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话题六 科学与技术
[对应教材] Book 2 Unit 3 Computers Book 7 Unit 2 Robots
Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning Book 8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“科学与技术”是高中课程标准中“人与社会”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了了解科技创新与社会迅速发展的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生对科学与技术有所了解。感受科学与技术给人们带来的好处，同时培养立志为科学献身的精神。
[高考探究]
“科学与技术”这个话题常与阅读理解、完形填空、七选五、语法填空等相结合进行考查，分值所占的比例较高。例如：
话题六
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
科学与技术
2019全国卷Ⅰ
阅读C篇
智能键盘的安全防护作用
2019全国卷Ⅱ
阅读D篇
有关解决国际空间站中细菌问题的研究
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读D篇
一项动物实验研究发现猴子能进行基本的加法运算
续表
话题六
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
科学
与技术
2017全国卷Ⅰ
阅读A篇
太平洋科学中心的旅游指南
2017全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
太阳能蒸馏器的制作过程和工作原理
2017全国卷Ⅱ
阅读C篇
国外研发新型飞行汽车的进展及相关情况
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读D篇
为保证老年人自行驾车而进行的辅助驾车系统的研发
2016全国卷Ⅰ
七选五阅读
信息安全与保护
2019全国卷Ⅲ
完形填空
高科技设备改善了尤坎缺少阳光直射的困境
2017全国卷Ⅱ
语法填空
英国伦敦地铁的建造过程及发展
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图一 Book 2 Unit 3 Computers
图二 Book 7 Unit 2 Robots
图三 Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning
图四 Book 8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图一：概要写作
①The computer is a machine that was born to work for people. When it first came into being, it was just a calculating machine. That is to say, it can only be used to work out problems with numbers. ②Later, it was developed to an analytical machine, which followed simple instructions from cards with holes. This was such a great revolution in technology! ③A computer could “think” as human race once it was programmed with proper programs, but it could not “think” of itself without man's help, so we say a computer had artificial intelligence. ④⑤The computer was completely changed when it got its new transistors in the 1960s. Its size became smaller and smaller while its memory became larger and larger. ⑥Thanks to the Internet, computers were connected to one another as a huge family connected by a network. ⑦Actually, the computer is truly a devoted friend of the human race!
图二：概要写作
Larry Belmont worked for a company that made robots. ①②③A household robot, Tony, was going to be tested out by Larry's wife, Claire.
At the sight of handsome Tony, Claire felt alarmed. ⑥The next day, she was embarrassed when Tony brought breakfast and offered to help her dressing. One day, Claire mentioned that she wasn't clever, Tony offered sympathy, and promised to help Claire make herself smarter. How absurd, she thought. When shopping, Claire was unfairly treated, and it was “dear” Tony that helped her solve the problem. ④To make her house elegant, Claire tried to help, only to fall off a ladder. Just then Tony came to hold her firmly in his arms, which made Claire grateful. ⑤Three weeks later before leaving, Tony suggested a party, making Claire envied by her friends. Actually, Claire was sad because she possibly fell in love with the machine.
图三：概要写作
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. ①It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.
②Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.
Many attempts to clone mammals failed. ③But in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, which became controversial. ④On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone. On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.
⑤Although cloning has gained a breakthrough, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.
图四：概要写作
①Mom told me there were some snakes in our courtyard.
②To find out the solution, I adopted several strategies, such as finding products to kill them. Without luck. Then I began researching the habits of snakes. Then, I used three approaches to catch them, including removing their habitat, attracting them into a trap, and cooling them to catch them. Still, it was fruitless. Finally, I made the third attempt to guide them into a small net used for catching fish, only to find the final method worked.
③Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor.
1．As for me, I often go online to search some information useful for my study, because I hold the view that we should make the best of the computer to equip ourselves with more knowledge.
至于我，我经常上网搜集一些对学习有用的信息，因为我认为我们应该充分利用电脑，以便用更多知识武装自己。
2．As for me, I always participate in afterclass activities, because I'm fully convinced that we should practise what we've learned through activities.
至于我，我经常参加课外活动，因为在我看来，我们应该通过活动做到学以致用。
3．I have a good command of computer programming, which enables me to get along well with my work.
我精通计算机编程，这使得我工作起来很顺利。
4．Although I didn't major in computer, I have a lot of interest in it.
虽然我不是主修计算机，但是我对它仍有浓厚的兴趣。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)solve (vt.) 解决；解答→solution (n.) 解决；解答
(2)explore (vt.& vi.) 探索；探测；探究→explorer (n.) 探险家；勘探者→exploration (n.) 探索
(3)anyhow (adv.)(也作anyway)无论如何；即使如此
(4)goal (n.) 目标；目的；球门；(进球)得分
(5)signal (vi.& vt.) 发信号 (n.) 信号
(6)type (n.) 类型 (vt.& vi.) 打字→typist (n.) 打字员→typewriter (n.) 打字机
(7)arise (vi.) 出现；发生→arose (过去式)→arisen (过去分词)
(8)electronic (adj.) 电子的→electricity (n.) 电；电学
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)calculate (vt.) 计算
(2)universal (adj.) 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的
(3)simplify (vt.) 简化
(4)logical (adj.) 合逻辑的；合情理的
(5)technology (n.) 工艺；科技；技术
(6)revolution (n.) 革命
(7)artificial (adj.) 人造的；假的
(8)reality (n.) 真实；事实；现实
(9)personally (adv.) 就个人而言；亲自
(10)total (adj.) 总的；整个的
(11)application (n.) 应用；用途；申请
(12)appearance (n.) 外观；外貌；出现
(13)character (n.) 性格；特点
[单句语法填空]
1．The team are working hard to analyze the problem so that they can find the best ________ (solve)．
答案：solution
2．However, an uneasy feeling ________ (arise) that they were selecting material that supported their argument.
答案：arose
3．There is another kind of beauty that has nothing to do with ________ (appear), but comes from the heart.
答案：appearance
4．Her childhood ambition became a ________ (real) when she was made a judge.
答案：reality
5．Try to ________ (simple) your explanation to the students to help them understand better.
答案：simplify
6．Young people want something ________ (total) different from the old ways.
答案：totally
7．It was said that the president had written back to the little boy ________ (personal)．
答案：personally
8．With the ________ (apply) of the new technology, the output of steel almost doubled what it was last year.
答案：application
9．Christopher Columbus was seen as one of the greatest ________ (explore)．
答案：explorers
10．The policeman ________ (signal) to us to move on.
答案：signalled
联想积累
1．ABC式过去式、过去分词变化
①arise→arose→arisen ②bear→bore→borne
③choose→chose→chosen ④drive→drove→driven
⑤ride→rode→ridden ⑥rise→rose→risen
⑦write→wrote→written
2．fy, ify结尾的动词
①simplify 简化 ②beautify 美化
③identify 鉴定；识别 ④justify 证明……有理
⑤satisfy 使满意 ⑥classify 把……分类
⑦terrify 使恐怖；恐吓
3．ology结尾的名词
①technology 科技；工艺；技术
②biology 生物学
③ecology 生态学
④geology 地质学
⑤psychology 心理学
⑥archeology 考古学
⑦sociology 社会学
1．from ... on 从……时起
2．go_by (时间)过去
3．as_a_result 结果
4．of_high_quality 高质量的
5．in_a_way 从某种意义上；在某种程度上
6．make up 弥补；化妆；编造；构成
7．after all 毕竟
8．with the help of 在……的帮助下
9．deal with 处理；安排；对付
10．watch over 看守；监视
[选词填空]
1．Everyone in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ________ jokes.
答案：making up
2．It was ________ the local guide that the mountain climber was rescued.
答案：with the help of
3．Mother asked me to ________ the milk while she went out to get some sugar.
答案：watch over
4．One possibility is that being overweight influences hormone levels ________.
答案：in a way
5．A teacher should have such a lot of patience when ________ kids.
答案：dealing with
6．Not only did she polish my speech draft, but she also corrected my pronunciation. ________， my speech improved greatly.
答案：As a result
联想积累
1．go相关短语
①go by (时间等)流逝；走过；经过
②go after 追求；追赶
③go against 反对；违背
④go over 仔细检查
⑤go through 遭受；经历
2．make相关短语
①make up 虚构；弥补；组成；化妆；和好
②be made up of 由……组成(＝consist of)
③make up for 偿还；赔偿；弥补
④make for 走向；促成
⑤make out 辨认出；开(账单、支票等)；理解
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told！
随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情。
so ... that ... “如此……以至于……”
He was ________________ that he could hardly contain himself.
他激动得不能自已。
2.Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.
不管怎样，我的目标是为人类提供高质量的生活。
be to do sth.“打算做……”，不定式短语用作表语。
The aim of this report ________________ the advantages and disadvantages of riding to school for middle school students.
这篇报道的目的是为了检验中学生骑车上学的利与弊。
答案：1.so excited 2.is to examine
直击重点 突破考点
① solve vt. 解决；解答(P18)
(1)单句语法填空
①There are still many problems ________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
②When you finish doing the crossword, you can see the ________ (solve) on the back page.
答案：①to be solved ②solution
(2)单句改错
A good solution of the problem is to talk with the victims as soon as possible.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：of→to
(1)solve a problem 解决一个问题
(2)solution n. 解决办法；处理手段
a/the solution to sth. 某事情的解决方法
② totally adv. 完全地；整个地(P18)
(1)单句语法填空
I ________ (total) agree with what Susan says about the best present.
答案：totally
(2)单句写作
①Last week 300 people ______________ came to visit the Shaolin Temple.
上周共有300人来参观少林寺。
②______________ 24% believe that the reform will be beneficial to the country and good for themselves.
总计24%的人相信这次改革对他们个人和国家来说都是有益的。
答案：①in total ②A total of
a total of 总数为……
in total＝in all 总计；总共
total adj. 总的；整个的 n. 总数；合计
③ signal vi.& vt. 发信号 n. 信号(P23)
(1)单句语法填空
①The policeman signalled the driver ________ (stop) his car by raising his hand.
②He stood up, ________ (signal) to the police officer that he had finished talking with his client.
答案：①to stop ②signalling
(2)单句写作
The changing colour of the leaves on the trees ________________ that it will soon be autumn.
树上叶子颜色的改变发出秋天到来的信号。
答案：sends out the signal
(1)signal (to) sb. to do sth. 示意某人做某事
signal (to) sb. that ... 示意某人……
(2)a traffic signal 交通信号
send out a signal 发出信号
④ arise vi. (arose, arisen) 出现；发生(P23)
(1)单句语法填空
A number of high buildings ________ (arise) where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
答案：have arisen
(2)单句写作
①It can't be too careful while driving; accidents often ____________ carelessness.
开车时越小心越好，事故往往是由疏忽大意引起的。
②The sun ________ in the east and sets in the west.
太阳东升西落。
③The book, The Story of Semiconductors, ________ the boy's ________ in physics.
《半导体的故事》这本书激发了这个男孩对物理的兴趣。
④He ________________ so that he could make himself heard by all the students.
他提高了嗓音，以便学生都能听见。
答案：①arise from ②rises ③arouses; interest ④raised his voice
原形
词性词义
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
arise
(vi.) 出现；
发生；起身
arose
arisen
arising
rise
(vi.) 升起；
增长；上升
rose
risen
rising
续表
原形
词性词义
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
raise
(vt.) 举起；
抚养；饲养
raised
raised
raising
arouse
(vt.) 唤醒；
激起
aroused
aroused
arousing
① as a result 结果；因此(P18)
单句写作
①We've spent a lot of money on advertising tourism. ______________， more and more visitors come to our family hotel.
我们花很多钱为旅游业做广告。结果，越来越多的游客来到我们的家庭宾馆。
②______________ the support from the government, the villages become more comfortable to live in.
由于政府的支持，乡村变得越来越宜居。
③Regular exercise can ______________ reducing stress.
定期锻炼会减少压力。
④His difficulty in walking ______________ a childhood illness.
他行走困难是因为小时候的病症。
答案：①As a result ②As a result of ③result in ④results from
(1)as a result of由于……的原因
without result 徒劳；毫无结果
(2)result from 因……引起
result in 导致；致使
② in a way 从某种意义上；在某种程度上(P23)
单句写作
①____________， he has made great progress this term.
在某种程度上，他在这学期已经取得了很大进步。
②In no way __________________ when you are faced with difficulties.
面对困难时，你决不应该灰心丧气。
③That is how the car works. ______________， this is the engine.
那就是汽车是怎么运行的，顺便说一下，这就是发动机。
答案：①In a way ②should you lose heart ③By the way
all the way 一路上；自始至终
by the way 顺便说一下；顺便问一下
in no way 一点也不；决不(位于句首时，句子应使用部分倒装)
in this way 用这种方法
in the way 挡道；碍事
on the way (to ...) 在(去……的)途中
③ deal with 处理；安排；对付(P24)
(1)单句改错
What did you deal with that difficult situation?
_______________________________________________________________
答案：What→How或deal→do
(2)单句写作
①It is true that I don't know how to ____________ their problem, but I do know what to ____________ my problem.
我真的不知道怎么处理他们的问题，但我确实知道如何处理自己的问题。
②As for what we should ____________ the old machine, we held a heated discussion.
至于如何处理旧机器，我们展开了激烈的讨论。
答案：①deal with; do with ②do with
do with sth. 处理/对付某事
have something/nothing to do with与……有关/无关
do a deal 达成协议
a good deal 合算的买卖
It's a deal. 就这么办。/成交。
deal with常与疑问词how连用，而do with常与疑问词what连用，二者均表示“如何/怎么处理/对付……”。
① [教材原句]As time went by, I was made smaller.(P18)
随着时间的推移，我被制作得更小了。
单句写作
①When in Rome, do ____________.
入乡随俗。
②__________________， I gradually adapted myself to the school life.
随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。
③Tall ____________， she couldn't reach the oranges.
她虽然长得这么高，却仍够不着那些橙子。
④______________， nearly 10% of students lack sleep because there is much homework to do.
你可以看出，由于作业繁多，将近10%的学生缺乏睡眠。
答案：①as Romans do ②As time went by ③as she was
④As you can see
(1)as引导时间状语从句，译为“随着……”，也可以表达“一边……，一边……”的意思；
(2)as还可以引导原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句及定语从句；
(3)as也可作介词，意为“作为”，经常构成短语，如work as, serve as, describe ... as ... 等。
as作为连词，意为“随着”，引导时间状语从句；with作为介词，意为“随着”，后跟v.ing形式作宾补，构成with的复合结构，作时间状语。
② [教材原句]Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! (P18)
随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！
单句语法填空
①The washing machine ________ (repair) for two hours. I don't know how long I will continue to wait.
②This book ________ (translate) into many languages up to now.
答案：①has been repaired ②has been translated
(1)现在完成时的被动语态的句式结构
肯定式
主语＋have/has been done ...
否定式
主语＋have/has not been done ...
一般疑问式
Have/Has＋主语＋been done ...？
特殊疑问式
疑问词＋have/has＋主语＋been done ...？
(2)现在完成时的被动语态的用法
①表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，通常与already, yet, never, recently等副词及时间状语so far, by now, up till now, since, before等连用。
②表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并有可能持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于“How long ...？”句型中。
课文回练 升华运用
The history of computers began in 1642 in France. They were first built only as __1__ (calculate) machines, and __2__ (late) as analytical machines that could “think” __3__ (logic) and produce an answer quicker than any person. Still later, __4__ “universal machine” was built to solve mathematical problems, __5__ made computers huge! As the years __6__ (go) by, computers were made smaller, quicker __7__ cleverer. Later, computers were connected by a network and brought into common people's homes to deal __8__ information and help communication between people around the world. Since __9__ (they) birth, computers have always __10__ (design) to serve the human race.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
答案：1.calculating 2.later 3.logically 4.the 5.which 6.went 7.and 8.with 9.their 10.been designed
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they ________ (promise) before.
答案：have been promised 由主句谓语动词的时态及从句的时间副词before可知，本从句的谓语动词应用现在完成时，且they和promise之间存在被动关系，故填have been promised。
2．________ (person), I used to try effective methods to achieve my academic goals.
答案：Personally 副词personally “就我而言”，相当于personally speaking。
3．It won't be long ________ we know the result of the experiment.
答案：before It won't be long before ... “不久之后就……”，是固定句式。
4．He was ________ (total) uninterested in sports.
答案：totally 应用副词修饰动词短语was uninterested in，故填totally。
5．An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the ________ (solve) clearly in mind.
答案：solution 由空格前的the可知此处应用名词solution “解决方法”。
6．A man stood up and crossed his arms over his head, ________ (signal) that he was strongly opposed.
答案：signalling 句中已有谓语动词stood和crossed，由空格前逗号可知应用非谓语动词形式，且signal与逻辑主语A man之间是主动关系，且signal和句子谓语stood up及crossed所表示的动作同时发生，因此填signalling。
7．Several problems like those ________ (arise) at the power plant so far.
答案：have arisen 由“so far”可知应用现在完成时。
8．The students are looking forward to having an opportunity ________ (explore) society for reallife experience.
答案：to explore have an opportunity to do sth. “有机会做某事”。
9．The law needs to be ________ (simple)．
答案：simplified need to do sth. “需要做某事”，由设空前的be动词及句意可知，此处需用动词的过去分词构成被动语态，故填simplified。
10．We received 400 ________ (apply) for the job.
答案：applications 由修饰限定词400可知，此处应填名词，且用其复数形式。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．With time ________ (推移), people in the village become richer and richer.
答案：going by
2．The silk clothes sell well, because they __________________ (质量上乘).
答案：are of high quality
3．People raised their awareness of protecting environment _______________.
从那时起人们就提高了他们的环保意识。
答案：from then on
4．______________________________________________________________
在某种程度上，在过去的一年里他们一直都在帮我学汉语。 (in a way)
答案：In a way, they have been helping me with my Chinese in the past year.
5．_______________________________________________________________
在老师帮助下，我在英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
答案：With the help of the teacher/With the teacher's help, I won the first prize in the English Speech Contest.
Ⅲ.语法填空
All of us have read thrilling stories. In many of __1__ (they) the hero had only a __2__ (limit) and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twentyfour hours, __3__ we were always interested in __4__ (discover) just how the dying man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.
Such stories set up thinking, wondering __5__ we should do under similar circumstances. What __6__ (happy) should we find in reviewing the past, and what regrets? Sometimes, I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day __7__ if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would stress __8__ (sharp) the values of life.
I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being __9__ (be) stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him __10__ (much) appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，主要描述了作者对生活的感悟，即努力过好每一天，珍惜眼下的生活。
1．them 考查代词。介词of后接人称代词的宾格形式。they的宾格为them。
2．limited 考查词性转换。此处limited和specified是并列关系，一起修饰time，所以填limit的形容词形式limited。
3．but 考查连词。句意：有时长达一年，有时短到24小时，但是我们总是对弄清楚垂死的人选择如何度过最后的时光或最后的几个小时感兴趣。根据语境可知，此处应用but表示转折。
4．discovering 考查非谓语动词。固定搭配be interested in后接名词或动名词作宾语。故填discovering。
5．what 考查宾语从句的连接词。动词wonder后的宾语从句中缺少动词do的宾语，所以用连接词what引导。
6．happiness 考查词性转换。感叹句中，what修饰名词，happy的名词形式为happiness。
7．as 考查固定搭配。句意：有时我想，把每天都当作生命的最后一天来度过也不失为一个很好的生命法则。as if是固定搭配，意为“似乎，好像”，符合语境。
8．sharply 考查词性转换。此处应用副词修饰动词stress。故填sharply，意为“大幅度地”。
9．were 考查虚拟语气。句意：我常常想，如果每个人在他成年的早期有一段时间处于眼盲、耳聋的状态，那会是一种幸事。根据句意可知，本句为虚拟语气。根据主句中的谓语动词“would be”可知，if从句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时，be动词一律用were。
10．more 考查形容词的比较级。appreciative是多音节形容词，本句表示“黑暗让他更加感激光明”，应用形容词的比较级形式，故填more。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Thanks for your concern in your letter about the smog which frequent strikes some areas of China. I'm also very worrying about such a terrible weather. It has brought much inconvenience or rather harm to people's health such as road accident, bad coughs and even lung cancers and so on.
It is known to all, good environment comes from careful protection. But we should do what we can protect it. I believe a small step can make a different. Try to drive less and choose airfriendly products. Only when everyone had the environmental awareness can we have a blue sky. Hope to hear from you and share my good ideas.
答案：
Thanks for your concern in your letter about the smog which strikes some areas of China. I'm also very about such terrible weather. It has brought much inconvenience or rather harm to people's health such as road ， bad coughs and even lung cancers and so on.
is known to all, good environment comes from careful protection. we should do what we can protect it. I believe a small step can make a . Try to drive less and choose airfriendly products. Only when everyone the environmental awareness can we have a blue sky. Hope to hear from you and share good ideas.
难项分析：
第三处：去掉a 考查冠词。weather是不可数名词，不能和不定冠词搭配。故去掉a。
第七处：protect前加to 考查非谓语动词。句意：所以我们应该尽我们所能去保护它。此处用动词不定式作目的状语。故在protect前加to。
第八处：different→difference 考查固定搭配。make a difference为固定搭配，意为“有影响，起作用”。
话题六 科学与技术
[对应教材] Book 2 Unit 3 Computers Book 7 Unit 2 Robots
Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning Book 8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“科学与技术”是高中课程标准中“人与社会”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了了解科技创新与社会迅速发展的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生对科学与技术有所了解。感受科学与技术给人们带来的好处，同时培养立志为科学献身的精神。
[高考探究]
“科学与技术”这个话题常与阅读理解、完形填空、七选五、语法填空等相结合进行考查，分值所占的比例较高。例如：
话题六
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
科学与技术
2019全国卷Ⅰ
阅读C篇
智能键盘的安全防护作用
2019全国卷Ⅱ
阅读D篇
有关解决国际空间站中细菌问题的研究
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读D篇
一项动物实验研究发现猴子能进行基本的加法运算
续表
话题六
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
科学
与技术
2017全国卷Ⅰ
阅读A篇
太平洋科学中心的旅游指南
2017全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
太阳能蒸馏器的制作过程和工作原理
2017全国卷Ⅱ
阅读C篇
国外研发新型飞行汽车的进展及相关情况
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读D篇
为保证老年人自行驾车而进行的辅助驾车系统的研发
2016全国卷Ⅰ
七选五阅读
信息安全与保护
2019全国卷Ⅲ
完形填空
高科技设备改善了尤坎缺少阳光直射的困境
2017全国卷Ⅱ
语法填空
英国伦敦地铁的建造过程及发展
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图一 Book 2 Unit 3 Computers
图二 Book 7 Unit 2 Robots
图三 Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning
图四 Book 8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图一：概要写作
①The computer is a machine that was born to work for people. When it first came into being, it was just a calculating machine. That is to say, it can only be used to work out problems with numbers. ②Later, it was developed to an analytical machine, which followed simple instructions from cards with holes. This was such a great revolution in technology! ③A computer could “think” as human race once it was programmed with proper programs, but it could not “think” of itself without man's help, so we say a computer had artificial intelligence. ④⑤The computer was completely changed when it got its new transistors in the 1960s. Its size became smaller and smaller while its memory became larger and larger. ⑥Thanks to the Internet, computers were connected to one another as a huge family connected by a network. ⑦Actually, the computer is truly a devoted friend of the human race!
图二：概要写作
Larry Belmont worked for a company that made robots. ①②③A household robot, Tony, was going to be tested out by Larry's wife, Claire.
At the sight of handsome Tony, Claire felt alarmed. ⑥The next day, she was embarrassed when Tony brought breakfast and offered to help her dressing. One day, Claire mentioned that she wasn't clever, Tony offered sympathy, and promised to help Claire make herself smarter. How absurd, she thought. When shopping, Claire was unfairly treated, and it was “dear” Tony that helped her solve the problem. ④To make her house elegant, Claire tried to help, only to fall off a ladder. Just then Tony came to hold her firmly in his arms, which made Claire grateful. ⑤Three weeks later before leaving, Tony suggested a party, making Claire envied by her friends. Actually, Claire was sad because she possibly fell in love with the machine.
图三：概要写作
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. ①It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.
②Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.
Many attempts to clone mammals failed. ③But in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, which became controversial. ④On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone. On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.
⑤Although cloning has gained a breakthrough, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.
图四：概要写作
①Mom told me there were some snakes in our courtyard.
②To find out the solution, I adopted several strategies, such as finding products to kill them. Without luck. Then I began researching the habits of snakes. Then, I used three approaches to catch them, including removing their habitat, attracting them into a trap, and cooling them to catch them. Still, it was fruitless. Finally, I made the third attempt to guide them into a small net used for catching fish, only to find the final method worked.
③Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor.
1．As for me, I often go online to search some information useful for my study, because I hold the view that we should make the best of the computer to equip ourselves with more knowledge.
至于我，我经常上网搜集一些对学习有用的信息，因为我认为我们应该充分利用电脑，以便用更多知识武装自己。
2．As for me, I always participate in afterclass activities, because I'm fully convinced that we should practise what we've learned through activities.
至于我，我经常参加课外活动，因为在我看来，我们应该通过活动做到学以致用。
3．I have a good command of computer programming, which enables me to get along well with my work.
我精通计算机编程，这使得我工作起来很顺利。
4．Although I didn't major in computer, I have a lot of interest in it.
虽然我不是主修计算机，但是我对它仍有浓厚的兴趣。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)solve (vt.) 解决；解答→solution (n.) 解决；解答
(2)explore (vt.& vi.) 探索；探测；探究→explorer (n.) 探险家；勘探者→exploration (n.) 探索
(3)anyhow (adv.)(也作anyway)无论如何；即使如此
(4)goal (n.) 目标；目的；球门；(进球)得分
(5)signal (vi.& vt.) 发信号 (n.) 信号
(6)type (n.) 类型 (vt.& vi.) 打字→typist (n.) 打字员→typewriter (n.) 打字机
(7)arise (vi.) 出现；发生→arose (过去式)→arisen (过去分词)
(8)electronic (adj.) 电子的→electricity (n.) 电；电学
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)calculate (vt.) 计算
(2)universal (adj.) 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的
(3)simplify (vt.) 简化
(4)logical (adj.) 合逻辑的；合情理的
(5)technology (n.) 工艺；科技；技术
(6)revolution (n.) 革命
(7)artificial (adj.) 人造的；假的
(8)reality (n.) 真实；事实；现实
(9)personally (adv.) 就个人而言；亲自
(10)total (adj.) 总的；整个的
(11)application (n.) 应用；用途；申请
(12)appearance (n.) 外观；外貌；出现
(13)character (n.) 性格；特点
[单句语法填空]
1．The team are working hard to analyze the problem so that they can find the best ________ (solve)．
答案：solution
2．However, an uneasy feeling ________ (arise) that they were selecting material that supported their argument.
答案：arose
3．There is another kind of beauty that has nothing to do with ________ (appear), but comes from the heart.
答案：appearance
4．Her childhood ambition became a ________ (real) when she was made a judge.
答案：reality
5．Try to ________ (simple) your explanation to the students to help them understand better.
答案：simplify
6．Young people want something ________ (total) different from the old ways.
答案：totally
7．It was said that the president had written back to the little boy ________ (personal)．
答案：personally
8．With the ________ (apply) of the new technology, the output of steel almost doubled what it was last year.
答案：application
9．Christopher Columbus was seen as one of the greatest ________ (explore)．
答案：explorers
10．The policeman ________ (signal) to us to move on.
答案：signalled
联想积累
1．ABC式过去式、过去分词变化
①arise→arose→arisen ②bear→bore→borne
③choose→chose→chosen ④drive→drove→driven
⑤ride→rode→ridden ⑥rise→rose→risen
⑦write→wrote→written
2．fy, ify结尾的动词
①simplify 简化 ②beautify 美化
③identify 鉴定；识别 ④justify 证明……有理
⑤satisfy 使满意 ⑥classify 把……分类
⑦terrify 使恐怖；恐吓
3．ology结尾的名词
①technology 科技；工艺；技术
②biology 生物学
③ecology 生态学
④geology 地质学
⑤psychology 心理学
⑥archeology 考古学
⑦sociology 社会学
1．from ... on 从……时起
2．go_by (时间)过去
3．as_a_result 结果
4．of_high_quality 高质量的
5．in_a_way 从某种意义上；在某种程度上
6．make up 弥补；化妆；编造；构成
7．after all 毕竟
8．with the help of 在……的帮助下
9．deal with 处理；安排；对付
10．watch over 看守；监视
[选词填空]
1．Everyone in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ________ jokes.
答案：making up
2．It was ________ the local guide that the mountain climber was rescued.
答案：with the help of
3．Mother asked me to ________ the milk while she went out to get some sugar.
答案：watch over
4．One possibility is that being overweight influences hormone levels ________.
答案：in a way
5．A teacher should have such a lot of patience when ________ kids.
答案：dealing with
6．Not only did she polish my speech draft, but she also corrected my pronunciation. ________， my speech improved greatly.
答案：As a result
联想积累
1．go相关短语
①go by (时间等)流逝；走过；经过
②go after 追求；追赶
③go against 反对；违背
④go over 仔细检查
⑤go through 遭受；经历
2．make相关短语
①make up 虚构；弥补；组成；化妆；和好
②be made up of 由……组成(＝consist of)
③make up for 偿还；赔偿；弥补
④make for 走向；促成
⑤make out 辨认出；开(账单、支票等)；理解
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told！
随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情。
so ... that ... “如此……以至于……”
He was ________________ that he could hardly contain himself.
他激动得不能自已。
2.Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.
不管怎样，我的目标是为人类提供高质量的生活。
be to do sth.“打算做……”，不定式短语用作表语。
The aim of this report ________________ the advantages and disadvantages of riding to school for middle school students.
这篇报道的目的是为了检验中学生骑车上学的利与弊。
答案：1.so excited 2.is to examine
直击重点 突破考点
① solve vt. 解决；解答(P18)
(1)单句语法填空
①There are still many problems ________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
②When you finish doing the crossword, you can see the ________ (solve) on the back page.
答案：①to be solved ②solution
(2)单句改错
A good solution of the problem is to talk with the victims as soon as possible.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：of→to
(1)solve a problem 解决一个问题
(2)solution n. 解决办法；处理手段
a/the solution to sth. 某事情的解决方法
② totally adv. 完全地；整个地(P18)
(1)单句语法填空
I ________ (total) agree with what Susan says about the best present.
答案：totally
(2)单句写作
①Last week 300 people ______________ came to visit the Shaolin Temple.
上周共有300人来参观少林寺。
②______________ 24% believe that the reform will be beneficial to the country and good for themselves.
总计24%的人相信这次改革对他们个人和国家来说都是有益的。
答案：①in total ②A total of
a total of 总数为……
in total＝in all 总计；总共
total adj. 总的；整个的 n. 总数；合计
③ signal vi.& vt. 发信号 n. 信号(P23)
(1)单句语法填空
①The policeman signalled the driver ________ (stop) his car by raising his hand.
②He stood up, ________ (signal) to the police officer that he had finished talking with his client.
答案：①to stop ②signalling
(2)单句写作
The changing colour of the leaves on the trees ________________ that it will soon be autumn.
树上叶子颜色的改变发出秋天到来的信号。
答案：sends out the signal
(1)signal (to) sb. to do sth. 示意某人做某事
signal (to) sb. that ... 示意某人……
(2)a traffic signal 交通信号
send out a signal 发出信号
④ arise vi. (arose, arisen) 出现；发生(P23)
(1)单句语法填空
A number of high buildings ________ (arise) where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
答案：have arisen
(2)单句写作
①It can't be too careful while driving; accidents often ____________ carelessness.
开车时越小心越好，事故往往是由疏忽大意引起的。
②The sun ________ in the east and sets in the west.
太阳东升西落。
③The book, The Story of Semiconductors, ________ the boy's ________ in physics.
《半导体的故事》这本书激发了这个男孩对物理的兴趣。
④He ________________ so that he could make himself heard by all the students.
他提高了嗓音，以便学生都能听见。
答案：①arise from ②rises ③arouses; interest ④raised his voice
原形
词性词义
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
arise
(vi.) 出现；
发生；起身
arose
arisen
arising
rise
(vi.) 升起；
增长；上升
rose
risen
rising
续表
原形
词性词义
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
raise
(vt.) 举起；
抚养；饲养
raised
raised
raising
arouse
(vt.) 唤醒；
激起
aroused
aroused
arousing
① as a result 结果；因此(P18)
单句写作
①We've spent a lot of money on advertising tourism. ______________， more and more visitors come to our family hotel.
我们花很多钱为旅游业做广告。结果，越来越多的游客来到我们的家庭宾馆。
②______________ the support from the government, the villages become more comfortable to live in.
由于政府的支持，乡村变得越来越宜居。
③Regular exercise can ______________ reducing stress.
定期锻炼会减少压力。
④His difficulty in walking ______________ a childhood illness.
他行走困难是因为小时候的病症。
答案：①As a result ②As a result of ③result in ④results from
(1)as a result of由于……的原因
without result 徒劳；毫无结果
(2)result from 因……引起
result in 导致；致使
② in a way 从某种意义上；在某种程度上(P23)
单句写作
①____________， he has made great progress this term.
在某种程度上，他在这学期已经取得了很大进步。
②In no way __________________ when you are faced with difficulties.
面对困难时，你决不应该灰心丧气。
③That is how the car works. ______________， this is the engine.
那就是汽车是怎么运行的，顺便说一下，这就是发动机。
答案：①In a way ②should you lose heart ③By the way
all the way 一路上；自始至终
by the way 顺便说一下；顺便问一下
in no way 一点也不；决不(位于句首时，句子应使用部分倒装)
in this way 用这种方法
in the way 挡道；碍事
on the way (to ...) 在(去……的)途中
③ deal with 处理；安排；对付(P24)
(1)单句改错
What did you deal with that difficult situation?
_______________________________________________________________
答案：What→How或deal→do
(2)单句写作
①It is true that I don't know how to ____________ their problem, but I do know what to ____________ my problem.
我真的不知道怎么处理他们的问题，但我确实知道如何处理自己的问题。
②As for what we should ____________ the old machine, we held a heated discussion.
至于如何处理旧机器，我们展开了激烈的讨论。
答案：①deal with; do with ②do with
do with sth. 处理/对付某事
have something/nothing to do with与……有关/无关
do a deal 达成协议
a good deal 合算的买卖
It's a deal. 就这么办。/成交。
deal with常与疑问词how连用，而do with常与疑问词what连用，二者均表示“如何/怎么处理/对付……”。
① [教材原句]As time went by, I was made smaller.(P18)
随着时间的推移，我被制作得更小了。
单句写作
①When in Rome, do ____________.
入乡随俗。
②__________________， I gradually adapted myself to the school life.
随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。
③Tall ____________， she couldn't reach the oranges.
她虽然长得这么高，却仍够不着那些橙子。
④______________， nearly 10% of students lack sleep because there is much homework to do.
你可以看出，由于作业繁多，将近10%的学生缺乏睡眠。
答案：①as Romans do ②As time went by ③as she was
④As you can see
(1)as引导时间状语从句，译为“随着……”，也可以表达“一边……，一边……”的意思；
(2)as还可以引导原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句及定语从句；
(3)as也可作介词，意为“作为”，经常构成短语，如work as, serve as, describe ... as ... 等。
as作为连词，意为“随着”，引导时间状语从句；with作为介词，意为“随着”，后跟v.ing形式作宾补，构成with的复合结构，作时间状语。
② [教材原句]Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! (P18)
随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！
单句语法填空
①The washing machine ________ (repair) for two hours. I don't know how long I will continue to wait.
②This book ________ (translate) into many languages up to now.
答案：①has been repaired ②has been translated
(1)现在完成时的被动语态的句式结构
肯定式
主语＋have/has been done ...
否定式
主语＋have/has not been done ...
一般疑问式
Have/Has＋主语＋been done ...？
特殊疑问式
疑问词＋have/has＋主语＋been done ...？
(2)现在完成时的被动语态的用法
①表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，通常与already, yet, never, recently等副词及时间状语so far, by now, up till now, since, before等连用。
②表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并有可能持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于“How long ...？”句型中。
课文回练 升华运用
The history of computers began in 1642 in France. They were first built only as __1__ (calculate) machines, and __2__ (late) as analytical machines that could “think” __3__ (logic) and produce an answer quicker than any person. Still later, __4__ “universal machine” was built to solve mathematical problems, __5__ made computers huge! As the years __6__ (go) by, computers were made smaller, quicker __7__ cleverer. Later, computers were connected by a network and brought into common people's homes to deal __8__ information and help communication between people around the world. Since __9__ (they) birth, computers have always __10__ (design) to serve the human race.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
答案：1.calculating 2.later 3.logically 4.the 5.which 6.went 7.and 8.with 9.their 10.been designed
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they ________ (promise) before.
答案：have been promised 由主句谓语动词的时态及从句的时间副词before可知，本从句的谓语动词应用现在完成时，且they和promise之间存在被动关系，故填have been promised。
2．________ (person), I used to try effective methods to achieve my academic goals.
答案：Personally 副词personally “就我而言”，相当于personally speaking。
3．It won't be long ________ we know the result of the experiment.
答案：before It won't be long before ... “不久之后就……”，是固定句式。
4．He was ________ (total) uninterested in sports.
答案：totally 应用副词修饰动词短语was uninterested in，故填totally。
5．An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the ________ (solve) clearly in mind.
答案：solution 由空格前的the可知此处应用名词solution “解决方法”。
6．A man stood up and crossed his arms over his head, ________ (signal) that he was strongly opposed.
答案：signalling 句中已有谓语动词stood和crossed，由空格前逗号可知应用非谓语动词形式，且signal与逻辑主语A man之间是主动关系，且signal和句子谓语stood up及crossed所表示的动作同时发生，因此填signalling。
7．Several problems like those ________ (arise) at the power plant so far.
答案：have arisen 由“so far”可知应用现在完成时。
8．The students are looking forward to having an opportunity ________ (explore) society for reallife experience.
答案：to explore have an opportunity to do sth. “有机会做某事”。
9．The law needs to be ________ (simple)．
答案：simplified need to do sth. “需要做某事”，由设空前的be动词及句意可知，此处需用动词的过去分词构成被动语态，故填simplified。
10．We received 400 ________ (apply) for the job.
答案：applications 由修饰限定词400可知，此处应填名词，且用其复数形式。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．With time ________ (推移), people in the village become richer and richer.
答案：going by
2．The silk clothes sell well, because they __________________ (质量上乘).
答案：are of high quality
3．People raised their awareness of protecting environment _______________.
从那时起人们就提高了他们的环保意识。
答案：from then on
4．______________________________________________________________
在某种程度上，在过去的一年里他们一直都在帮我学汉语。 (in a way)
答案：In a way, they have been helping me with my Chinese in the past year.
5．_______________________________________________________________
在老师帮助下，我在英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
答案：With the help of the teacher/With the teacher's help, I won the first prize in the English Speech Contest.
Ⅲ.语法填空
All of us have read thrilling stories. In many of __1__ (they) the hero had only a __2__ (limit) and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twentyfour hours, __3__ we were always interested in __4__ (discover) just how the dying man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.
Such stories set up thinking, wondering __5__ we should do under similar circumstances. What __6__ (happy) should we find in reviewing the past, and what regrets? Sometimes, I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day __7__ if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would stress __8__ (sharp) the values of life.
I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being __9__ (be) stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him __10__ (much) appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，主要描述了作者对生活的感悟，即努力过好每一天，珍惜眼下的生活。
1．them 考查代词。介词of后接人称代词的宾格形式。they的宾格为them。
2．limited 考查词性转换。此处limited和specified是并列关系，一起修饰time，所以填limit的形容词形式limited。
3．but 考查连词。句意：有时长达一年，有时短到24小时，但是我们总是对弄清楚垂死的人选择如何度过最后的时光或最后的几个小时感兴趣。根据语境可知，此处应用but表示转折。
4．discovering 考查非谓语动词。固定搭配be interested in后接名词或动名词作宾语。故填discovering。
5．what 考查宾语从句的连接词。动词wonder后的宾语从句中缺少动词do的宾语，所以用连接词what引导。
6．happiness 考查词性转换。感叹句中，what修饰名词，happy的名词形式为happiness。
7．as 考查固定搭配。句意：有时我想，把每天都当作生命的最后一天来度过也不失为一个很好的生命法则。as if是固定搭配，意为“似乎，好像”，符合语境。
8．sharply 考查词性转换。此处应用副词修饰动词stress。故填sharply，意为“大幅度地”。
9．were 考查虚拟语气。句意：我常常想，如果每个人在他成年的早期有一段时间处于眼盲、耳聋的状态，那会是一种幸事。根据句意可知，本句为虚拟语气。根据主句中的谓语动词“would be”可知，if从句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时，be动词一律用were。
10．more 考查形容词的比较级。appreciative是多音节形容词，本句表示“黑暗让他更加感激光明”，应用形容词的比较级形式，故填more。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Thanks for your concern in your letter about the smog which frequent strikes some areas of China. I'm also very worrying about such a terrible weather. It has brought much inconvenience or rather harm to people's health such as road accident, bad coughs and even lung cancers and so on.
It is known to all, good environment comes from careful protection. But we should do what we can protect it. I believe a small step can make a different. Try to drive less and choose airfriendly products. Only when everyone had the environmental awareness can we have a blue sky. Hope to hear from you and share my good ideas.
答案：
Thanks for your concern in your letter about the smog which strikes some areas of China. I'm also very about such terrible weather. It has brought much inconvenience or rather harm to people's health such as road ， bad coughs and even lung cancers and so on.
is known to all, good environment comes from careful protection. we should do what we can protect it. I believe a small step can make a . Try to drive less and choose airfriendly products. Only when everyone the environmental awareness can we have a blue sky. Hope to hear from you and share good ideas.
难项分析：
第三处：去掉a 考查冠词。weather是不可数名词，不能和不定冠词搭配。故去掉a。
第七处：protect前加to 考查非谓语动词。句意：所以我们应该尽我们所能去保护它。此处用动词不定式作目的状语。故在protect前加to。
第八处：different→difference 考查固定搭配。make a difference为固定搭配，意为“有影响，起作用”。
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