2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第一部分Book8Unit2Cloning


Unit 2 Cloning

基础自主检测

阅读
识记
Ⅰ.英译汉
1.procedure n. 程序；步骤；手续
2.arbitrary adj. 任意的
3.attain vt. 获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)
4.constitution n. 宪法；章程
5.initial adj. 最初的；开始的
6.adore vt. 崇拜；爱慕；喜爱
Ⅱ.汉译英
1.straightforward adj. 简单的；直接的；坦率的
2.cast vt. 扔；投；掷
3.moral adj. 道德(上)的；伦理的
4.vain adj. 虚荣的；自负的；徒劳的

高频
应用
1.breakthrough n. 突破　　　　　
2.altogether adv. 总共；完全地
3.obtain vt. 获得；赢得
4.forbid vt. 禁止；不准
5.compulsory adj. 必须做的；义务的；强迫的；强制的
6.owe vt. 欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于……
7.shortly adv. 立刻；不久
8.bother vt. 打扰　vi. 操心　n. 烦扰
9.strike vt.& vi. 打；撞击；罢工　n. 罢工
10.drawback n. 缺点；不利条件
拓展
变形
1.differ (vi.) 不同；相异→difference (n.) 不同；差异→different (adj.) 不同的
2.exact (adj.) 精确的；准确的→exactly (adv.) 精确地；准确地
3.undertake (vt.) 着手；从事；承担→ undertaking (n.) 任务；项目；事业；保证；企业
4.correction (n.) 改正；纠正；修正→correct (vt.) 改正；纠正
5.object (vi.) 反对；不赞成→objection (n.) 不赞成；反对；异议
6.accumulate (vt. & vi.) 积累；聚积→accumulation (n.) 积累；聚积
7.retire (vi.) 退休；离开→retirement (n.) 退休，退职；退役→retired (adj.) 退休的；离职的
8.assumption (n.) 假定；设想→assume (vt.) 假定；设想
9.regulation (n.) 规则；规章；法规→regular (adj.) 规则的；有规律的→regulate (vt.) 控制；管理；调节
10.resist (vt.) 抵抗；对抗→resistance (n.) 抵抗力；反抗→resistant (adj.) 有抵抗力的；耐……的
11.merely (adv.) 仅；只；不过→mere (adj.) 仅仅；小的
12.decoration (n.) 装饰→decorate (v.) 装饰；布置
13.fairly (adv.) 公平地；相当地→fairness (n.) 公平→fair (adj.) 公平的；适当的；合理的
14.reasonable (adj.) 合情理的；讲道理的；公道的→unreasonable (反义词) (adj.) 不合情理的→reason (n.) 理由；原因

1.“动词＋副词”构成的合成名词
①drawback 缺点
②breakdown 崩溃；故障
③farewell 告别
④feedback 反馈
⑤set­up 计划；组织
⑥break­up 分手；中断
2.含词根­sist的词
①resist v. 抵抗
②insist v. 坚持
③persist v. 坚持
④assist v. 协助
⑤consist vi. 由……组成

一 动词＋介/副词
1.pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
2.cast down 使失望；使沮丧
3.strike ... into one's heart 使某人对……刻骨铭心
4.bring back to life 使复生；使复活
5.owe ... to 把……归功于……
二 其他
6.in favo(u)r of 赞成；支持
7.(be) bound to (do) ... 一定或注定(做)……
8.from time to time 不时；偶尔
9.in vain 白费力气；枉费心机
10.in good/poor condition 状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏

1.“in＋名词＋of”短语
①in favour of 赞成；支持　　②in search of 寻找
③in view of 鉴于；由于 ④in memory of 为了纪念
⑤in honour of 为了纪念 ⑥in terms of 就……而言
2.“v.＋off”短语
①pay off 偿清 ②cut off 切断
③take off 起飞 ④turn off 关闭
⑤put off 推迟
⑥give off 发出光/热/气体等
3.“in＋名词”短语
①in vain 白费力气；枉费心机
②in relief 如释重负地
③in short 总之；简言之 ④in trouble 陷入麻烦
⑤in need 在困难中 ⑥in danger 在危险中
________________________________________________

1.while 表对比关系，“然而；可是”
Cloning plants is straightforward while (然而) cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11)
2.当now，then位于句首，谓语是come，appear等且主语为名词时，句子完全倒装
Then came (传来) the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材P11～P12)
3.The advantage is that ... “其优点是……”，that引导表语从句
The_advantage_is_that (优点是) if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.(教材P15)
4.based on ... “建立在……的基础之上”，过去分词短语作状语
Based_on (建立在……基础之上) what we know now, you can not clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years.(教材P15)

单句语法填空
1.It is a way of ________ (make) an exact copy of another animal or plant.
答案：making
2.The fact is ________ these are both examples of natural clones.
答案：that
3.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid ________ in 1996 with a breakthrough.
答案：off
4.The fact ________ she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
答案：that
5.Cloning scientists were cast ________ to find ________ Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.
答案：down; that
6.Newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves ________ (attain) their ambitions.
答案：to attain
7.Dolly's death, like her birth, was bound ________ (raise) worries.
答案：to raise
8.The initial requirement is ________ you need perfect DNA.
答案：that
9.All efforts of cloning an animal will be ________ vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses.
答案：in
10.Diversity in a group means having animals with their genes ________ (arrange) in different ways.
答案：arranged
考点步步冲关

1 undertake　vt.着手；从事；承担；保证；答应
It is a difficult task to undertake.(P11)
它是一项很难完成的任务。
undertake sth. 着手/从事/承担某事
undertake to do sth. 保证/答应做某事
undertake that ... 保证……
undertake responsibility/a task 承担责任/任务
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
单句语法填空
①The police are said ________ (undertake) detailed investigations into the case at present.
②Cooking, traditionally ________ (undertake) by mothers, has been often taken over by fathers nowadays.
③Whether or not the construction of the bridge ________ (undertake) by our company remains to be seen.
答案：①to be undertaking　②undertaken　③will be undertaken
2 objection　n．不赞成；反对；异议
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(P12)
另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。
(1)raise an objection to sth. 对某事提出异议
make/take/have an objection to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事
(2)object n. 物体；目标　vi. 反对；不赞成
object to sb./sth. 反对某人/某事
object to doing sth. 反对做某事
object that ... 反对……
(3)objective adj. 真实的；客观的；无偏见的
[名师点津]　(1)object to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。
(2)object表示“反对”，为不及物动词，接宾语需加介词to；oppose表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语不需加介词to。be opposed to ... 表示“反对……，和……相反”。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
单句语法填空
①I have no objection ________ your going, but you must promise to come back before ten.
②As long as you can guarantee safety and low cost, we haven't any slightest ________ (object)．
③Do you have any objection to ________ (change) your working hours?
④The journalist had many pictures of the woman secretly taken even though she objected to ________ (photograph)．
⑤I find it difficult to be ________ (object) where you're concerned.
答案：①to　②objection　③changing　④being photographed　⑤objective
3 forbid　vt.(forbade/forbad, forbidden)禁止；不准
Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning ... (P12)
有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究……
禁止某人做某事
forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
forbid that ... 禁止……(从句中常用“(should)＋动词原形”)
forbidden adj. 禁止的
It is forbidden to do sth. 做某事是禁止的。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练3
单句语法填空
①The factory forbids the workers ________ smoking in the workshops.
②The guard forbade us ________ (look) out of the window when the train was moving.
③Lack of space forbids ________ (list) the names of all those who contributed.
④For this writer there is no such a thing as a ________ (forbid) topic.
答案：①from　②to look　③listing　④forbidden
4 owe　vt.欠(钱、账、人情等)；归功于；应感谢
You owe the lady an apology.(P13)
你必须向这位女士道歉。
(1)owe sb. sth./owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
owe sb. an apology 该向某人道歉
owe sb. a favour 欠某人一个人情
owe ... to ... 把……归功于……；应感激……
(2)owing adj. 欠着的；未付的
owing to＝because of＝on account of＝due to 因为；由于
[名师点津]　如果owe的宾语是动词不定式或名词性从句，可使用it作形式宾语，将充当真正宾语的动词不定式或名词性从句放在句尾。如：He owes it to his doctor's care that he is quite well again.
他恢复得很好，他把这归功于医生的照顾。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练4
单句语法填空
①He owed ________ to his first English teacher that he had a good pronunciation.
②She had a headache, ________ (owe) to the weather here, but she is now accustomed to it.
答案：①it　②owing
一句多译
多亏她帮忙，我们才成功启动了引擎。
③____________________， we succeeded in starting the engine. (介词短语)
④____________________ we succeeded in starting the engine. (强调句型)
答案：③Owing to her assistance　④It was owing to her assistance that

1
pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
教材
原句
But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep.(P11)
但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。
pay sth. off 付清；偿清(债务)
pay sb. off (结工资后)解雇；用钱封某人的口
pay for sth. 付钱(买)；支付；为某事吃苦头或受惩罚
pay sb. for sth. 付钱给某人买某物
pay back 还钱，偿还；报复
pay out 付款；支付；回报
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
写出下列句中pay off的含义
①It would take him the rest of his life to pay off that loan.________
②Two hundred workers have been paid off.________
③All those weeks of studying will pay off when you take the exam.________
答案：①偿清　②(结工资后)解雇；打发走　③取得成功；奏效
用pay相关短语的适当形式填空
④It has been rather costly to install the machine, but it should ________________ in the long run.
⑤Loss of health is too high a price to ________________ success in your studies.
⑥I am sure that he will ____________________ every cent he owes you.
答案：④pay off　⑤pay for　⑥pay back
2
in good/poor condition 状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏
教材
原句
The dodo became extinct fairly recently so its DNA is still in good condition. (P17)
渡渡鸟是近期才灭绝的动物，因此它的DNA仍保存完好。
(1)working/living/studying conditions 工作/生活/学习环境
on condition (that) ... 在……条件下；条件是……；倘若；只要
in condition＝fit/healthy 健康；状况好
out of condition 状况欠佳
on condition (that) ... 在……条件下；倘若……
on no condition 一点儿也不；决不(放在句首时，用部分倒装语序)
(2)conditional adj. 有条件的；以……为条件的
[名师点津]　condition指人或物自身的状况时，常用作不可数名词；指周围的环境、境况、条件时，常用复数形式。on no condition置于句首时句子用部分倒装。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
用condition相关短语的适当形式填空
①You must ________________ tell him what happened.
②I'll let you have the book ________________ you should return it to me next week.
③He knew that he was ________________ from sitting for so long in the office.
答案：①on no condition　②on condition (that)　③out of condition
一句多译
你可以使用这台电脑，条件是你能合理使用并且不弄坏。
④You may use this computer, ______________ you are able to use it properly so as not to damage it.
⑤You may use this computer ______________ you are able to use it properly so as not to damage it.
答案：④as long as　⑤on condition that

1
The_fact_that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.(P11)
翻译
她看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。
the fact that ... ……的事实，that引导同位语从句。
本句是由that引导的一个同位语从句，用于解释和说明fact的内容。引导词that不能省略。经常跟同位语从句的名词有fact, news, message, doubt, possibility,
idea, reason, belief, hope, thought, promise, suggestion, question等。引导词有：连接词that, whether; 连接代词who, which, what; 连接副词where, when, why, how等。
[名师点津]　使用同位语从句要注意以下两点：
(1)同位语从句在句中的位置。
一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message等)的后面，用于说明该词所表达的具体内容。有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，这在语法上叫作分隔式同位语从句。如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
她想起她可能在离开家时没把门关上。
(2)同位语从句的语气。
在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议，要求，命令”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should＋动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。如：
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should) be adopted.
主席提出建议，应采纳新规则。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练1
单句语法填空
①The idea ________ computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
②We are not investigating the question ________ he is trustworthy.
③We haven't yet settled the question ________ we are going to spend our summer vacation.
④He made a suggestion that they ________ (hold) an English speech contest.
答案：①that　②whether　③where　④(should) hold
2
The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.(P15)
翻译
其优点是，如果发生了某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死去，而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种抗疫力传给下一代。
The advantage is that ... “优势是……”。that在此引导表语从句。
The advantage/strength of ... is that ... ……的优势是……
The disadvantage of ... is that ... ……的不足是……
The drawback of ... is that ... ……的缺点是……
The problem of ... is that ... ……的问题是……
Chances/The chances are that ... 有可能……
The news is that ... 消息是……
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练2
单句写作
①优势是我们很好地掌握了英语。
__________________ we have a good command of English.
②汽车普及的缺点是它带来了严重的空气污染。
______________ the popularity of cars ______________ it brings about so much air pollution.
③他们很有可能会发现你是谁。
______________________ they might find out who you are.
答案：①The advantage is that　②The drawback of; is that　③Chances/The chances are that
3
Based_on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years.(P15)
翻译
就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些绝种了一万年以上的动物。
based on是过去分词短语作状语。
worried/concerned about对……感到担忧
satisfied with对……感到满意
surrounded by被……包围
faced with 面对……
compared with 与……比较
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练3
单句语法填空
①________ (satisfy) with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.
②________ (compare) with his room, my room is even smaller.
③________ (face) with all these global problems, we cannot stand where we are.
答案：①Satisfied　②Compared　③Faced

同位语
概念
同位语是句子成分的一种，位于名词或代词后面，对其进行解释和补充说明，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
①The program is attractive. The program is Where Are We Going, Dad.
→The program, Where Are We Going, Dad, is attractive.
《爸爸去哪儿》这个节目很吸引人。
同位语的表现形式
同位语除可以直接位于所修饰的名词、代词后外，也可以用“for example, such as, that is, or”等词引导。
②The freezing temperature is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. Freezing point is that too.
→The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.
结冰的温度或冰点是在常压下水结冰的温度。
同位语从句
1．概念：一个句子在复合句中起到同位语的作用，对前面的名词进行解释说明。这个句子被称为同位语从句。
③He told me the news—he would come home from abroad soon.
→He told me the news that he would come home from abroad soon.
他告诉我他很快从国外回家的消息。
2．用法：同位语从句一般位于“fact, news, idea, truth, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question, promise, information”等抽象名词后，解释前面名词的具体内容或含义。
④When will he come back? I have no idea.
→I've no idea when he will come back.
我不知道他什么时候会回来。
3．同位语从句连接词有“that, whether, who, which, what, when, where, why, how”等。
⑤Should we continue to do the experiment？The problem has not been solved.
→The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has not been solved.
我们是否应该继续做这个实验这个问题还没有得到解决。
4．同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句与其所修饰的名词在内容上是等同(同位)关系，在句中的语法作用处于同等地位；而定语从句是用来对其前面的名词(亦即先行词)起修饰，限定作用，相当于一个形容词。
⑥Then he raised the question.
Where were they to get the machine needed?
→Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.(同位语从句)
然后他提出他们要从哪得到所需要的机器这一问题。
⑦Do you know the place? He was born in the place.
→Do you know the place where he was born？(定语从句)
你知道他出生的地方吗？
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
即时练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
答案：that
2．—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it; that's one of his favorite universities.
答案：why
3．The question ________ will take his place is still not clear.
答案：who
4．We haven't yet settled the question ________ we are going to spend our summer vacation.
答案：where
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Jim got to know the news which the whole village was in great danger.
________________________________________________
答案：which→that
2．There is no doubt whether he will keep his promise.
________________________________________________
答案：whether→that
3．I have no idea where do they live.
________________________________________________
答案：去掉do
4．When the news came because the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
________________________________________________
答案：because→that
基础达标演练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I owe ________ to him that this collection can be made known to the public.
答案：it
2．The information ________ (obtain) from the Internet is not always true, so we should be careful to check the facts we find on websites.
答案：obtained
3．The new clothes in that shop are so beautiful that Anna cannot resist ________ (take) a close look at them, although she cannot afford them at present.
答案：taking
4．I think it is her personality rather than her looks that __________ (strike) me. Asking her to marry me is my dream.
答案：has struck
5．The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, ________ (stay) out after 11 pm.
答案：to stay
6．That company wants to reduce prices to increase its market share, and this is ________ we differ.
答案：where
7．I am sure the new traffic regulation will meet with a strong ________ (object) from the public.
答案：objection
8．You can't compare them—there is a fundamental ________ (differ) in kind.
答案：difference
9．As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses, all the strange beliefs are bound ________ (go) out of our life.
答案：to go
10．I wasn't blaming anyone; I ________ (mere) said errors like this could be avoided.
答案：merely
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Owe to his absence, we had to put off the class meeting till next week.
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答案：Owe→Owing
2．I believe that your efforts will pay back sooner or later.
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答案：back→off
3．The news which our team won the match was encouraging.
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答案：which→that
4．Minetta was in the poor condition last week in hospital; therefore, her parents were in favour of performing an operation.
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答案：去掉poor前的the
5．It suddenly struck to me that we ought to make a new plan.
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答案：去掉第一个to或struck→occurred
Ⅲ.教材微写作
A．根据提示完成句子
1．据我所知，人们对于克隆技术尤其是在克隆人方面分歧相当大。(differ)
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答案：As far as I know, people differ greatly in cloning technique, especially in cloning human beings.
2．一些人支持它的发展，他们认为这项技术一定会有利于医学的发展。(in favour of; be bound to)
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答案：Some people are in favour of its development, believing the technique is bound to benefit the medical development.
3．相反，另一些人害怕克隆能引起一系列的道德问题，对社会的发展造成危害。(on the contrary)
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答案：On the contrary, others are afraid that it could raise a storm of moral problems, thus causing damage to the social development.
4．我认为，只要所有的人都遵守规则，承诺合理应用克隆技术，克隆将会取得成功。(on the assumption that)
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答案：In my opinion, cloning will pay off on the assumption that all people obey rules and promise to use it properly.
B．将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范

答案：As far as I know, people differ greatly in cloning technique, especially in cloning human beings. Some people are in favour of its development, believing the technique is bound to benefit the medical development. On the contrary, others are afraid that it could raise a storm of moral problems, thus causing damage to the social development. However, in my opinion, cloning will pay off on the assumption that all people obey rules and promise to use it properly.