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2019届浙江省杭州市高三上学期英语模拟卷十八（解析版）
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浙江杭州2019届上学期高三英语模拟卷十八
第I卷
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例：
How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19.15. B.￡9.18. C.￡9.15.
答案是C。
What is the time now exactly?
A. 10:25. B. 10:30. C. 10:35.
How does the boy go to school every day?
A. On foot. B. By car. C. By bus.
What are the speakers talking about?
A. Shoes. B. Shorts. C. Trousers.
What does the man mean?
A. He missed the game.
B. He watched the game.
C. He knew nothing about the game.
Where are the speakers probably?
A. At home. B. In a museum. C. In a hotel.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位罝。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
Who is going to hold the party?
A. The girl. B. The boy. C. The girl’s father.
What will the girl do on Saturday?
A. Visit her grandparents. B. Attend a party. C. Have a class.
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
What did the program say about the life in the future?
A. People will work 40 hours a week.
B. There will be more supermarkets.
C. People will have more free time.
What is the speakers’ attitude to the program’s opinion on shopping in the
future?
A. They’re doubtful. B. They’re worried. C. They’re grateful.
听第8段材料, 回答第10至12题。
What is the woman?
A. An airline employee. B. A hotel clerk. C. A travel agent.
11. What is the man’s destination?
A. London. B. Paris. C. Madrid.
12. What is the woman going to do now?
A. Charge the man.
B. Prepare everything for the man.
C. Give the man his booking number.
听第9段材料,回答第13至16题。
Why does the woman come to the man?
A. To return a TV. B. To repair a TV. C. To change a TV.
What day is it today?
June 5th. B. June 6th. C. June 7th.
What is wrong with the TV?
It has electrical problems.
B. It can’t work at all.
C. It can’t fit on the shelf.
What will the woman do next?
Get her TV back. B. Do some shopping. C. Wait for the man.
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
What did Barrymore do at the age of seven?
A. She appeared in a TV advertisement.
B. She started in her first TV movie.
C. She acted in the film E.T.
What did Barrymore want to do as a young adult?
A. Make her own movies. B. Act in dramas. C. Star in comedies.
When did Barrymore produce the film Never Been kissed?
A. In 1995. B. In 1999. C. In 2005.
20. What did Barrymore do after Haiti’s earthquake in 2010?
A. She donated one million dollars to Haiti.
B. She persuaded people to contribute money.
C. She began working for the United Nations World Food Program.
第二部分:阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）
第一节（共10个小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure. The reason this happens is because the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart, crossing one leg over the other increases resistance, making it even harder for the blood to circulate. This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart. You won’t feel any immediate effects, but if you sit for long periods of time it’s important that you take note of how long you have your legs crossed for. You shouldn’t have your legs crossed for more than 15 minutes, and it’s important that you get up and walk around at least once every hour.
Crossing your legs can also lead to neck and back pain. Ideally, it’s best for our bodies to sit with our feet planted flat, hip width apart, on the floor, but it’s not easy to maintain perfect posture all day at the office. When you sit with your legs crossed your hips are in a twisted position, which can cause one of your pelvic bones to rotate. Since your pelvic bone supports your neck and spine, this can cause pressure on your lower and middle back and neck.
You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep. This is because when one leg sits on top of the other it causes pressure on the veins and nerves in your legs and feet. It can cause numbness and/or temporary paralysis in the legs, ankles, or feet. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.
1. What can be learned from the text?
A. We will feel blood pressure increased immediately after crossing legs.
B. It’s easy for us to keep correct posture all day.
C. The pelvic bone can cause pressure on your lower and middle back and neck.
D. Your legs will get pain with legs crossed for long periods of time.
2. Crossing your legs may cause some health problems except___________.
A. Causing the pain of neck and back.
B. Increasing the blood pressure.
C. Leading to the pain of feet and legs.
D. Resulting in the disability of arms.
3. What is suggested according to the text?
A. Do not often cross your legs while sitting.
B. Cross your legs for more than 15 minutes every day.
C. Get up and walk around at least once every other hour.
D. Cross your legs to lower your blood pressure.
【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了跷二郎腿对身体的危害很大，最正确的坐姿是把双脚平放在地上。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep.”可知，长时间跷二郎腿会使你的腿痛，故D项正确。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure.”可知，跷二郎腿会使血压升高，根据第二段中的“Crossing your legs can also lead to neck and back pain.”可知，跷二郎腿会造成颈部和后背疼痛，根据第三段中的“You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep.”可知，跷二郎腿会造成你的腿和脚刺痛，文章没有说跷二郎腿会造成胳膊残废，故D项正确。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。文章介绍了跷二郎腿对身体的危害很大，再结合第二段中的“Ideally, it’s best for our bodies to sit with our feet planted flat, hip width apart, on the floor,”可知，最正确的坐姿是把双脚平放在地上，不要跷二郎腿，故A项正确。
B
Microsoft has developed a new smartphone app that interprets eye signals and translates them into letters, allowing people with ALS（渐冻症）, also known as motor neurone disease, to communicate with others from a phone.
The GazeSpeak app combines a smartphone’s camera with artificial intelligence to recognize eye movements in real time and transform them into letters, words and sentences.
For people suffering from ALS, eye movement can be the only way they are able to communicate.
“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration(再校正) and abundant, relatively stable setups,” said Xiaoyi Zhang, a researcher at Microsoft who developed the technology.
“To mitigate the drawbacks…we created GazeSpeak, an eye-gesture communication system that runs on a smartphone, and is designed to be low-cost, effective, and easy to carry and learn.”
The app is used by the listener by pointing their smartphone at the speaker. A chart that can be stuck to the back of the smartphone is then used by the speaker to determine which eye movements to make in order to communicate.
The chart shows four grids of letters, which each correspond to a different eye movement. By looking up, down, left or right, the speaker selects which grids the letters they want belong to. The artificial intelligence is then able to predict the word or sentence they are trying to say.
Zhang’s research, Smartphone-Based Gaze Gesture Communication for People with Motor Disabilities, is set to be presented at the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems in May.
4. The main purpose of the passage is to _________.
A. arouse people’s attention on the shortcomings of Current eye-tracking input systems.
B. introduce a new smartphone App for people suffering from ALS to communicate.
C. call for people’s awareness of helping people with ALS to communicate successfully.
D. compare the current eye-tracking input systems with the new GazeSpeak app.
5. The underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph5 probably means _________
A. ignore B. accept
C. strengthen D. weaken
6. According to the passage, which of the following sentences is TRUE?
A. There are many ways to communicate for people suffering from ALS.
B. The speaker points their smartphone at the listener when using the app.
C. The current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS need improving.
D. The new smartphone app for people with ALS has been put on the market.
【答案】4. B 5. D 6. C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了微软公司最新研制的帮助渐冻症患者用眼神交流的智能App——GazeSpeak。
【4题详解】
文章意图题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“Microsoft has developed a new smartphone app that interprets eye signals and translates them into letters, allowing people with ALS, also known as motor neurone disease, to communicate with others from a phone”可知，本文的目的是介绍微软公司最新研制的帮助渐冻症患者用眼神交流的智能App——GazeSpeak，故B项正确。
【5题详解】
词义猜测题。根据上一段中的“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration and abundant, relatively stable setups,”可知，目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，GazeSpeak的研发就是为了削弱这些弊端，由此可知画线词词义为“削弱、较少”，故D项正确。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration and abundant, relatively stable setups,”可知，目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，由此可知目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统还需要进一步改进，故C项正确。
【点睛】画线词所在句子中出现的代词的指代关系往往是词义猜测题的解题关键所在，李如本篇第2题，画线词后的“the drawbacks”指的就是上一段中提到的目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，而GazeSpeak的研发就是为了削弱这些弊端，由此可知画线词词义为“削弱、较少”。
C
The tornado came without any sign—the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first alert my husband, Jimmy, 67, and I, 65, got came around 9 p.m., from some scrolling text on the TV Jimmy was watching. He ran upstairs to find me in our third-floor bedroom, and we changed the channel to our local Pensacola, Florida, station.
No sooner had we found coverage of the tornado than it was on top of us. The bones of the house shook, and the power went out. Pink insulation（绝缘材料） flew into the room from a trapdoor to the attic, and the wind began to roar through the house. We had three flights of steps to navigate to get to the relative safety of the first floor. Because the closet down there is wedged （塞进） underneath a brick staircase, it seemed like the sturdiest(坚固的) place in our town house to wait things out.
I didn’t know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister(楼梯扶手) and tried to move forward, but this intense pressure held me in place. In those seconds of stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling.
As we reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew out. Shards of glass that looked like broken ice flew everywhere. Suddenly, a three-foot-long tree branch whipped through the doorframe. It flew over our heads, missing us by inches. Had we been one step up, it would have impaled us. The back wall of the house followed suit and tore off into the darkness outside.
Instantly I reached the closet, Jimmy pushed me down to the closet floor, but he couldn’t get inside himself because of the wind. I gripped Jimmy’s arm as the tornado sucked the door open and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees and scalp were full of glass, but in that moment, I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out and into the bay. “Hold on! Hold on!” he yelled. But there was nothing in this closet to hold on to.
All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet like people in tornadoes do in the movies. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn’t believe it was over. Jimmy said he’d go outside to check. “No,” I said. “Don’t leave me.”
Our neighbor says the storm lasted four minutes. In that time, four of the twelve town houses in our unit were completely destroyed. Of the houses left standing, ours suffered the most damage. Amazingly, none of us were severely injured.
7. Paragraph 2—4 mainly tell us______.
A. the tornado was on top of us
B. the tornado caused great damage
C. the coverage of the tornado became a reality
D. the tornado was so strong that it lifted the author off her feet
8. The underlined words “this intense pressure” in Paragraph 3 refer to______.
A. the author’s nervousness about the tornado
B. the force from the tornado on the author
C. the stress the author felt from her life
D. the pressure the banister gave the author
9. From the passage we can know that ______.
A. Neither the author nor her husband was injured.
B. the author’s house was completely destroyed.
C. they were aware of the tornado before it came.
D. it became dark outside when the tornado hit the town
10. The author wrote the passage to _______.
A. share with us her experience of surviving a tornado
B. warn us of the danger caused by tornados
C. show us how to fight against a tornado
D. tell us tornados are dangerous and how to protect us from them
【答案】7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了龙卷风突然来袭，作者家的房子损坏严重，但作者和丈夫竟然安然无恙地幸存下来。
【7题详解】
段落大意题。根据第二、三、四段内容，特别是第二段中的“The bones of the house shook, and the power went out. Pink insulation flew into the room from a trapdoor to the attic, and the wind began to roar through the house.”，第三段中的“In those seconds of stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling.”及第四段中的“As we reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew out.”等细节描写可知，第二、三、四段主要讲述的是龙卷风造成了巨大的损害，故B项正确。
【8题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister and tried to move forward”可知，风把作者吹起来的时候，她觉得脚下好像没有地板，她抓住楼梯扶手想往前走，但是风吹得她动弹不得，由此可知画线词词义为“风对作者的作用力”，故B项正确。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Amazingly, none of us were severely injured.”可知，作者和丈夫都没有受伤，故A项正确。
【10题详解】
作者意图题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了龙卷风突然来袭，作者家的房子损坏严重，但作者和丈夫竟然安然无恙地幸存下来，所以作者写这篇文章就是为了分享自己和丈夫在龙卷风袭击中幸存下来的经历，故A项正确。
第二节（共5个小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Enjoy Life As a Teen
The "best years of your life"? Maybe not, but you can learn to make the most of your high school days. Here are some tips for you.
Learn to appreciate small things. Whether it's having a computer, having friends, having a good supply of food, a bed to sleep on and the family that loves you.___11___ ．Be happy, and life will reward you..Remember that these are the last few years you will be able to enjoy yourself without having to worry about the responsibility of an adult, but make sure you prepare yourself for when you do become one. When you actually become an adult, you'll learn to love that responsibility and you probably never want to go back.
Choose your friends wisely. Unlike what many articles state, you don't have to be popular and have a gazillion friends to be happy. In fact, many of the "friends" you have when you are popular are not true friends. ___12___ These are people who shop at the same store as you; not someone who will sympathize with you when your dog dies.
Play a sport or work out. ___13___ If you are not good at sports, join a band. Being confident in your appearance makes you more confident in other areas.
___14___ Participating in clubs, activities, and sports increases your chances of meeting new friends. While you only need 4 or 5 close friends, that doesn't mean you shouldn't try to meet new people. Participating gives you something to do instead of sitting bored at home and wallowing in self-pity.
You can pursue interests you enjoy. Video games, for example, are good if you're the type who can get into that kind of thing. ___15___ Use your "hobby time" to either A) Volunteer (to gain practical skills for college apps, job resumes, and scholarships) B. Learn an instrument, or get into something else in the creative field like painting or dance, because this is the time to start developing and uncovering passions that might otherwise lie dormant.
A. Be sociable.
B. Working is a great way to gain experience and to meet other people.
C. You should also find a hobby that is meaningful or practical.
D. Having a healthy body leads to a healthy and happy mind.
E. Remember that the point of life is for you to enjoy it.
F. Try to have friends that like you who you are, not just because you are wearing a certain brand of shoes or something like that.
G. About 90% of the girls or guys you talk to will like you back, only about 10% probably will reject or badmouth you.
【答案】11. E 12. F
13. D 14. A
15. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何享受青少年时光的几点建议。
【11题详解】
根据本空后的“Be happy, and life will reward you.”可知，要快乐，生活就会回报你，此处讲的应该是关于对待生活的态度，故E项（记住，生活的意义在于享受生活）符合语境。
【12题详解】
根据本空前的“In fact, many of the "friends" you have when you are popular are not true friends.”可知，当你很受欢迎的时候，你的很多朋友并不是真正的朋友，此处讲的还是关于朋友的话题，故F项（试着交一些喜欢你自己的朋友，而不仅仅是因为你穿了某个牌子的鞋或其他类似的东西）符合语境。
【13题详解】
根据本空前的“Play a sport or work out.”可知，做运动或锻炼身体，此处讲的应该是身体健康的好处，故D项（拥有一个健康的身体就会拥有一个健康快乐心灵）符合语境。
【14题详解】
根据本空后的“Participating in clubs, activities, and sports increases your chances of meeting new friends.”可知，参加俱乐部、活动和体育运动的目的都是为提高交际能力，故A项（多多交际）符合语境。
【15题详解】
根据本空前的“You can pursue interests you enjoy.”可知，你可以追求你自己喜欢的兴趣，此处讲的还是关于兴趣爱好的话题，故C项（你还应该找一个有意义或实用的爱好）符合语境。
第三部分:语言运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节:完形填空（共20个小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I was walking around in a store ___16___ I saw a Cashier talking to a boy less than 5 or 6 years old. The Cashier said, “I’m sorry, but you don’t have enough money to buy this doll.” Then the little boy ___17___ me and asked, “Uncle, are you sure I don’t have enough money?”
I counted his cash and nodded. The little boy was still holding the doll in his hand. Out of ___18___, I asked him who he presented the doll to. “It’s the doll that my sister loved most and longed for it so much. I wanted to ___19___ her for her Birthday. I have to give the doll to my mommy ___20___she can give it to my sister when she goes there.” His eyes were so ___21___ while saying this.
“My Sister ___22___ to be with God. Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too, so I thought that she could give it to my sister.” My heart ___23___ stopped. Then he showed me a very nice photo ___24___ him, where he was laughing. He looked up at me, ____25____: “I want mommy to take my picture with her so my sister won’t ____26____ me, I love my mommy and I wish she doesn’t have to leave me, but daddy says that she ____27____ my little sister.”
Then he looked again at the doll with grieved eyes, very quietly. I quickly ____28____ for my wallet and said to the boy. “ ____29____ we check again, just in case you do have enough money for the doll?” He stared at me ____30____. I added some of my money to his without his ____31____ . There was enough for the doll and even some ____32____ money.
With eyes wide open, the little boy said excitedly, “Thank you God for giving me enough money! I prayed to God to ____33____ I had enough money to buy this doll. He heard me! I also wished to have some to buy a white rose for mommy, but I didn’t dare to ask ____34____ . But he gave me enough to buy the doll and a white rose. My mommy loves white roses.”
Two days later, I read in the news paper that the young woman had passed away. But the ____35____ that the little boy had for his mother and his sister is still, to this day, hard to imagine.
16. A. when B. while C. since D. though
17. A. went after B. looked after C. turned to D. adjusted to
18. A. excitement B. curiosity C. defense D. confusion
19. A. pass B. give C. hand D. gift
20. A. as if B. so that C. ever since D. in case
21. A. relieved B. grieved C. relaxed D. satisfied
22. A. has gone B. is going C. had gone D. was going
23. A. closely B. almost C. nearly D. just
24. A. in B. to C. by D. of
25. A. adding B. asking C. replying D. suggesting
26. A. doubt B. trust C. forget D. leave
27. A. accompanies B. supports C. visits D. misses
28. A. regained B. reached C. offered D. took
29. A. Suppose B. Imagine C. Considering D. Given
30. A. weakly B. worriedly C. excitedly D. hopefully
31. A. notice B. consent C. praise D. look
32. A. useful B. hidden C. spare D. extra
33. A. ensure B. guarantee C. promise D. commit
34. A. less B. more C. a bit D. a few
35. A. memory B. preference C. interest D. love
【答案】16. A 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. B 21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了我在商店里帮助一个五六岁的小男孩给天堂中的妹妹买玩偶以及给即将去天堂的妈妈买白玫瑰花，字里行间都体现了小男孩对妈妈和妹妹深深的爱。
【16题详解】
考查固定句型。根据本空后的“I saw a cashier talking to a boy less than 5 or 6 years old. The Cashier said, “I’m sorry, but you don’t have enough money to buy this doll.””可知，我在商店里四处走的时候突然看见收银员和一个五六岁大的男孩说：“很遗憾，你没有足够的钱买这个玩偶”，be doing when表示“正在做某事突然……”，故A选项切题。
【17题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。A. went after追求；B. looked after照顾；C. turned to转向、求助于；D. adjusted to调节以适应。根据本空后的“me and asked, “Uncle, are you sure I don’t have enough money?””可知，小男孩转向我问：“叔叔，你确定我没有足够的钱么？” 故C选项切题。
【18题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. excitement兴奋；B. curiosity好奇；C. defense防卫；D. confusion困惑。根据本空前的“I counted his cash and nodded. The little boy was still holding the doll in his hand.”可知，我数完钱后告诉他他的钱的确不够，但是他还是抓着玩偶不肯放手，出于好奇，我问他这个玩偶是送给谁的，故B选项切题。
【19题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. pass传递、经过；B. give给；C. hand交给；D. gift赠送。根据本空后的“her for her Birthday.”可知，小男孩说这是他妹妹最喜欢的玩偶，他要把它送给妹妹作生日礼物，故D选项切题。
【20题详解】
考查连词短语辨析。A. as if好像；B. so that以便、所以；C. ever since自从；D. in case万一。根据本空后的“she can give it to my sister when she goes there.”可知，小男孩说先把玩偶给妈妈以便她到那的时候把它带给妹妹，故B选项切题。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. relieved放心的；B. grieved悲伤的；C. relaxed放松的；D. satisfied满意的。根据下文小男孩的妹妹已经死了的情节可知，他说的时候眼里满是悲伤，故B选项切题。
【22题详解】
考查时态。根据本空后的“Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too”可知，小男孩的爸爸说他妈妈也很快就要去天堂了，由此可知，小男孩的妹妹已经去了天堂，应该用现在完成时表示过去的事情对现在的影响，故A选项切题。
【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。A. closely紧密地；B. almost几乎；C. nearly差不多、接近；D. just刚好。听了小男孩的话我的心跳几乎停止了，故C选项切题。
【24题详解】
考查固定搭配。根据本空后的“I want mommy to take my picture”可知，小男孩拿出一张他自己的照片让我看，a photo of sb表示“一张某人的照片”，故D选项切题。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. adding增加；B. asking问；C. replying回复；D. suggesting建议。根据本空后的“I want mommy to take my picture with her so my sister won’t”可知，小男孩又说道“我想让妈妈带着我的照片，这样妹妹就不会忘记我了”，故A选项切题。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. doubt怀疑；B. trust相信；C. forget忘记；D. leave离开。小男孩想让妈妈带着他的照片，这样妹妹就不会忘记他了，故C选项切题。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. accompanies陪伴；B. supports支持；C. visits拜访；D. misses想念。根据本空前的“I love my mommy and I wish she doesn’t have to leave me”可知，小男孩说自己很爱妈妈，不想让她走，但是爸爸说妈妈想妹妹了，所以要去天堂陪她，故D选项切题。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. regained重新获得；B. reached到达；C. offered主动提出；D. took拿。根据本空后的“for my wallet and said to the boy…”可知，我伸手去拿钱包，reach for表示“伸手去拿”，故B选项切题。
【29题详解】
考查固定句型。A. Suppose假如、让；B. Imagine想象；C. Considering考虑到；D. Given考虑到。根据本空后的“we check again, just in case you do have enough money for the doll?”可知，我说：“让我们在检查一下吧，万一你的钱够了呢？” Suppose that表示“让……”，故A选项切题。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。A. weakly无力地；B. worriedly但心地；C. excitedly兴奋地；D. hopefully有希望地。听说这么说小男孩满怀希望地看着我，故D选项切题。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. notice注意；B. consent一致；C. praise表扬；D. look看。根据本空前的“I added some of my money to his without his”可知，趁他不注意的时候我给他添一些钱，故A选项切题。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. useful有用的；B. hidden隐藏的；C. spare多余的；D. extra额外的。根据本空前的“There was enough for the doll and even some”可知，他的钱已经足够买玩偶了甚至还有余钱，故C选项切题。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. ensure确保；B. guarantee担保；C. promise承诺；D. commit犯罪。根据本空后的“Thank you God for giving me enough money! I prayed to God to”可知，小男孩说他每天都向上帝祈祷确保他有足够的钱买玩偶，故A选项切题。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. less更少；B. more更多；C. a bit一点；D. a few一些。根据本空前的“I also wished to have some to buy a white rose for mommy, but I didn’t dare to ask”可知，小男孩说他还想给妈妈买一束白玫瑰，但是他不敢向上帝要求太多，意想不到的是现在的钱已经足够买玩偶和白玫瑰了，故B选项切题。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. memory回忆；B. preference偏爱；C. interest兴趣、利益；D. love爱。上文说小男孩想送给死去的妹妹她最喜欢的玩偶，还想送妈妈最喜欢的白玫瑰，这都体现了他对她们的爱，故D选项切题。
【点睛】完形填空的解题中一定区分意思相近的词的不同之处，比如本篇第8题，almost和nearly都可以表示“几乎”，但表示“接近、就要到了”时最好用nearly，表示“尚差一点”或“不足”时最好用almost，所以“听了小男孩的话我的心跳几乎停止了”应该用nearly。
第II卷
注意：将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。
第三部分:语言运用（共两节，满分45分）
第二节（共10个小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In today’s ____36____(globe) economy, English is the international _______37_______ of business. To put it ___38___(simple), if you wan tot be ____39____ success in the business world, you need a high level of English competence. New Future Language School is offering an ____40____(excite) course, ____41____ focuses on English Language skills ____42____(use) in areas such as marketing and advertising. A useful overview of different English varieties is also _____43_____(offer). The ____44____ of one session is RMB1500, but if you pay ___45___ advance, you will receive a discount.
【答案】36. global
37. language
38. simply 39. a
40. exciting
41. which 42. used
43. offered
44. cost 45. in
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在英语成为全球贸易的国际语言的形势下，新未来语言学校开设了一门重点培养在市场营销和广告等领域使用的英语技能的课程以及其收费标准。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在当今全球经济形势下，英语是全球贸易的国际语言。修饰名词economy用形容词，故填global。
【37题详解】
考查名词。句意参考上题解析，English是一门语言，故填language。
【38题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：简单地说，如果你想在商业世界里取得成功，你需要有良好的英语能力。To put it simply表示“简单地说、简言之”，故填simply。
【39题详解】
考查冠词。句意参考上题解析，此处success表示“成功的人或事”，是可数名词，应该用不定冠词a表示泛指，故填a。
【40题详解】
考查形容词。句意：新未来语言学校开设了一门令人兴奋的课程，课程的重点是在市场营销和广告等领域使用的英语技能。修饰course用形容词，-ing结尾的形容词修饰物，表示“令人……的”，故填exciting。
【41题详解】
考查非限定性定语从句。句意参考上题解析，先行词为course，指物，关系词在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。
【42题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意参考上题解析，English Language skills 与use之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作后置定语，故填used。
【43题详解】
考查被动语态。句意：还提供了一个有用的关于不同英语种类的概述。A useful overview of different English varieties与offer之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，故填offered。
【44题详解】
考查名词。句意：每一部分的费用是1500元人民币。根据RMB1500判断此处表示“费用”，故填cost。
【45题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：如果提前支付，还会有折扣。 in advance表示“提前”，故填in。
【点睛】定语从句是语法填空的常见考点，在定语从句关系词的选择上一定要分两步：一是找准先行词，二是判断关系词在从句中所作的成分，例如本篇第6题，非限定性定语从句的先行词为course，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节：应用文写作（满分15分）
46.今天早上，你接到了一个通知你的室友Lily参加社团面试的电话，请你给她写一封便条， 告诉她这件事。 便条的主要内容有：
1.电话的内容；
2.提醒她别忘记。
注意：1. 词数80字左右；
2.可以适当发挥；以使行文连贯。
Sept. 9th
Dear Lily,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Wendy
【答案】Sept. 9th
Dear Lily,
This morning, when you were out of our dormitory there was a call from the association you had applied for, which informed you to attend the interview. You are asked to go to the interview at 9:00 a. m. on Sunday in the Room 303 of the Xingzhi Building.
I know that you are eager to join this association, and it is a good chance, so do not miss it!
Yours
Wendy
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是应用文，要求写一封便条。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本文为一封便条；今天早上，你接到了一个通知你的室友Lily参加社团面试的电话，请你给她写一封便条， 告诉她这件事。 便条的主要内容有：1.电话的内容；2.提醒她别忘记。时态应为一般过去时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如：dormitory（宿舍），association（社团）， interview（面试），inform（通知），miss（错过），attend （参加），apply for（申请），及be eager to do（渴望做）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持卷面的整洁美观。
本文内容完整，思路清晰，结构紧凑，表达准确。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
【点睛】范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有apply for（申请），be eager to do（渴望做），be asked to do（被要求做）以及be out of（不在），而且还使用了非限定性定语从句“This morning, when you were out of our dormitory there was a call from the association you had applied for, which informed you to attend the interview.”，宾语从句“I know that you are eager to join this association”，非谓语动词使用了“You are asked to go to the interview at 9:00 a. m. on Sunday in the Room 303 of the Xingzhi Building”，另外还使用了there be句型，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。
第二节：概要写作（满分25分）
47.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
To pollute or not to pollute That is the question. In order to survive, we all need to cause pollution. Factories that process the food we eat, clothes we wear, and cars we drive have to cause pollution. The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits. If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad. If the pollution level becomes too high, human health can be affected badly. Then, the productivity level of the sick people is low and the economy suffers. The economy suffers not only because of the lost productivity of the people, but also because the government must pay for the damage the pollution has done to its people. This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing（征收）a tax on firms that pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production. Taxation, if enforced（执行）really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax. Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.（307words）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】It’s human beings that cause heavy pollution, which has surpassed environmental self-purified capability.(要点1) Hence, government prefers levying tax to remedy the economic loss and medical expenses produced by contamination.(要点2) However, taxation is a double-edged sword. Small companies may develop environmental technology to refuse the taxation of pollution, while big ones’ expenses of taxation can be offset through mass production.(要点3)Thus, it’s vital for tax lawmakers to take the cost of contamination into consideration.(要点4)
【解析】
【详解】文章第一句话引出话题——污染还是不污染这是一个问题，紧接着说人类为了生存必然会造成环境污染，第四句话“The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits.”表明环境虽有自净能力，但是也有限度，第五句话“If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad.”表明污染的程度超过环境能够应对的范围时，污染对生产和生活是不利的，总结起来是人类对环境的污染超出了环境的自净能力（It’s human beings that cause heavy pollution, which has surpassed environmental self-purified capability.）；第六句话“This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing a tax on firms that pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production.”表明，正是因为这个原因，政府倾向于对污染环境的企业征税，只要这种税覆盖了所有的外部成本和公司在生产过程中造成的损失成本，这就是一个好策略，总结起来是政府更倾向于征税以弥补污染造成的经济损失和医疗费用（Hence, government prefers levying tax to remedy the economic loss and medical expenses produced by contamination.）；接下来的“Taxation, if enforced really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax.”表明如果税收有利也有弊，如果企业发现它比持续缴税便宜，企业会创造出一种减少污染的技术，然而税收政策的弊端在于如果大企业发现税收便宜，它们会扩大生产，继续污染环境，如果小公司发现税收昂贵，因此关闭，它们的生产会被那些担负得起的大公司吃掉，总结起来是税收试一把双刃剑，小公司可以开发环保技术拒绝对污染征税，而大公司的税收费用可以利用扩大生产来抵消（However, taxation is a double-edged sword. Small companies may develop environmental technology to refuse the taxation of pollution, while big ones’ expenses of taxation can be offset through mass production.）；文章最后一句话“Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.”表明对税收立法官员来说，考虑污染成本至关重要（Thus, it’s vital for tax lawmakers to take the cost of contamination into consideration.）。
第I卷
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例：
How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19.15. B.￡9.18. C.￡9.15.
答案是C。
What is the time now exactly?
A. 10:25. B. 10:30. C. 10:35.
How does the boy go to school every day?
A. On foot. B. By car. C. By bus.
What are the speakers talking about?
A. Shoes. B. Shorts. C. Trousers.
What does the man mean?
A. He missed the game.
B. He watched the game.
C. He knew nothing about the game.
Where are the speakers probably?
A. At home. B. In a museum. C. In a hotel.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位罝。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
Who is going to hold the party?
A. The girl. B. The boy. C. The girl’s father.
What will the girl do on Saturday?
A. Visit her grandparents. B. Attend a party. C. Have a class.
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
What did the program say about the life in the future?
A. People will work 40 hours a week.
B. There will be more supermarkets.
C. People will have more free time.
What is the speakers’ attitude to the program’s opinion on shopping in the
future?
A. They’re doubtful. B. They’re worried. C. They’re grateful.
听第8段材料, 回答第10至12题。
What is the woman?
A. An airline employee. B. A hotel clerk. C. A travel agent.
11. What is the man’s destination?
A. London. B. Paris. C. Madrid.
12. What is the woman going to do now?
A. Charge the man.
B. Prepare everything for the man.
C. Give the man his booking number.
听第9段材料,回答第13至16题。
Why does the woman come to the man?
A. To return a TV. B. To repair a TV. C. To change a TV.
What day is it today?
June 5th. B. June 6th. C. June 7th.
What is wrong with the TV?
It has electrical problems.
B. It can’t work at all.
C. It can’t fit on the shelf.
What will the woman do next?
Get her TV back. B. Do some shopping. C. Wait for the man.
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
What did Barrymore do at the age of seven?
A. She appeared in a TV advertisement.
B. She started in her first TV movie.
C. She acted in the film E.T.
What did Barrymore want to do as a young adult?
A. Make her own movies. B. Act in dramas. C. Star in comedies.
When did Barrymore produce the film Never Been kissed?
A. In 1995. B. In 1999. C. In 2005.
20. What did Barrymore do after Haiti’s earthquake in 2010?
A. She donated one million dollars to Haiti.
B. She persuaded people to contribute money.
C. She began working for the United Nations World Food Program.
第二部分:阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）
第一节（共10个小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure. The reason this happens is because the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart, crossing one leg over the other increases resistance, making it even harder for the blood to circulate. This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart. You won’t feel any immediate effects, but if you sit for long periods of time it’s important that you take note of how long you have your legs crossed for. You shouldn’t have your legs crossed for more than 15 minutes, and it’s important that you get up and walk around at least once every hour.
Crossing your legs can also lead to neck and back pain. Ideally, it’s best for our bodies to sit with our feet planted flat, hip width apart, on the floor, but it’s not easy to maintain perfect posture all day at the office. When you sit with your legs crossed your hips are in a twisted position, which can cause one of your pelvic bones to rotate. Since your pelvic bone supports your neck and spine, this can cause pressure on your lower and middle back and neck.
You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep. This is because when one leg sits on top of the other it causes pressure on the veins and nerves in your legs and feet. It can cause numbness and/or temporary paralysis in the legs, ankles, or feet. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.
1. What can be learned from the text?
A. We will feel blood pressure increased immediately after crossing legs.
B. It’s easy for us to keep correct posture all day.
C. The pelvic bone can cause pressure on your lower and middle back and neck.
D. Your legs will get pain with legs crossed for long periods of time.
2. Crossing your legs may cause some health problems except___________.
A. Causing the pain of neck and back.
B. Increasing the blood pressure.
C. Leading to the pain of feet and legs.
D. Resulting in the disability of arms.
3. What is suggested according to the text?
A. Do not often cross your legs while sitting.
B. Cross your legs for more than 15 minutes every day.
C. Get up and walk around at least once every other hour.
D. Cross your legs to lower your blood pressure.
【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了跷二郎腿对身体的危害很大，最正确的坐姿是把双脚平放在地上。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep.”可知，长时间跷二郎腿会使你的腿痛，故D项正确。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure.”可知，跷二郎腿会使血压升高，根据第二段中的“Crossing your legs can also lead to neck and back pain.”可知，跷二郎腿会造成颈部和后背疼痛，根据第三段中的“You also might notice that when you sit with your legs crossed for long periods of time your feet and legs get tingly or have the feeling of being asleep.”可知，跷二郎腿会造成你的腿和脚刺痛，文章没有说跷二郎腿会造成胳膊残废，故D项正确。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。文章介绍了跷二郎腿对身体的危害很大，再结合第二段中的“Ideally, it’s best for our bodies to sit with our feet planted flat, hip width apart, on the floor,”可知，最正确的坐姿是把双脚平放在地上，不要跷二郎腿，故A项正确。
B
Microsoft has developed a new smartphone app that interprets eye signals and translates them into letters, allowing people with ALS（渐冻症）, also known as motor neurone disease, to communicate with others from a phone.
The GazeSpeak app combines a smartphone’s camera with artificial intelligence to recognize eye movements in real time and transform them into letters, words and sentences.
For people suffering from ALS, eye movement can be the only way they are able to communicate.
“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration(再校正) and abundant, relatively stable setups,” said Xiaoyi Zhang, a researcher at Microsoft who developed the technology.
“To mitigate the drawbacks…we created GazeSpeak, an eye-gesture communication system that runs on a smartphone, and is designed to be low-cost, effective, and easy to carry and learn.”
The app is used by the listener by pointing their smartphone at the speaker. A chart that can be stuck to the back of the smartphone is then used by the speaker to determine which eye movements to make in order to communicate.
The chart shows four grids of letters, which each correspond to a different eye movement. By looking up, down, left or right, the speaker selects which grids the letters they want belong to. The artificial intelligence is then able to predict the word or sentence they are trying to say.
Zhang’s research, Smartphone-Based Gaze Gesture Communication for People with Motor Disabilities, is set to be presented at the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems in May.
4. The main purpose of the passage is to _________.
A. arouse people’s attention on the shortcomings of Current eye-tracking input systems.
B. introduce a new smartphone App for people suffering from ALS to communicate.
C. call for people’s awareness of helping people with ALS to communicate successfully.
D. compare the current eye-tracking input systems with the new GazeSpeak app.
5. The underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph5 probably means _________
A. ignore B. accept
C. strengthen D. weaken
6. According to the passage, which of the following sentences is TRUE?
A. There are many ways to communicate for people suffering from ALS.
B. The speaker points their smartphone at the listener when using the app.
C. The current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS need improving.
D. The new smartphone app for people with ALS has been put on the market.
【答案】4. B 5. D 6. C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了微软公司最新研制的帮助渐冻症患者用眼神交流的智能App——GazeSpeak。
【4题详解】
文章意图题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“Microsoft has developed a new smartphone app that interprets eye signals and translates them into letters, allowing people with ALS, also known as motor neurone disease, to communicate with others from a phone”可知，本文的目的是介绍微软公司最新研制的帮助渐冻症患者用眼神交流的智能App——GazeSpeak，故B项正确。
【5题详解】
词义猜测题。根据上一段中的“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration and abundant, relatively stable setups,”可知，目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，GazeSpeak的研发就是为了削弱这些弊端，由此可知画线词词义为“削弱、较少”，故D项正确。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Current eye-tracking input systems for people with ALS are expensive, not effective under sunlight, and require frequent re-calibration and abundant, relatively stable setups,”可知，目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，由此可知目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统还需要进一步改进，故C项正确。
【点睛】画线词所在句子中出现的代词的指代关系往往是词义猜测题的解题关键所在，李如本篇第2题，画线词后的“the drawbacks”指的就是上一段中提到的目前用于渐冻症患者眼球追踪输入系统具有价格昂贵，在阳光下效果不佳，需要经常重新校准等弊端，而GazeSpeak的研发就是为了削弱这些弊端，由此可知画线词词义为“削弱、较少”。
C
The tornado came without any sign—the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first alert my husband, Jimmy, 67, and I, 65, got came around 9 p.m., from some scrolling text on the TV Jimmy was watching. He ran upstairs to find me in our third-floor bedroom, and we changed the channel to our local Pensacola, Florida, station.
No sooner had we found coverage of the tornado than it was on top of us. The bones of the house shook, and the power went out. Pink insulation（绝缘材料） flew into the room from a trapdoor to the attic, and the wind began to roar through the house. We had three flights of steps to navigate to get to the relative safety of the first floor. Because the closet down there is wedged （塞进） underneath a brick staircase, it seemed like the sturdiest(坚固的) place in our town house to wait things out.
I didn’t know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister(楼梯扶手) and tried to move forward, but this intense pressure held me in place. In those seconds of stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling.
As we reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew out. Shards of glass that looked like broken ice flew everywhere. Suddenly, a three-foot-long tree branch whipped through the doorframe. It flew over our heads, missing us by inches. Had we been one step up, it would have impaled us. The back wall of the house followed suit and tore off into the darkness outside.
Instantly I reached the closet, Jimmy pushed me down to the closet floor, but he couldn’t get inside himself because of the wind. I gripped Jimmy’s arm as the tornado sucked the door open and tried to bring Jimmy with it. My knees and scalp were full of glass, but in that moment, I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out and into the bay. “Hold on! Hold on!” he yelled. But there was nothing in this closet to hold on to.
All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet like people in tornadoes do in the movies. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn’t believe it was over. Jimmy said he’d go outside to check. “No,” I said. “Don’t leave me.”
Our neighbor says the storm lasted four minutes. In that time, four of the twelve town houses in our unit were completely destroyed. Of the houses left standing, ours suffered the most damage. Amazingly, none of us were severely injured.
7. Paragraph 2—4 mainly tell us______.
A. the tornado was on top of us
B. the tornado caused great damage
C. the coverage of the tornado became a reality
D. the tornado was so strong that it lifted the author off her feet
8. The underlined words “this intense pressure” in Paragraph 3 refer to______.
A. the author’s nervousness about the tornado
B. the force from the tornado on the author
C. the stress the author felt from her life
D. the pressure the banister gave the author
9. From the passage we can know that ______.
A. Neither the author nor her husband was injured.
B. the author’s house was completely destroyed.
C. they were aware of the tornado before it came.
D. it became dark outside when the tornado hit the town
10. The author wrote the passage to _______.
A. share with us her experience of surviving a tornado
B. warn us of the danger caused by tornados
C. show us how to fight against a tornado
D. tell us tornados are dangerous and how to protect us from them
【答案】7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了龙卷风突然来袭，作者家的房子损坏严重，但作者和丈夫竟然安然无恙地幸存下来。
【7题详解】
段落大意题。根据第二、三、四段内容，特别是第二段中的“The bones of the house shook, and the power went out. Pink insulation flew into the room from a trapdoor to the attic, and the wind began to roar through the house.”，第三段中的“In those seconds of stillness, I could hear everything around me rattling.”及第四段中的“As we reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew out.”等细节描写可知，第二、三、四段主要讲述的是龙卷风造成了巨大的损害，故B项正确。
【8题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“It felt as if there were no floor underneath me as the wind lifted me off my feet. I gripped the banister and tried to move forward”可知，风把作者吹起来的时候，她觉得脚下好像没有地板，她抓住楼梯扶手想往前走，但是风吹得她动弹不得，由此可知画线词词义为“风对作者的作用力”，故B项正确。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Amazingly, none of us were severely injured.”可知，作者和丈夫都没有受伤，故A项正确。
【10题详解】
作者意图题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了龙卷风突然来袭，作者家的房子损坏严重，但作者和丈夫竟然安然无恙地幸存下来，所以作者写这篇文章就是为了分享自己和丈夫在龙卷风袭击中幸存下来的经历，故A项正确。
第二节（共5个小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Enjoy Life As a Teen
The "best years of your life"? Maybe not, but you can learn to make the most of your high school days. Here are some tips for you.
Learn to appreciate small things. Whether it's having a computer, having friends, having a good supply of food, a bed to sleep on and the family that loves you.___11___ ．Be happy, and life will reward you..Remember that these are the last few years you will be able to enjoy yourself without having to worry about the responsibility of an adult, but make sure you prepare yourself for when you do become one. When you actually become an adult, you'll learn to love that responsibility and you probably never want to go back.
Choose your friends wisely. Unlike what many articles state, you don't have to be popular and have a gazillion friends to be happy. In fact, many of the "friends" you have when you are popular are not true friends. ___12___ These are people who shop at the same store as you; not someone who will sympathize with you when your dog dies.
Play a sport or work out. ___13___ If you are not good at sports, join a band. Being confident in your appearance makes you more confident in other areas.
___14___ Participating in clubs, activities, and sports increases your chances of meeting new friends. While you only need 4 or 5 close friends, that doesn't mean you shouldn't try to meet new people. Participating gives you something to do instead of sitting bored at home and wallowing in self-pity.
You can pursue interests you enjoy. Video games, for example, are good if you're the type who can get into that kind of thing. ___15___ Use your "hobby time" to either A) Volunteer (to gain practical skills for college apps, job resumes, and scholarships) B. Learn an instrument, or get into something else in the creative field like painting or dance, because this is the time to start developing and uncovering passions that might otherwise lie dormant.
A. Be sociable.
B. Working is a great way to gain experience and to meet other people.
C. You should also find a hobby that is meaningful or practical.
D. Having a healthy body leads to a healthy and happy mind.
E. Remember that the point of life is for you to enjoy it.
F. Try to have friends that like you who you are, not just because you are wearing a certain brand of shoes or something like that.
G. About 90% of the girls or guys you talk to will like you back, only about 10% probably will reject or badmouth you.
【答案】11. E 12. F
13. D 14. A
15. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何享受青少年时光的几点建议。
【11题详解】
根据本空后的“Be happy, and life will reward you.”可知，要快乐，生活就会回报你，此处讲的应该是关于对待生活的态度，故E项（记住，生活的意义在于享受生活）符合语境。
【12题详解】
根据本空前的“In fact, many of the "friends" you have when you are popular are not true friends.”可知，当你很受欢迎的时候，你的很多朋友并不是真正的朋友，此处讲的还是关于朋友的话题，故F项（试着交一些喜欢你自己的朋友，而不仅仅是因为你穿了某个牌子的鞋或其他类似的东西）符合语境。
【13题详解】
根据本空前的“Play a sport or work out.”可知，做运动或锻炼身体，此处讲的应该是身体健康的好处，故D项（拥有一个健康的身体就会拥有一个健康快乐心灵）符合语境。
【14题详解】
根据本空后的“Participating in clubs, activities, and sports increases your chances of meeting new friends.”可知，参加俱乐部、活动和体育运动的目的都是为提高交际能力，故A项（多多交际）符合语境。
【15题详解】
根据本空前的“You can pursue interests you enjoy.”可知，你可以追求你自己喜欢的兴趣，此处讲的还是关于兴趣爱好的话题，故C项（你还应该找一个有意义或实用的爱好）符合语境。
第三部分:语言运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节:完形填空（共20个小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I was walking around in a store ___16___ I saw a Cashier talking to a boy less than 5 or 6 years old. The Cashier said, “I’m sorry, but you don’t have enough money to buy this doll.” Then the little boy ___17___ me and asked, “Uncle, are you sure I don’t have enough money?”
I counted his cash and nodded. The little boy was still holding the doll in his hand. Out of ___18___, I asked him who he presented the doll to. “It’s the doll that my sister loved most and longed for it so much. I wanted to ___19___ her for her Birthday. I have to give the doll to my mommy ___20___she can give it to my sister when she goes there.” His eyes were so ___21___ while saying this.
“My Sister ___22___ to be with God. Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too, so I thought that she could give it to my sister.” My heart ___23___ stopped. Then he showed me a very nice photo ___24___ him, where he was laughing. He looked up at me, ____25____: “I want mommy to take my picture with her so my sister won’t ____26____ me, I love my mommy and I wish she doesn’t have to leave me, but daddy says that she ____27____ my little sister.”
Then he looked again at the doll with grieved eyes, very quietly. I quickly ____28____ for my wallet and said to the boy. “ ____29____ we check again, just in case you do have enough money for the doll?” He stared at me ____30____. I added some of my money to his without his ____31____ . There was enough for the doll and even some ____32____ money.
With eyes wide open, the little boy said excitedly, “Thank you God for giving me enough money! I prayed to God to ____33____ I had enough money to buy this doll. He heard me! I also wished to have some to buy a white rose for mommy, but I didn’t dare to ask ____34____ . But he gave me enough to buy the doll and a white rose. My mommy loves white roses.”
Two days later, I read in the news paper that the young woman had passed away. But the ____35____ that the little boy had for his mother and his sister is still, to this day, hard to imagine.
16. A. when B. while C. since D. though
17. A. went after B. looked after C. turned to D. adjusted to
18. A. excitement B. curiosity C. defense D. confusion
19. A. pass B. give C. hand D. gift
20. A. as if B. so that C. ever since D. in case
21. A. relieved B. grieved C. relaxed D. satisfied
22. A. has gone B. is going C. had gone D. was going
23. A. closely B. almost C. nearly D. just
24. A. in B. to C. by D. of
25. A. adding B. asking C. replying D. suggesting
26. A. doubt B. trust C. forget D. leave
27. A. accompanies B. supports C. visits D. misses
28. A. regained B. reached C. offered D. took
29. A. Suppose B. Imagine C. Considering D. Given
30. A. weakly B. worriedly C. excitedly D. hopefully
31. A. notice B. consent C. praise D. look
32. A. useful B. hidden C. spare D. extra
33. A. ensure B. guarantee C. promise D. commit
34. A. less B. more C. a bit D. a few
35. A. memory B. preference C. interest D. love
【答案】16. A 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. B 21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了我在商店里帮助一个五六岁的小男孩给天堂中的妹妹买玩偶以及给即将去天堂的妈妈买白玫瑰花，字里行间都体现了小男孩对妈妈和妹妹深深的爱。
【16题详解】
考查固定句型。根据本空后的“I saw a cashier talking to a boy less than 5 or 6 years old. The Cashier said, “I’m sorry, but you don’t have enough money to buy this doll.””可知，我在商店里四处走的时候突然看见收银员和一个五六岁大的男孩说：“很遗憾，你没有足够的钱买这个玩偶”，be doing when表示“正在做某事突然……”，故A选项切题。
【17题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。A. went after追求；B. looked after照顾；C. turned to转向、求助于；D. adjusted to调节以适应。根据本空后的“me and asked, “Uncle, are you sure I don’t have enough money?””可知，小男孩转向我问：“叔叔，你确定我没有足够的钱么？” 故C选项切题。
【18题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. excitement兴奋；B. curiosity好奇；C. defense防卫；D. confusion困惑。根据本空前的“I counted his cash and nodded. The little boy was still holding the doll in his hand.”可知，我数完钱后告诉他他的钱的确不够，但是他还是抓着玩偶不肯放手，出于好奇，我问他这个玩偶是送给谁的，故B选项切题。
【19题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. pass传递、经过；B. give给；C. hand交给；D. gift赠送。根据本空后的“her for her Birthday.”可知，小男孩说这是他妹妹最喜欢的玩偶，他要把它送给妹妹作生日礼物，故D选项切题。
【20题详解】
考查连词短语辨析。A. as if好像；B. so that以便、所以；C. ever since自从；D. in case万一。根据本空后的“she can give it to my sister when she goes there.”可知，小男孩说先把玩偶给妈妈以便她到那的时候把它带给妹妹，故B选项切题。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. relieved放心的；B. grieved悲伤的；C. relaxed放松的；D. satisfied满意的。根据下文小男孩的妹妹已经死了的情节可知，他说的时候眼里满是悲伤，故B选项切题。
【22题详解】
考查时态。根据本空后的“Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too”可知，小男孩的爸爸说他妈妈也很快就要去天堂了，由此可知，小男孩的妹妹已经去了天堂，应该用现在完成时表示过去的事情对现在的影响，故A选项切题。
【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。A. closely紧密地；B. almost几乎；C. nearly差不多、接近；D. just刚好。听了小男孩的话我的心跳几乎停止了，故C选项切题。
【24题详解】
考查固定搭配。根据本空后的“I want mommy to take my picture”可知，小男孩拿出一张他自己的照片让我看，a photo of sb表示“一张某人的照片”，故D选项切题。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. adding增加；B. asking问；C. replying回复；D. suggesting建议。根据本空后的“I want mommy to take my picture with her so my sister won’t”可知，小男孩又说道“我想让妈妈带着我的照片，这样妹妹就不会忘记我了”，故A选项切题。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. doubt怀疑；B. trust相信；C. forget忘记；D. leave离开。小男孩想让妈妈带着他的照片，这样妹妹就不会忘记他了，故C选项切题。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. accompanies陪伴；B. supports支持；C. visits拜访；D. misses想念。根据本空前的“I love my mommy and I wish she doesn’t have to leave me”可知，小男孩说自己很爱妈妈，不想让她走，但是爸爸说妈妈想妹妹了，所以要去天堂陪她，故D选项切题。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. regained重新获得；B. reached到达；C. offered主动提出；D. took拿。根据本空后的“for my wallet and said to the boy…”可知，我伸手去拿钱包，reach for表示“伸手去拿”，故B选项切题。
【29题详解】
考查固定句型。A. Suppose假如、让；B. Imagine想象；C. Considering考虑到；D. Given考虑到。根据本空后的“we check again, just in case you do have enough money for the doll?”可知，我说：“让我们在检查一下吧，万一你的钱够了呢？” Suppose that表示“让……”，故A选项切题。
【30题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。A. weakly无力地；B. worriedly但心地；C. excitedly兴奋地；D. hopefully有希望地。听说这么说小男孩满怀希望地看着我，故D选项切题。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. notice注意；B. consent一致；C. praise表扬；D. look看。根据本空前的“I added some of my money to his without his”可知，趁他不注意的时候我给他添一些钱，故A选项切题。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. useful有用的；B. hidden隐藏的；C. spare多余的；D. extra额外的。根据本空前的“There was enough for the doll and even some”可知，他的钱已经足够买玩偶了甚至还有余钱，故C选项切题。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。A. ensure确保；B. guarantee担保；C. promise承诺；D. commit犯罪。根据本空后的“Thank you God for giving me enough money! I prayed to God to”可知，小男孩说他每天都向上帝祈祷确保他有足够的钱买玩偶，故A选项切题。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。A. less更少；B. more更多；C. a bit一点；D. a few一些。根据本空前的“I also wished to have some to buy a white rose for mommy, but I didn’t dare to ask”可知，小男孩说他还想给妈妈买一束白玫瑰，但是他不敢向上帝要求太多，意想不到的是现在的钱已经足够买玩偶和白玫瑰了，故B选项切题。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。A. memory回忆；B. preference偏爱；C. interest兴趣、利益；D. love爱。上文说小男孩想送给死去的妹妹她最喜欢的玩偶，还想送妈妈最喜欢的白玫瑰，这都体现了他对她们的爱，故D选项切题。
【点睛】完形填空的解题中一定区分意思相近的词的不同之处，比如本篇第8题，almost和nearly都可以表示“几乎”，但表示“接近、就要到了”时最好用nearly，表示“尚差一点”或“不足”时最好用almost，所以“听了小男孩的话我的心跳几乎停止了”应该用nearly。
第II卷
注意：将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。
第三部分:语言运用（共两节，满分45分）
第二节（共10个小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In today’s ____36____(globe) economy, English is the international _______37_______ of business. To put it ___38___(simple), if you wan tot be ____39____ success in the business world, you need a high level of English competence. New Future Language School is offering an ____40____(excite) course, ____41____ focuses on English Language skills ____42____(use) in areas such as marketing and advertising. A useful overview of different English varieties is also _____43_____(offer). The ____44____ of one session is RMB1500, but if you pay ___45___ advance, you will receive a discount.
【答案】36. global
37. language
38. simply 39. a
40. exciting
41. which 42. used
43. offered
44. cost 45. in
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在英语成为全球贸易的国际语言的形势下，新未来语言学校开设了一门重点培养在市场营销和广告等领域使用的英语技能的课程以及其收费标准。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在当今全球经济形势下，英语是全球贸易的国际语言。修饰名词economy用形容词，故填global。
【37题详解】
考查名词。句意参考上题解析，English是一门语言，故填language。
【38题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：简单地说，如果你想在商业世界里取得成功，你需要有良好的英语能力。To put it simply表示“简单地说、简言之”，故填simply。
【39题详解】
考查冠词。句意参考上题解析，此处success表示“成功的人或事”，是可数名词，应该用不定冠词a表示泛指，故填a。
【40题详解】
考查形容词。句意：新未来语言学校开设了一门令人兴奋的课程，课程的重点是在市场营销和广告等领域使用的英语技能。修饰course用形容词，-ing结尾的形容词修饰物，表示“令人……的”，故填exciting。
【41题详解】
考查非限定性定语从句。句意参考上题解析，先行词为course，指物，关系词在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。
【42题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意参考上题解析，English Language skills 与use之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作后置定语，故填used。
【43题详解】
考查被动语态。句意：还提供了一个有用的关于不同英语种类的概述。A useful overview of different English varieties与offer之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，故填offered。
【44题详解】
考查名词。句意：每一部分的费用是1500元人民币。根据RMB1500判断此处表示“费用”，故填cost。
【45题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：如果提前支付，还会有折扣。 in advance表示“提前”，故填in。
【点睛】定语从句是语法填空的常见考点，在定语从句关系词的选择上一定要分两步：一是找准先行词，二是判断关系词在从句中所作的成分，例如本篇第6题，非限定性定语从句的先行词为course，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节：应用文写作（满分15分）
46.今天早上，你接到了一个通知你的室友Lily参加社团面试的电话，请你给她写一封便条， 告诉她这件事。 便条的主要内容有：
1.电话的内容；
2.提醒她别忘记。
注意：1. 词数80字左右；
2.可以适当发挥；以使行文连贯。
Sept. 9th
Dear Lily,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Wendy
【答案】Sept. 9th
Dear Lily,
This morning, when you were out of our dormitory there was a call from the association you had applied for, which informed you to attend the interview. You are asked to go to the interview at 9:00 a. m. on Sunday in the Room 303 of the Xingzhi Building.
I know that you are eager to join this association, and it is a good chance, so do not miss it!
Yours
Wendy
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是应用文，要求写一封便条。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本文为一封便条；今天早上，你接到了一个通知你的室友Lily参加社团面试的电话，请你给她写一封便条， 告诉她这件事。 便条的主要内容有：1.电话的内容；2.提醒她别忘记。时态应为一般过去时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如：dormitory（宿舍），association（社团）， interview（面试），inform（通知），miss（错过），attend （参加），apply for（申请），及be eager to do（渴望做）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持卷面的整洁美观。
本文内容完整，思路清晰，结构紧凑，表达准确。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
【点睛】范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有apply for（申请），be eager to do（渴望做），be asked to do（被要求做）以及be out of（不在），而且还使用了非限定性定语从句“This morning, when you were out of our dormitory there was a call from the association you had applied for, which informed you to attend the interview.”，宾语从句“I know that you are eager to join this association”，非谓语动词使用了“You are asked to go to the interview at 9:00 a. m. on Sunday in the Room 303 of the Xingzhi Building”，另外还使用了there be句型，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。
第二节：概要写作（满分25分）
47.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
To pollute or not to pollute That is the question. In order to survive, we all need to cause pollution. Factories that process the food we eat, clothes we wear, and cars we drive have to cause pollution. The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits. If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad. If the pollution level becomes too high, human health can be affected badly. Then, the productivity level of the sick people is low and the economy suffers. The economy suffers not only because of the lost productivity of the people, but also because the government must pay for the damage the pollution has done to its people. This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing（征收）a tax on firms that pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production. Taxation, if enforced（执行）really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax. Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.（307words）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】It’s human beings that cause heavy pollution, which has surpassed environmental self-purified capability.(要点1) Hence, government prefers levying tax to remedy the economic loss and medical expenses produced by contamination.(要点2) However, taxation is a double-edged sword. Small companies may develop environmental technology to refuse the taxation of pollution, while big ones’ expenses of taxation can be offset through mass production.(要点3)Thus, it’s vital for tax lawmakers to take the cost of contamination into consideration.(要点4)
【解析】
【详解】文章第一句话引出话题——污染还是不污染这是一个问题，紧接着说人类为了生存必然会造成环境污染，第四句话“The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits.”表明环境虽有自净能力，但是也有限度，第五句话“If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad.”表明污染的程度超过环境能够应对的范围时，污染对生产和生活是不利的，总结起来是人类对环境的污染超出了环境的自净能力（It’s human beings that cause heavy pollution, which has surpassed environmental self-purified capability.）；第六句话“This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing a tax on firms that pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production.”表明，正是因为这个原因，政府倾向于对污染环境的企业征税，只要这种税覆盖了所有的外部成本和公司在生产过程中造成的损失成本，这就是一个好策略，总结起来是政府更倾向于征税以弥补污染造成的经济损失和医疗费用（Hence, government prefers levying tax to remedy the economic loss and medical expenses produced by contamination.）；接下来的“Taxation, if enforced really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax.”表明如果税收有利也有弊，如果企业发现它比持续缴税便宜，企业会创造出一种减少污染的技术，然而税收政策的弊端在于如果大企业发现税收便宜，它们会扩大生产，继续污染环境，如果小公司发现税收昂贵，因此关闭，它们的生产会被那些担负得起的大公司吃掉，总结起来是税收试一把双刃剑，小公司可以开发环保技术拒绝对污染征税，而大公司的税收费用可以利用扩大生产来抵消（However, taxation is a double-edged sword. Small companies may develop environmental technology to refuse the taxation of pollution, while big ones’ expenses of taxation can be offset through mass production.）；文章最后一句话“Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.”表明对税收立法官员来说，考虑污染成本至关重要（Thus, it’s vital for tax lawmakers to take the cost of contamination into consideration.）。
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