍伐了太多的森林，但是没有重新种植树木。(介词短语作状语)
For_many_years,_people_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_for_their_own_benefit_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.
补充要点1－③：当强风吹起时，沙尘暴就会发生。(时间状语从句)
Sandstorms_occur_when_strong_wind_blows.
拓展要点1－④：许多工厂直接将未经处理的水倾倒入河流中，并将有毒气体排放到空气中，从而导致酸雨。(非限制性定语从句)
Many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air,_which_causes_acid_rain.
补充衔接句：为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏。(不定式作目的状语)
To_protect_our_earth,_we_should_stop_such_destruction.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
本文可以分成两段写作，每段都采用“总—分”结构。第一段用“人们遭受了许多自然灾害，但一些灾难是由人类造成的，如酸雨和沙尘暴”总起；第二段用“为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏”总起。本文的两个要点内部也需要进行巧妙连接，以免显得突兀跳跃。第一个要点内部可使用并列连词so， and， besides进行连接。第二个要点内部可以用what's more进行有机地整合。
People_have_suffered_many_natural_disasters,_but_some_disasters_are_caused_by_men,_such_as_acid_rain_and_sandstorms.For_many_years,_people_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_for_their_own_benefit_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.So_when_it_rains,_soil_is_washed_away_and_large_areas_of_land_become_desert.And_sandstorms_occur_when_strong_wind_blows.Besides,_many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air,_which_causes_acid_rain.
To_protect_our_earth,_we_should_stop_such_destruction.We_should_plant_more_trees_and_take_good_care_of_them.What's_more,_laws_must_be_made_to_monitor_or_punish_those_who_damage_the_environment.What_is_most_important_is_to_teach_people_how_to_preserve_the_earth,_so_that_it_will_benefit_the_following_generations.
理清句间结构之(七) 阐释
表示“阐释”的句间关系就是一个分句说明一种情况，其他分句对这种情况进行解释、说明或总括。一般不常用关联词语。有时可借助同位语或同位语从句，有时可借助冒号、括号及破折号等标点符号来表示这种句间关系。利用这种阐释关系可准确解答与之相关的题目。
[高考典例1] 2017·全国卷Ⅱ·B篇
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
Q：Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A．Paul Newman wanted it.
B．The studio powers didn't like his agent.
C．He wasn't famous enough.
D．The director recommended someone else.
[分析] 两个破折号中间的内容解释了电影公司起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul一样著名的人物，故可知作者当时不够有名。故选C项。
[高考典例2] 2017·天津卷·C篇
[1]This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
[2]The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Q：What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．A place where cars often break down.
B．A case where passing a law is impossible.
C．An area where no driving is permitted.
D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear.
[分析] 第二段冒号后的句子是对death valley的阐释，即：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界线不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。
[高考典例3] 2017·全国卷Ⅱ·B篇
[3]We shared the belief if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
Q：What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Their belief.
B．Their care for children.
C．Their success.
D．Their support for each other.
[分析] 根据选段首句可知，下文的内容是对the belief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故选A项。
(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．diagram n. 图解；图表；示意图
2．volcano n. 火山
3．ash n. 灰；灰末
4．hurricane n. 飓风；风暴
5．questionnaire n. 问卷；调查表
6．alongside adv. 在旁边；沿着边
prep. 在……旁边；沿着……的边
7．database n. 数据库；资料库
8．fountain vi.&vt. 泉水般地喷出或涌出
n. 喷泉；源泉
9．helmet n. 头盔
10．boot n. 靴子
11．bungalow n. 平房；小屋
12．typhoon n. 台风
13．thunderstorm n. 雷暴
14．document n. 文件；证件
15．rainbow n. 彩虹
16．balcony n. 阳台
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．wave n. 波浪；波涛
vi. 波动；起伏；挥手
2．potential n. 潜在性；可能性；潜能
adj. 可能的；潜在的
3．candidate n. 候选人；候补者
4．precious adj. 贵重的；珍贵的
5．shoot vt. 射中；射伤
6．shot n. 射击；枪炮声
7．sweat n. 汗
vi. 出汗
8．tremble vi. 摇晃；摇动；颤抖
9．panic vi.&vt. 惊慌
n. 惊慌；恐慌
10．guarantee vt. 保证；担保
11．threat n. 恐吓；威胁
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．equipment n．设备；装备→equip v．配备；装备[纵联1]
2．appoint vt.任命；委派→appointment n．任命；约定；约会[纵联2]
3．evaluate vt.评估；评价；估计→evaluation n．评估
4．absolute adj.绝对的；完全的→absolutely adv.绝对地；完全地
5．suit n．一套外衣；套装vt.适合；使适宜→suitable adj.适当的；相配的；适合的
6．erupt vi.(指火山)爆发；突然发生→eruption n．火山爆发；(战争等)爆发[纵联3]
7．actual adj.实在的；实际的→actually adv.实际地
8．novelist n．小说家→novel n．小说adj.新奇的
9．unconscious adj.失去知觉的；未察觉的→unconsciously adv.未察觉地→conscious adj.有知觉的；有意识的→consciously adv.有意识地
10．anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的；焦虑地→anxiously adv.不安地；焦虑地→anxiety n．担心；焦虑；渴望
11．appreciation n．欣赏；感激；感谢→appreciate vt.欣赏；感激
12．fog n．雾；烟雾→foggy adj.有雾的；模糊的
13．uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不舒适的→comfortable adj.合适的；舒适的→comfort vt.使安慰
14．diverse adj.多种多样的；不同的→diversity n．多种多样；多样性
15．bathe v．洗澡；游泳→bath n．洗澡；沐浴
纵联1.后缀ment名词小结
①equipment设备；装备 ②advertisement广告
③announcement通知；通告 ④achievement功绩；成就
⑤punishment惩罚 ⑥treatment对待；治疗
⑦appointment任命；约定 ⑧requirement要求
纵联2.“职场”高频动词集锦
①appoint任命 ②hire雇用
③employ雇用 ④interview面试
⑤promote晋升 ⑥fire开除
⑦dismiss解雇 ⑧resign辞职
⑨retire退休
纵联3.含词根“rupt(破)”词集合
①erupt＝“e向外＋rupt破”向外破即“爆发”
②interrupt＝“inter中间的＋rupt破”从中间打破即“打搅”
③corrupt＝“cor共同＋rupt破”共同破坏即“腐败”
④bankrupt＝“bank银行＋rupt破”银行破了即“破产”
单元话题——自然环境
子话题 大自然的力量
①natural disasters 自然灾害；天灾
②terrible adj. 可怕的；骇人的
③sandstorm n. 沙尘暴 ④landslide n．山体滑坡
⑤mudslide n．泥石流 ⑥acid rain n．酸雨
⑦shortage n．缺乏 ⑧threaten vt.威胁
⑨irreversible adj.不可逆的 ⑩frighten vt.使惊恐
⑪damage vt.毁坏；破坏 ⑫warning level警戒水位
⑬economic losses 经济损失
⑭rebuild one's home 重建某人的家园
⑮stricken area 受灾地区
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ完形填空)Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he taught me: “The absolute❶ most important skill that you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions. On every single move you have to analyze a situation, process what your opponent (对手) is doing and ❷ the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my role as a journalist.
①写出加彩词在句中的含义：完全的
②选词填空：__D___
A．announce B．signal C．block D．evaluate
2．(2017·6月浙江高考完形填空)Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq. Her library used to be a meeting place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. They discussed various❶ matters all over the world. When the war was near, Alia was worried that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more ❷ to her than mountains of gold.
①写出加彩词在本单元中的同义词：diverse
②选词填空：__B__
A．practical B．precious C．reliable D．expensive
3．(2009·辽宁高考阅读C)A volcanic ❶ (erupt) in Iceland has sent ash❷ across northern Europe.Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean，leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grimsvotn is one of the largest and most active ❸ (volcano) in Europe.What makes Grimsvotn different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 meters thick.
①用erupt的适当形式填空：eruption
②写出ash在句中的含义：灰
③用volcano的适当形式填空：volcanoes
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词补全句子)
1．(2015·陕西高考书面表达)首先，因为我的英语口语很流利，我认为这项工作很适合我。(suit)
Firstly, because my spoken English is fluent, I think this_job_suits_me_well.
2．(2013·福建高考书面表达)精心打扮的孩子在中间骄傲地挥动着手，然而后面的父亲向前弯下身体托起外套，前面的母亲汗流浃背滚动着地毯。(wave)
The son, well dressed, waves_proudly_in_the_middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet, sweating.
3．(2013·北京高考书面表达)就像图画中的这个人，他实际捉了一条小鱼而不是他梦想中的大鱼。(actually)
Just like the man in the picture, instead of the big fish he wishes for, he actually catches a small one.
4．(2010·福建高考书面表达)总之，全世界的人们应该意识到水资源缺乏的真实情况，保护现有的水资源并且科学开发潜在的水资源。(potential)
In conclusion, people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage, protect the present water resources and explore_potential_ones_scientifically.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．appoint vt.任命；委派；约定；指定(时间、地点等)
[记牢]
(1)appoint sb. as/to be ... 任命某人为……
appoint sb. to do sth. 委派某人做某事
(2)appointed adj. 约定的
(3)appointment n. 任命；约定；约会
have an appointment with sb. 与某人有约会
make an appointment with sb. 与某人预约
keep/break an appointment 守/违(爽)约
[练通]
单句语法填空
①Yesterday, Sam was_appointed (appoint) as manager of the engineering department.
②You can put the books in the appointed (appoint) place, and other participants can have free access to them.
③I have an appointment (appoint) with him, but I need to change it.
④I was appointed_to_take (take) charge of arranging all the activities on that day.
补全句子
⑤I have made_an_appointment_with my dentist to have my tooth pulled out this afternoon.
今天下午我和牙医约好给我拔牙了。
[写美] 句型转换
⑥He was appointed as president of the university yesterday. He is giving a speech on the platform now.
→Appointed_as_president of the university yesterday, he is giving a speech on the platform now.(过去分词作状语)
2．suit n．一套外衣；套装vt.适合；使适宜
[记牢]
(1)a suit of 一套……
suit ...to ... 使……适合……
(2)suited adj. 适合的(作表语)
be suited for/to sth. (某人)适合某物
(3)suitable adj. 适当的；相配的；适合的
be suitable for sb. (某物)适合某人
be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事
[练通]
单句语法填空
①A good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils.
②The simplicity of the book makes it suitable (suit) for children.
一句多译
他不适合这份工作，两周后就离职了。
③He_wasn't_suited_for_the_job_and left after two weeks.(suited)
④The_job_wasn't_suitable_for_him and he left after two weeks.(suitable)
⑤The_job_didn't_suit_him and he left after two weeks.(suit)
选词填空(suit/match/fit)
⑥The hat doesn't suit her, for one thing it doesn't fit because of its size; for another its color doesn't match her charming face.
[用准] suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、款式等； 而fit多指大小、形状的合适；match多指色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
[写美] 翻译句子
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)如果不方便，请告诉我什么时间最适合你。
If_not,_let_me_know_what_time_suits_you_best.
3．anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的
[记牢]
(1)be anxious for/about 为……担心/担忧
be anxious to do sth. 急于做某事
(2)anxiety n. 担心；焦虑；渴望
with anxiety＝anxiously 焦虑地；不安地
[练通]
单句语法填空
①The drought had lasted several months, which made farmers anxious (anxiety)．
②It's natural for parents to be anxious about/for their children's future.
单句改错
③I heard you suffered from anxious when you took an exam recently.anxious→anxiety
④Instead of blaming me, he asked me anxious what was going on.anxious→anxiously
[写美] 补全句子
⑤别人告诉我辅导中心可以给学生提供帮助，我急于想从您那儿得到一些帮助。
I was told the Learning Center provides help for students and I'm anxious to get help from you.
4．panic n．惊慌；恐慌vi.&vt.(使)惊慌/恐慌
[记牢]
(1)in panic 惊慌失措地
get into a panic 陷入恐慌
(2)panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事
[练通] 单句语法填空
①Not only do online rumors cause people in panic, but they disturb public order.
②Tom panicked at the sound of explosion and his wife also got into a panic.
③Hearing the gun, the deer was_panicked (panic) into running straight for the headlights.
[用准] 注意panic的过去式和过去分词都是“panicked”。
[写美] 补全句子
④每当人们在惊恐慌乱中做出决定时，结果往往都不太美妙。
Whenever_people_make_decisions_when_they_are_in_panic,_the consequences are rarely pretty.
5．guarantee v．保证；担保n.保证；担保；保修单
[记牢]
(1)guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事
guarantee sb. sth./guarantee sth. to sb. 向某人保证某事
(2)under guarantee 在保修期内
[练通]
单句语法填空
①We should pay attention to small details, which can guarantee to_succeed (succeed) in the end.
②The digital camera in our shop is of high quality. If there should be something wrong with it while it is still under guarantee, we would repair it at our expense.
单句改错
③If you send the application form in straight way, I can guarantee you of an interview.去掉of
[写美] 补全句子
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)作为准备，事先阅读一些中文小说会保证让你融入中国语言的环境中。
As for preparation, reading some Chinese novels in advance will guarantee you adapting into the Chinese language environment.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He crossed the street and walked alongside (沿着……的边) Central Park.
2．Waving (挥手) goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happy for them and wished them a safe journey.
3．I hope that I can fulfill my potential (潜力) in this exam.
4．I would appreciate it very much if you could give us some precious (宝贵的) advice on how to improve our online English school.
5．Only when one is in good health can he guarantee (保证) efficient learning.
6．Studies indicate an increasing threat (威胁) from extreme weather, such as tornado, typhoon, drought, flooding, sandstorm, hailstorm, and so on.
7．Our research attempts to evaluate (评估) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
8．They are the people from diverse (不同的) cultures.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We will not be_panicked (panic) into making a decision before we have considered all the evidence.
2．With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable for their children to see.
3．They equipped themselves with a pair of sharp axes and set off for the forest.
4．Cycling is an absolutely (absolute) energysaving means of transportation.
5．After listening to his advice he had no more anxieties (anxious)．
6．To show our appreciation (appreciate) for all your hard work, we'd like to give you a bonus.
7．She was the first woman to_be_appointed (appoint) to the board, for which she felt very excited and happy.
8．A man in the river was shouting and waving (wave) his arms around desperately.
9．If you have the interest to visit there, don't forget to take a camera and you are guaranteed to_enjoy (enjoy) the sights in their natural state.
10．That is the reason why many people often feel uncomfortable (comfort) in the back when sitting before computers for a long time.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．If the people in the building hadn't been in a panic and left in order when the fire occurred, many of them would not have been killed. 去掉a
2．Parents are usually anxious to the children when they don't come back home from school on time.to→for/about
3．A meeting was held for the purpose of appoint a new secretary.appoint→appointing
4．To students, you'd better choose the activities which interest you and suit for you.去掉for
5．This is the building where the new sports equipment are stored.are→is
6．You are absolute right. It is our responsibility to stop all illegal activities of damaging forests. absolute→absolutely
7．The headmaster who had attended the grand ceremony waved the students and teachers with a smile.waved后加to
8．It's believed that quantities of building materials are potential harmful to people's body.potential→potentially
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子/句型转换
1．他被委派去解决环境污染问题。(appoint)
He was_appointed_to_solve_the_problem of environmental pollution.
2．更糟糕的是，我急于寻找失败的原因。(anxious)
To make matters worse, I was_too_anxious_to_seek the reason for my failure.
3．If you want to go by bus, that suits me.
→If you want to go by bus, that is_suitable_for me.
4．He gave us a wave as the bus drove off.
→He waved_to/at_us as the bus drove off.
(一)课前自主学习
1．burn_to_the_ground 全部焚毁
2．make_one's_way 前往；到(某地)
[串记1] 组成；构成；编造；弥补
4．close_to 靠近；几乎
[串记2] 匆匆看一遍
6．be_home_to_... 是……的栖息地；原产地
7．vary_from_...to_... 由……到……不等
8．have_a_gift_for 有……的天赋
9．compared_with 与……相比
10．give_birth_to 生育；产生
[同根短语串记]
串记1.“动词＋up”短语集锦
①make up构成；弥补 ②take up拿起；开始
③dress up穿上盛装；打扮 ④show up出现；露面
⑤bring up抚养；教育 ⑥break up分裂；打碎
串记2.“v.＋through”相关短语面面观
①glance through匆匆看一遍 ②cut through开辟
③break through突破 ④pull through康复；痊愈
⑤pass through穿过；经历 ⑥look through浏览；翻阅
1．feel_alive 感到有活力
2．collect information 收集信息
3．as bright as day 亮如白昼
4．in its natural state 在原始状态
5．above_sea level 海拔高度
6．a great diversity of 多种多样
7．freeze over 全部结冰；冰封
8．do research 做研究
1．Yet, however_weak_we_are,_we are not completely powerless.
然而，不论我们多么脆弱，我们并不是完全没有力量。
2．I was_about_to_go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.
我刚要再睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。
3．... but this_being_my_first_experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.
……但我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
4．I think the boy_is_likely_to_achieve success in painting, but he needs training.
我认为那个男孩儿有可能会在绘画方面取得成功，但是他需要训练。
5._It_is_said_that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion ...
据说，这个男孩具有语言天赋和很强的说服力……
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语
选词填空(make up, close to, compared with)
1．(2018·北京高考阅读C)But compared_with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As a result, people will eat more food to try to make_up for that something missing.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close_to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.
用本单元短语升级句中加彩的词汇
4．(2018·天津高考阅读D)We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. made_their_way
高考采撷(二) 写作中的句式(补全/翻译句子)
1．(2014·重庆高考写作)无论我们距离有多远，我们都感觉近在咫尺。(however)
However_far_away_we_are,_we feel close to each other.
2．(2014·天津高考书面表达)如果你来我们学校，很可能会遇到生活中的一些难题。(be likely to)
If you come to our school, _you_are_likely_to_meet_some_difficult_problems in your life.
3．(2018·北京高考书面表达)据说中国的茶文化要追溯到5 000年前。(It is said that ...)
It_is_said_that_Chinese_tea_culture_dates_back_to_5,000_years_ago._
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．make one's way前往；到(某地)
[记牢]
fight one's way 奋力前进
lose one's way 迷路
feel one's way 摸索前进
push one's way 挤出来
wind one's way 蜿蜒前进
[练通] 补全句子
①Look! Many children_are_making_their_way to the beach.看！很多孩子正往海滩走去。
②It was so foggy that we had to feel_our_way_home.
雾这么大，我们只好摸索着回家。
③A stream is winding_its_way through the valley into the river.
一条小溪蜿蜒着穿过山谷，流入这条河。
[写美] 翻译句子
④他们在森林中迷路了，使情况更糟糕的是夜幕开始降临。
They_lost_their_way_in_the_forest_and_what_made_matters_worse_was_that_night_began_to_fall.
2．glance through匆匆看一遍
[记牢]
go through 通过；经受；仔细检查
get through 通过；做完；接通电话；熬过
look through 快速查看；浏览；翻阅
see through 看穿；识破
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
①I have looked_through all my papers but I still can't find my notes.
②The manager was rushing to the airport so he glanced_through the report the secretary had typed.
③They didn't even get_through the first round of the contest.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)你最好在上课前做好充分的准备并简要了解唐朝的历史，这会使你容易地通过这节课。
You'd better make full preparations before class and have a brief understanding of the history of Tang Dynasty, which makes_it_easy_for_you_to_go_through_the_class.
3．vary from ...to ...由……到……不等
[记牢]
(1)vary in ... 在……(大小、形状等)上不同
vary with/by 随……变化/改变
(2)various adj. 各种各样的；多姿多彩的
(3)variety n. 种种；多样化
a variety of/varieties of 种种；各种各样的
[练通]
单句语法填空
①I like reading very much, especially the story books, varying (vary) from Chinese stories to English stories.
②In my free time, I'll continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and various (vary) ball games.
③As in China, the climate in Canada varies with/by the area.
单句改错
④These bags are made of variety of materials that can be easily treated when they become rubbish.
variety前加a或variety→varieties
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)在新体育馆里，我们参加各种各样的活动，这给我们带来很多快乐。
We join_in_a_variety_of/varieties_of/various_activities in our new gymnasium, which brings us lots of pleasure.
[句式集释]
1．独立主格结构
[教材原句] The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this_being_my_first_experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)The guide leading (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
(2)The task completed (complete), we had a global traveling.
(3)Such an able man to_help (help) you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
(4)I heard that he got injured in the accident, my_heart_full_of_worry.
听说他在这起事故中受了伤，我内心充满了担忧。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
独立主格结构的常用形式：
(1)逻辑主语＋现在分词
(2)逻辑主语＋过去分词
(3)逻辑主语＋动词不定式
(4)逻辑主语＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
注意事项
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
[背写作佳句]
(1)The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.(要点句)
(2)Some falling behind, others would come and offer help.(要点句)
2．“It is said that ...” 句式
[教材原句] It_is_said_that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)It is said that the new mayor will come into power next month.
→The new mayor is_said_to_come into power next month.
(2)It is said that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as quickly as previously feared.
→Carbon dioxide is_said_to_be_heating the earth twice as quickly as previously feared.
(3)It is said that the early European playingcards were designed for entertainment and education.
→The early European playingcards are_said_to_have_been_designed for entertainment and education.
(4)It_is_hoped_that the terrible disease will soon be controlled.
人们希望这种可怕的疾病能迅速得到控制。
(5)It_is_wellknown_that learning English well will be of great benefit to us all.
众所周知，学好英语对我们大家都大有益处。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)句式“It is said that ...＝Sb./Sth. is said to do sth.”，意为“据说……”。其中，不定式根据情况可用一般式、进行式或完成式。
(2)It is thought that ... 据认为……
It is believed that ... 人们相信……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is hoped that ... 人们希望……
It is wellknown that ... 众所周知……
注意事项
在该句型中it为形式主语，that引导主语从句。
[背写作佳句]
(1)It's wellknown that “Where there is a will, there is a way.”(开头句)
(2)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)It is believed that the movie will be not only meaningful but also interesting. (要点句)
(3)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)It is hoped that these suggestions would be of great help to you. (总结句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
glance through， make one's way， be home to， compared with， burn to the ground， make up， have a gift for， close to
1．Compared_with traditional cards, there are many advantages of electronic cards.
2．After admiring the beautiful view, she made_her_way to the next destination.
3．Robert has rich work experience, so it will make_up for his lack of academic knowledge.
4．Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and is_home_to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.
5．If the bottle of gas catches fire, the whole building may be burned_to_the_ground.
6．He just glanced_through the headlines because he was too busy to read the whole newspaper.
7．The Greens have an eightyearold girl who has_a_gift_for painting. They expect her to be an artist in the future.
8．He didn't want to get close_to the tiger because he thought it dangerous.
Ⅱ.根据提示补全或翻译句子/一句多译
1．工作了两天，史蒂夫如期完成了报告。(现在分词作状语)
Having_worked_for_two_days,_Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
2．我们学校有三个大的多媒体教室，每一间都配备了最新的电脑。(独立主格结构)
We have three large multimedia classrooms in our school, each equipped with the newest computers.
3．据认为当今世界上有三千多种语言。(it作形式主语的主语从句)
It_is_thought_that_there_are_more_than_3,000_languages_in_the_world_today.
4．每个人都表达了看法，他们的观点各不相同。
①Everyone expressed their ideas, and their_opinions_varied_from_person_to_person.(vary)
②Everyone expressed their ideas, and their_opinions_were_various.(various)
Ⅲ.分步写作
如果说某些自然灾害无法抗拒，那么有些灾害却是人类自己造成的，比如酸雨(acid rain)、沙尘暴(sandstorms)等。请根据下面的提示写一篇保护环境的短文，呼吁人们爱护人类的生存环境，造福后代。
1．原因及后果：人类过度砍伐，乱排乱放污染物；水土流失，沙尘暴，酸雨。
2．措施：……
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
本文要求写一篇短文，呼吁人们保护环境，应用一般现在时，用第一人称写作。本写作有两个要点：要点1为简述人类自己造成的灾害及其原因和造成的后果(过度砍伐；乱排乱放；水土流失；沙尘暴、酸雨)；要点2为介绍具体的措施。要点2表述比较宽泛，需要细化处理，可以从常见的具体做法上来进行表达，如植树、立法、教育等。
要点1－①：人们遭受了许多自然灾害，但一些灾难是由人类造成的，如酸雨和沙尘暴。
People_have_suffered_many_natural_disasters,_but_some_disasters_are_caused_by_men,_such_as_acid_rain_and_sandstorms.
要点1－②：人们砍伐了太多的森林，但是没有重新种植树木。
People_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.
要点1－③：下雨的时候，土壤被冲走，大片的土地变成了沙漠。
When_it_rains,_soil_is_washed_away_and_large_areas_of_land_become_desert.
要点1－④：许多工厂直接将未经处理的水倾倒入河流中，并将有毒气体排放到空气中。
Many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air.
要点2－①：我们应该种更多的树，并且好好照顾它们。(take care of)
We_should_plant_more_trees_and_take_good_care_of_them.
要点2－②：必须制定法律来监督或惩罚那些破坏环境的人。(被动语态，定语从句)
Laws_must_be_made_to_monitor_or_punish_those_who_damage_the_environment.
要点2－③：最重要的是教会人们如何保护地球，以便造福子孙后代。(what引导主语从句作主语；so that引导目的状语从句)
What_is_most_important_is_to_teach_people_how_to_preserve_the_earth,_so_that_it_will_benefit_the_following_generations.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展。要点1－②可以添加时间状语(多年来)和目的状语(为了自己的利益)；要点1－③可以增加后果“当强风吹起时，沙尘暴就形成了”；要点1－④可以用非限制性定语从句拓展其后果(导致酸雨)；拟定的要点1与要点2彼此孤立，不衔接，因此在表述要点2前，可用“为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏”来进行衔接，使文章过渡自然。
拓展要点1－②：多年来，人们为了自己的利益砍伐了太多的森林，但是没有重新种植树木。(介词短语作状语)
For_many_years,_people_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_for_their_own_benefit_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.
补充要点1－③：当强风吹起时，沙尘暴就会发生。(时间状语从句)
Sandstorms_occur_when_strong_wind_blows.
拓展要点1－④：许多工厂直接将未经处理的水倾倒入河流中，并将有毒气体排放到空气中，从而导致酸雨。(非限制性定语从句)
Many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air,_which_causes_acid_rain.
补充衔接句：为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏。(不定式作目的状语)
To_protect_our_earth,_we_should_stop_such_destruction.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
本文可以分成两段写作，每段都采用“总—分”结构。第一段用“人们遭受了许多自然灾害，但一些灾难是由人类造成的，如酸雨和沙尘暴”总起；第二段用“为了保护我们的地球，我们应该停止这种破坏”总起。本文的两个要点内部也需要进行巧妙连接，以免显得突兀跳跃。第一个要点内部可使用并列连词so， and， besides进行连接。第二个要点内部可以用what's more进行有机地整合。
People_have_suffered_many_natural_disasters,_but_some_disasters_are_caused_by_men,_such_as_acid_rain_and_sandstorms.For_many_years,_people_have_cut_down_too_many_forests_for_their_own_benefit_but_haven't_replanted_the_trees.So_when_it_rains,_soil_is_washed_away_and_large_areas_of_land_become_desert.And_sandstorms_occur_when_strong_wind_blows.Besides,_many_factories_pour_untreated_water_into_rivers_directly,_and_release_poisonous_gas_into_the_air,_which_causes_acid_rain.
To_protect_our_earth,_we_should_stop_such_destruction.We_should_plant_more_trees_and_take_good_care_of_them.What's_more,_laws_must_be_made_to_monitor_or_punish_those_who_damage_the_environment.What_is_most_important_is_to_teach_people_how_to_preserve_the_earth,_so_that_it_will_benefit_the_following_generations.
理清句间结构之(七) 阐释
表示“阐释”的句间关系就是一个分句说明一种情况，其他分句对这种情况进行解释、说明或总括。一般不常用关联词语。有时可借助同位语或同位语从句，有时可借助冒号、括号及破折号等标点符号来表示这种句间关系。利用这种阐释关系可准确解答与之相关的题目。
[高考典例1] 2017·全国卷Ⅱ·B篇
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
Q：Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A．Paul Newman wanted it.
B．The studio powers didn't like his agent.
C．He wasn't famous enough.
D．The director recommended someone else.
[分析] 两个破折号中间的内容解释了电影公司起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul一样著名的人物，故可知作者当时不够有名。故选C项。
[高考典例2] 2017·天津卷·C篇
[1]This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
[2]The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Q：What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．A place where cars often break down.
B．A case where passing a law is impossible.
C．An area where no driving is permitted.
D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear.
[分析] 第二段冒号后的句子是对death valley的阐释，即：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界线不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。
[高考典例3] 2017·全国卷Ⅱ·B篇
[3]We shared the belief if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
Q：What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Their belief.
B．Their care for children.
C．Their success.
D．Their support for each other.
[分析] 根据选段首句可知，下文的内容是对the belief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故选A项。
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