2021高三英语人教版一轮教师用书：板块4第1讲 定语从句
展开第1讲 定语从句
[全国卷考情分析]
题型 | 典题试做 | 命题解读 |
语 法 填 空 | 1． (2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，which she opened with her late husband Les. 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals. 3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which/that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. | 1．考查定语从句的关系词，which、that和who考查居多； 2．有时考查非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法。 |
短 文 改 错 | 1． (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. where→when 2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.which →where或which前加in 3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.that→which | 1．关系代词与关系副词的错用； 2．that与which的错用； 3．关系代词或关系副词的缺失。 |
考点一 | 关系代词引导的定语从句 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·石家庄检测一)A new teacher will teach you German will come here tomorrow.
who [考查定语从句。从结构上看，空处是关系代词，修饰先行词A new teacher，指人，并且在从句中作主语，所以要用who。]
2．(2019·重庆第一次调研)The park offers visitors a sight of nature at
majorities of people never have the chance to take a look.
which [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句中的“The park offers visitors a sight of nature”是主句，“at majorities...a look”是定语从句，空处在定语从句中作at的宾语，代指a sight of nature，故填which。]
3．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.
that/which [考查定语从句。that/which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词genetic material。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．(2019·安徽师大附中测试)He thanked me and jumped quickly in his car and drove off，keeping the disabled parking space free for someone needed it.
someone后加who [考查定语从句。who引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。]
5．(2019·吉林省吉大附中模拟)From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge helps us to seek the truth.
在bridge后加that或which [分析句子结构可知，本句主语为I，谓语为have learnt，that引导宾语从句，作learnt的宾语，can serve为从句的谓语，与helps之间无词连接，由此可判断，bridge后为定语从句，先行词为bridge，指物，在从句中作主语，故用that或which引导该从句。故在bridge后加that或which。]
6．(2019·江西名校联盟5月检测)One day，Margaret told me her grandma was coming and her parents would want my basement room back，what didn't surprise me.
what→which [分析句子结构可知，应用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，且在从句中作主语，what不能引导定语从句。]
1．关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的作用 |
who | 人 | 主语、宾语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语 |
that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
whose | 人或物 | 定语 |
as | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.在日常生活中我们遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。
I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子经常制造噪音。
2．that和which的用法区别
只用that 的情况 | 先行词是all，few，little，much， something，anything，nothing 等不定代词时 |
先行词被the only，the very， the same，all等修饰时 | |
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级 或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 | |
先行词既有人又有物时 | |
只用which 的情况 | 引导非限制性定语从句时 |
关系代词指物，且前有介词时 |
China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.《今日中国》有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。
3．as和which的区别
as | as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 |
which | which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 |
“You can't judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.
正如老话说的那样：“人不可貌相”。
[易错提醒] as用在限制性定语从句中时，先行词必须有such，so，as或the same等修饰，且as在从句中作宾语时不能省略。
考点二 | 关系副词引导的定语从句 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟第二次模拟)There are many good websites
you can check out the latest in the science world.
where [考查定语从句。先行词为websites，空处在从句中作地点状语，所以用where，相当于on which。]
2．(2019·河北衡水中学调考)After living in Australia for many years, Louise finally returned to the country she was born.
where [句意：在澳大利亚生活了许多年之后，路易丝最后回到了她出生的那个国家。先行词为the country，将先行词代入定语从句后为：She was born in the country.，由此可见先行词在定语从句中与介词in一起作地点状语，故填关系副词where。]
3．(2019·山东烟台期末)His interest started a few years ago， he was in college and studying wildlife science.
when [句意：他的兴趣始于几年前，当时他正在上大学研究野生动物科学。先行词为a few years ago，将先行词代入定语从句后为：He was in college and studying wildlife science a few years ago.，由此可知关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．(2019·福州八县市一中联考)Besides, we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading, what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.
what→where [考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为some activities，关系词指代先行词且在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。]
关系副词的基本用法
关系副词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的作用 |
when | 时间名词 | 时间状语 |
where | 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，position，case，stage等) | 地点状语 |
why | the reason | 原因状语 |
We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday?
你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
考点三 | “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·山西四校联考)In their class there are altogether 54 students, half of
wear glasses.
whom [考查定语从句。句意：他们班总共有54名学生，其中有一半学生戴眼镜。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是students，指人，关系词作介词of的宾语，所以用whom。]
2．He wrote many children's books，nearly half of were published in the 1990s.
which [此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是children's books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故填which。句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，差不多一半左右是在20世纪90年代出版的。]
3．(2019·沧州二模)We expect you to become someone of we'll feel very proud in the future.
whom [句意：我们希望你将来能成为我们会为之骄傲的人。feel proud of意为“为……感到自豪”，引导词置于介词of后作宾语，且先行词为someone，指人，故填whom。]
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，且不能省略。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.
9月30日之前你必须缴付账单。
2．“名词/不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体的关系。
Scientists have advanced many theories why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.
科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。
Many young people，most of whom were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
3．在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
The newlybuilt café，the walls of which (＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
【技法点拨】
在语法填空中：
1．首先找准先行词，分析句子结构，根据从句所缺的成分确定关系词的使用。
①如果缺少主、宾、表作定语，需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词。
②确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词，是reason还是way等，从而最后确定答案。
2．若先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词用whom，若指物，则用which。牢记that与which, as与which的区别。
[易错提醒] 在短文改错中：
1．首先识别该句是否为定语从句，然后根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正确或缺失，并予以改正或添加。
2．根据关系词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。作主、宾、表语用which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用whose；作状语用when/where/why；作介词宾语用which/whom。
3．判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中关系词的使用是否正确。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·浙江宁波模拟)My parents are the most important for me, without
support, I wouldn't have reached that far.
whose [“without support，... ”为“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词my parents与support之间存在所属关系，因此填whose。]
2．(2019·四川雅安中学月考)—When did you see the sponsor, Madam?
—It was on the weekend I was doing some shopping with my husband.
when [设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词weekend，并在从句中作时间状语，故用when。此从句结构看似强调句型，实则省略了强调句型中that ... 及其后所有内容。补充完整为：It was on the weekend when I was doing some shopping with my husband that I saw the sponsor.]
3．(2019·江苏如东中学期中)Mensa is a society for bright people, and it aims to create a platform many think can provide the chance to share their thoughts and ideas.
which/that [分析从句结构不难发现many think为插入语，将其删去可知从句中缺少主语。这类句子出现时要首先将插入语去掉，以免造成误判，且先行词指物，故填which/that。]
4．(2019·安徽合肥质检)The movie Pompeii came out this February，
many people think brings a touching love story to the audience.
which [分析句子结构可知设空处引导定语从句。从句中的many people think为插入语，将其删除可看出从句中缺少主语，并且从句为非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，故填which。]
5．(2019·南京、盐城模拟)As the dark horse, China's football team swept into the quarterfinals it lost to host country Australia.
where [分析句子结构可知设空处引导定语从句。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，应用关系副词，而本题中先行词比较特殊，quarterfinals应视为地点对待，表示“在四分之一决赛赛场”，故填where。]
6．(2019·江苏南通二模)My grandpa, is often the case with old people, is fond of talking about the good old days.
as [句意：我的祖父和其他老人一样，喜欢谈论往昔的美好时光。as引导非限制性定语从句“ is often the case with old people”，在从句中作主语，指代主句的内容，可译为“正如”，符合语境。故填as。]
7．(2019·河北石家庄模拟)It was in the small house was built with stones he spent his childhood.
which/that; that [分析句子结构可知，第一空为关系代词引导定语从句修饰house，且从句中无主语，指物，故填that/which均可；第二空为强调句型中的that。]
8．(2019·天津和平区月考)Lucy invited many friends to dinner, some of
her parents had never met before.
whom [此处为“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，设空处指代先行词many friends, 同时作介词of的宾语，故填whom。句意：露西邀请了很多朋友去吃饭，露西的父母以前从没见过他们中的一些人。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·山东威海模拟)I asked him what was the matter. He smiled and told us about the funny things what had happened in the cinema.
第二个what→that/which [分析句式可知，该从句位于指事物的名词之后，且从句缺少主语，该句应为定语从句，而what不引导定语从句，故将what改为that/which。]
2．(2019·安徽淮南模拟)After a while, I started thinking of my deskmate which always stops to pick up loose change.
which→who/that [分析句式可知，该定语从句中的先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故应用who/that而不能用which, which用来指事物。]
3．(2019·河北衡水模拟)The festival lasts for a week, which famous singers and bands from around the world perform very brilliantly.
which→when [分析句式结构可知，“which famous ... brilliantly”为定语从句，修饰先行词a week。从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词表时间，故将which改为when。]
4．(2019·福建莆田模拟)A girl became a volunteer in the activities of Deathbed Care, where meant visiting and taking care of a patient suffering from an incurable disease with days numbered.
where→which [后一句子为非限制性定语从句，其中缺少主语，先行词为表事物的名词，故将where改为which。]
5．(2019·安徽合肥二模)In our everyday lives we meet situations at which we take many things for granted.
at→in [本句中含有一个由“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。此处介词根据其与先行词的搭配来确定。与先行词situations搭配的介词是in，表示“在某种境况下”。故将at改为in。]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2019·山东潍坊3月一模)The Hong KongZhuhaiMacau Bridge(HZMB)，a 55kilometre bridgetunnel system，1． (consist) of a series of three cablestayed bridges，an undersea tunnel，and four artificial islands.It is both the longest sea crossing and the longest fixed link on earth，another 2.
(significance) project.The HZMB，3. connects Hong Kong，Macau，and Zhuhai—three major cities on the Pearl River Delta，crosses the Lingding and Jiuzhou channel.
The HZMB desinged 4. (last) for 120 years was built with a cost of 126．9 billion yuan(US $18.77 billion)．The cost of 5. (construct) the Main Bridge was estimated 6． 51．1 billion yuan(US $7．56 billion) shared among the governments of mainland China，Hong Kong and Macau.
7． (initial) set to be opened to traffic in late 2016，the structure was finally completed on 6 February 2018 and 8. (journalist) were subsequently given rides over the bridge.On 24 October 2018，the HZMB was opened to 9. public after its opening ceremony a day 10. (early)．
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。介绍港珠澳大桥的结构、功能和意义。港珠澳大桥是中国大陆、香港、澳门共同努力建成的。
1．consists [考查主谓一致。句子主语是The Hong KongZhuhaiMacau Bridge，文章的主体时态为现在时，主语为第三人称单数，故填consists。]
2．significant [考查词性转换。设空处前为限定词，后面为名词project，故中间应该用形容词significant作定语。]
3．which [考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为The HZMB，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填which。]
4．to last [考查非谓语动词。固定搭配be designed to do，故填to last。]
5．constructing [考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词of的宾语，同时又与后面的名词短语the Main Bridge构成动宾结构，因此要用动名词形式，故填constructing。]
6．at [考查介词。表示价格、成本时，用介词at。]
7．Initially [考查副词。设空处修饰后面的过去分词短语set to be opened to traffic in late 2016，故应用副词形式Initially。]
8．journalists [考查名词的复数。根据后面的助动词were可知，前面的名词应用复数，故填journalists。]
9．the [考查冠词。the public公众，大众。]
10．earlier [考查副词比较级。a day earlier前一天。]
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·石家庄一模)March 5th is a day in honor of Lei Feng, who people are called on to help others. On the morning of that day this year, our class met the school gate and went to a Hope Primary School by the bus. Upon arriving there, they gave us a warmly welcome. We gave the students some books, food or clothes. And then, we played several game with them and told them stories. Before we leave, we took a photo with them. See their smiling faces, we both felt a sense of happiness. We went home and promised to go back whenever possible. How an unforgettable experience it was!
【答案】
March 5th is a day in honor of Lei Feng, people are called on to help others. On the morning of that day this year, our class met the school gate and went to a Hope Primary School by bus. Upon arriving there, they gave us a welcome. We gave the students some books, food clothes. And then, we played several with them and told them stories. Before we ， we took a photo with them. their smiling faces, we felt a sense of happiness. We went home and promised to go back whenever possible. an unforgettable experience it was!
