2021高三英语人教版一轮教师用书：板块1第2讲　非谓语动词


第2讲　非谓语动词
[全国卷考情分析]
题型
典题试做
命题解读
语
法
填
空
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid­1980s, and are expensive to perform(perform) consistently over a large area.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Scientists have responded by noting(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When we got a call saying (say)she was short listed，we thought it was a joke.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ) You don't have to run fast or for long to see (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying (die) early by running.
1．考查非谓语动词的句法功能(状语、定语、宾语、补语、主语和表语等)，以考查主语、宾语、状语居多；
2．考查固定搭配中的非谓语动词。
短
文
改
错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.say→saying
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. manage→managing
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. sell→selling
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.watching→watch
1．谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用；
2．过去分词与现在分词的错用；
3．不定式符号to的多余或缺失；
4．to是介词还是不定式符号的误判。

考点一
非谓语动词的形式及意义

单句语法填空
1．(2019·福州八中质检) (realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
Realizing　[分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。]
2．(2019·蚌埠二中模拟)Greatly (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.
encouraged　[分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与主语the team之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填encouraged。]
3．(2019·太原一模)Silk Road trades traveled together in long caravans(旅行队) of camels.This mode of travel provided protection from robbers who might attempt
(rob) the valuable goods being transported.
to rob　[考查不定式。attempt意为“试图，企图”，后跟不定式作宾语，故填to rob。]

非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不
定
式
一般式
to do
to be
done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be
doing

表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have
done
to have been done
表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/
动名词
一般式
doing
being
done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
完成式
having
done
having
been done
表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.
很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。

考点二
非谓语动词作状语

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The World Health Organization (WHO) has made an appeal to scientists，drug manufacturers and governments.The WHO wants them to work together (develop) drugs to fight 12 bacteria.
to develop　[考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语，故填to develop。]
2．(2019·山东烟台期末)They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather， (watch) birds.
watching　[句意：他们把食物放在后院，然后一边观鸟一边享受明媚的天气。主语They与watch为逻辑上的主动关系，且watch与spend同时发生，故填现在分词watching作伴随状语。]
3．(2019·江西宜春中学第一次诊断) (compare) with the western medicine's high fees，TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
Compared　[句意：与西药的高额费用相比，传统中药的价格合理，普通人能够承担得起。compared with...为固定结构，在句中作状语，意为“与……相比”。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．(2019·长沙一模)The boy brought his guitar to the stage，worn a fashionable hat which made him seem so mysterious.
worn→wearing　[考查非谓语动词。动词wear和主语The boy之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。]
5．(2019·吉林吉大附中月考)Thought that his solution might be wrong, I carefully analyzed the problem and tried to work it out in a different way.
Thought→Thinking　[分析句子结构可知，Thought that his solution might be wrong在句中作状语，think与其逻辑主语I之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词形式。故将Thought改为Thinking。]

1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。
In order to calculate the amount of power，work is divided by time.
要计算功率的大小，可将功除以时间。
(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do(足够做……)；too...to do...(太……而不能……)；so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous，surprised，astonished，delighted，disappointed 等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
[易错提醒]　语法填空和短文改错中常考查 “主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
2．分词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Ordered over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive at any time now.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。
Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.
像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
[易错提醒]　部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有：located (坐落于)，lost(迷路的)，seated(坐着的)，hidden(躲着的)，lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦的)，faced with(面对着)。
Absorbed in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常用的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking，talking of，speaking of，judging from/by，taking everything into consideration，compared to/with，to be frank，to tell(you)the truth，to be honest，to make things worse 等。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
考点三
非谓语动词作定语

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·福州八县市一中联考)At the age of four，she fell into an icy river and was fortunately rescued by some local villagers (live) in Baoxing County in southwest China's Sichuan Province.
living　[考查现在分词。名词villagers和动词live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。]
2．(2019·重庆第一次调研)Visitors also may take a walk in the rainforest
(create) by the volcano thousands of years ago.
created　[考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，forest后面的部分作定语修饰rainforest，且rainforest与动词create在逻辑上是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。]
3．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news (cover) a wide range of subjects.
covering　[考查非谓语动词。提示词为动词，该句中已经有谓语动词(reports)，提示词cover和其所修饰的名词news之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用cover的v.­ing形式作后置定语，在此相当于which covers。]
4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount (require) by doctors.
required　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，require和amount之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
5．(2019·惠州第二次调研)Not long ago，I was touched by the reply from Tsinghua University to Wei Xiang，which aroused a heating discussion.
heating→heated　[考查形容词。从句句意：那引起了一场激烈的讨论。故heating改为heated。]

1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at school and the last to leave school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。
And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
(4)当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
Have you got anything to buy?
你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)
I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought？我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者)
2．分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2019.
为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2019年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
Last night，there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
[易错提醒]　非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.

考点四
非谓语动词作宾语

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·沈阳质量监测一)You could easily pay with your smartphone by
(scan) the seller's QR code.
scanning　[考查非谓语动词。介词by后面的宾语应用动名词形式。]
2．(2019·淮南二中模拟)I know he is good at (work) out the difficult questions.
working　[be good at“擅长”，at为介词，故用v.­ing作宾语。]
3．(2019·郑州第一次质量检测)In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider (win) and solving real problems as well.
winning　[考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：在“我”看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider“考虑”后跟动词­ing形式作宾语。]
4．(2019·山西长治一联)I remembered (lock) the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
to lock　[句意：离开办公室之前，我记着要锁门了，但是忘了关灯。考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。remember to do sth.记着要做某事，根据语境可知空格处为“to lock”。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
5．(2019·福建福州3月质检)In the beginning，I wasn't used to talk to strangers.

talk→talking　[句意：开始时我不习惯和陌生人讲话。be used to doing sth.为固定句型，意为“习惯做某事”。]
6．(2019·广东七校联考)I like travelling and my dream of visit Beijing, the capital city of our country, came true during the National Day holidays this year.

visit→visiting　[考查动名词。of为介词，后接动名词作宾语。]

1．只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，expect，fail (未能)，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen (碰巧)等。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2．只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit，avoid，consider，escape(避开)，imagine，mind，miss，practise，suggest，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
It's quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim?
今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：







She nearly forgot to give him a tip for his service.
她几乎忘了给他的服务付小费。
—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.
——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。
—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.
——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。
Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the groceries if I found out?
她是担忧如果我发现这件事情我的反应还是担忧我不再给她买食品杂货呢？
[易错提醒]　(1)动词want，need，require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.­ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn，decide，know，wonder，show，tell，understand，explain，teach，advise，find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how，what，whether，where，when，who 等。
(3)介词后一般要接v.­ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。

考点五
非谓语动词作宾补

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·济宁二模) Let those in need (understand) that we will go all out to help them.
understand　[句意：让那些需要帮助的人们明白，我们会竭尽全力去帮助他们。宾语those与understand为逻辑上的主动关系，且let后加省略to的不定式作宾补。]
2．(2019·龙口一模)When we saw the road (block) with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
blocked　[句意：当我们看到马路被大雪堵住时，我们决定在家度过假期。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。非谓语动词的逻辑主语为road，两者为被动关系。]
3．(2019·黄冈一模)The manager was satisfied to see many new products
(develop) after great effort.
developed　[句意：经理看到经过巨大努力许多新产品被研发出来后非常满意。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。many new products与develop之间是被动关系，所以要用过去分词。]
4．(2019·安庆慧德中学月考)When he was ready to leave he found his bicycle's front tyre(轮胎) flat.He had to look for a place along the street to get his bicycle
(repair)．
repaired　[考查非谓语动词。get sth. done使……被做，此处的bicycle和repair之间为被动关系。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
5．(2019·湖北武汉高三调考)Last Sunday was my birthday, so I invited some guys go out with me for a celebration.
go前加to　[动词invite后应用不定式作其补足语，即invite sb. to do sth.。]

1．不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on等。
(山东卷)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
Having finished her project，she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
(1)有些动词，如think，consider，believe，suppose，feel，find，understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard­working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。
He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
2．分词作宾补
(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen to，feel)，使役动词(have，get)，find，leave，keep，catch等。
Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？
(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen to，feel)，使役动词(have，make，let，get)，find，leave，keep等。
Back from his two­year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。
(3)使役动词have，get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth.done＝get sth.done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth.doing让……一直做某事；get sth./sb.doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb.do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事。
Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car washed.
在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。
(4)with的复合结构为：①with＋宾语＋doing表示主动说明动作正在发生或经常发生；②with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成；③with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。
With such a short time left before the deadline，it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.
截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。
With a lot of work to do，she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。

考点六
非谓语动词作主语和表语

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·辽宁铁岭协作体一联)Above all，I have come to understand that
(bring) happiness to others is getting ourselves happiness.
bringing　[句意：首先，我开始明白了授人玫瑰手有余香的道理。在宾语从句中设空处作主语，且表示抽象概念，故用动名词作主语。]
2．(2019·湖北七市联考) (send) yellow roses can be risky, as they represent either friendship or envy.
Sending　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少主语，所以应用动词­ing形式作主语，故填Sending。]
3．(2019·河南八市重点高中第二次质检)I felt hopeless and alone，and more
(depress) than I knew was possible.
depressed　[句意：我感到绝望、孤独及前所未有的沮丧。设空处作felt的表语，故填depressed。]
4．(2019·江西红色七校一联)It is (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.
shocking　[句意：令人震惊的是，一些投资银行甚至根据他们是否穿棕色鞋子来判断应聘者。shocking令人震惊的；shocked感到震惊的。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
5．(2019·襄阳模拟)We hope that all of us will devote our efforts to protect pandas and let them live in the wild again some day.
protect→protecting　[devote...to...致力于……；to为介词后跟v.­ing作宾语。]
6．(2019·铜陵一模)The story he told was very interested.
interested→interesting　[句意：他讲的故事非常有趣。形容词化了的分词作表语表示“令人感兴趣的”要用interesting。]

1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。
(2)不定式作表语时，①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim，purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing...；It's no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...；There is no use doing...等中。
Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。
It's no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job)．
我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
(3)remain作连系动词时，意为“仍然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词时，意为“尚待……；留待……”时，后常接to be done。
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
It remains to be seen whether the newly­formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。
[易错提醒]　不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中常考的语法点。
【技法点拨】
在语法填空中：
1．若句子中已有谓语动词，又不是并列关系时，所填动词通常是非谓语动词，这时就要确定是动词­ing形式，­ed形式，还是不定式形式。
2．所给动词在某及物动词后作宾语时要用不定式或者动名词(由它前面的及物动词决定)，作介词的宾语时要用动名词；作主语时要用不定式或者动名词。如果所给动词有名词形式的派生词，当其在句中作主语或宾语时，通常考查这个动词所派生出的名词。这时，要注意它的单复数形式。
3．非谓语动词转化的形容词作定语或表语时，表示“令人……的”用动词­ing形式；表示“(感到)……的”用过去分词。
[易错提醒]　在短文改错中：
1．谓语动词后或者某一形容词后如果是动词原形，就要注意两词之间是否该有不定式符号to。
2．介词后(特别是介词to)的非谓语动词应该用动名词。to 有时候是不定式，不要误判为介词。


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)However，our discussions are more than just a way (practice) our debating skills.
to practice　[考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，我们的讨论不仅仅是练习我们辩论技巧的一种方法。此处是不定式作定语。]
2．(2019·湖北七市联考)In Mao Zedong's poem Ode to the Plum Blossom(《咏梅》)，the plum blossom was used (praise) great soldiers who sacrificed their lives for a better life for Chinese people.
to praise　[考查非谓语动词。结合语境可知此处应用不定式作目的状语，所以填to praise。be used to do sth.“被用来做某事”。]
3．(2019·成都第二次诊断)If you speak to a local about your stay in Chengdu，they'll probably ask if you've tried hot pot.Everyone (live) here seems to love it，and trying it should be a fixed part of everyone's culinary(烹饪的) tour of Sichuan.
living　[考查非谓语动词。live和句子谓语seems之间没有连词，故空处应用非谓语动词，且动词live和句子主语Everyone构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作定语。]
4．(2019·广州调研)After (settle) into a home—you，for instance—they steal vitamins and other nutrients and leave behind dead cells and poisonous liquids called toxins.
settling　[考查动名词。句意：在宿主——比如你的体内定居后——它们会偷走维生素和其他营养物质，留下死细胞和被称为毒素的有毒液体。介词After后要用动名词形式，故本空应填settling。]
5．(2019·赣州十四县市联考)One day, about ten years ago, while
(work) at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History, I saw an elderly couple come in with a little girl in the wheelchair.
working　[考查状语从句的省略。在含有while引导的状语从句的复合句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且含有be动词的某种形式时，可将从句的主语和be动词省略，构成省略结构。本句补充完整为：while I was working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History。故此处应填working。]
6．(2019·南昌一模)Hongcun， (fill) with lakes and beautiful Anhuistyle buildings，is 900 years old.It was built to look like a big ox.Huangshan Mountain is the head；the town is the body and the bridges are legs.
filled　[考查固定短语。be filled with为固定短语，故填filled。句意：布满了湖泊和美丽的徽式建筑的宏村，有九百年的历史。它被建成看起来像一个大的牛。黄山是头，镇是身体，桥是腿。]
7．(2019·安徽名校模拟)As the researchers expected，30% of the chefs
(survey) said that their best meal as a kid was still what they liked the most as an adult.
surveyed　[考查过去分词。chefs和动词survey之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示“被调查的厨师”，故用过去分词作后置定语。]
8．(2019·福建永春一中等四校联考)During the Qin Dynasty，to keep the enemy out of his empire，Emperor Qin Shihuang had all the walls (join) up.
joined　[句意：在秦朝时期，为了抵御外敌，秦始皇把所有的墙都连了起来。使役动词had后的宾语all the walls与join up为被动关系，故用过去分词joined作宾补。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·洛阳第一次统考)They think that my story is well worth read and that I am good at writing.I believe I will achieve my dream.
read→reading　[考查固定搭配。be worth doing sth.“值得做某事”，故应把read改为reading。]
2．(2019·郑州第一次质量检测)Then someone said，“Why not trying the cave dwellings(住宅) here？”We thought he was joking，but here we are really in a cave dwelling and it's wonderful.
trying→try　[考查固定搭配。此处为why not句式，why not后跟动词原形。]
3．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)Second，seeing a film，listening to music or hang out with our friends will also be exciting.
hang→hanging　[考查动名词。句意：第二，看电影，听音乐或者和朋友们出去玩也会令人很兴奋。分析该句结构可知，谓语will also be前面的部分为主语；由seeing a film，listening to music可以判断，该处与它们并列，也应当用动名词。]
4．(2019·广东惠州市调研考试)After purchase seedlings，we chose a place where the seedlings could get proper water and sunshine.
purchase→purchasing　[考查非谓语动词。介词after后应跟v.­ing形式作宾语。]
5．(2019·西安六校联考)Before heard his answer, she started to read him almost every single greeting card out loud until the elderly man smiled.
heard→hearing　[考查动名词。before为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词，故用hear的动名词形式hearing。]

Ⅰ.语法填空
(2019·福建省五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also 1． (express) their great concern about it. Experts hope 2. whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.
Nowadays, school violence is a hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon, which
3. (call) for our great concern. We should make every effort 4.
(prevent) school violence happening at school, for more and more students would drop out of school if their personal 5. (safe) could not be guaranteed. In fact, violence can be learned.6． (actual), children learn violence behavior from adults or from 7． they see on television or on the Internet.
If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence with violence, for it will result in 8. (much) fighting. I will tell my teachers or parents about it. I think they will help me deal with it well and they will protect me from the bad guys.
All in all, we students should behave 9. (we) and keep away 10.
violence.
1．expressed　[根据该句中的“showed”可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填expressed。]
2．the　[the whole society意为“全社会”，为固定用法，故填the。]
3．calls　[分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，which指代“a phenomenon”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数；由“I think this is”可知，应用一般现在时，故填calls。]
4．to prevent　[句意：我们应当尽一切努力来阻止校园暴力的发生。make every effort to do sth.为固定搭配，故此处应用动词不定式。]
5．safety　[根据空处前的“their personal”可知，空处应填名词safety。]
6．Actually　[分析该句结构可知，空处修饰整个句子，作状语，故用副词Actually。]
7．what　[分析该句结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作“see”的宾语，故用what。]
8．more　[句意：如果我遇到校园暴力，我不会以暴制暴，因为这会导致更多的打斗。根据句意可知，空处应使用比较级。]
9．ourselves　[behave oneself为固定搭配，意为“举止规矩有礼，检点”；根据主语“we”可知，空处应用反身代词ourselves。]
10．from　[keep away from为固定搭配，意为“远离”。]
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·贵州铜仁一中模拟)As winter comes, there are much rain and snow in many parts of our country including our city. It is too cold that an increasing number of students catch a cold. Even worse, some students fell down and hurt them because the icy roads. So we should protect ourselves from cold weather and there are many things what are of help. First，we should put up more clothes when going outside. Then to remember not to run or walk too fast on slippery roads. Luckily，some measures have been taking to prevent us from falling down. For example, some mats have been placed on the step of the teaching building. I hope everyone is safe and health.
【答案】　
As winter comes, there much rain and snow in many parts of our country including our city. It is cold that an increasing number of students catch a cold. Even worse，some students fell down and hurt because the icy roads. So we should protect ourselves from cold weather and there are many things are of help. First，we should put more clothes when going outside. Then remember not to run or walk too fast on slippery roads. Luckily，some measures have been to prevent us from falling down. For example, some mats have been placed on the of the teaching building. I hope everyone is safe and .