鲁教版（五四学制）（2024）八年级上册（2024）Over to you达标测试

这是一份鲁教版（五四学制）（2024）八年级上册（2024）Over to you达标测试，文件包含_Unit6单元知识点梳理_Unit6_知识梳理与易错精讲-教师版docx、_Unit6单元知识点梳理_Unit6_知识梳理与易错精讲-学生版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共74页， 欢迎下载使用。
2026秋季 · 鲁教版八年级上册 · 教师版
课时7 鲁教版初中英语八年级上册 (pp.78-80)
第一部分 知识点讲义
一、学习目标
1. 学会用表格比较两个国家在问候、饮食、送礼等方面的习俗异同。
2. 掌握跨文化阅读策略：略读获取主旨、扫读定位关键信息。
3. 理解孔子与礼仪的故事，学习跨文化尊重和谦逊学习的价值观。
4. 能够运用 similarities and differences 的相关表达进行口头和书面比较。
二、重点
1. 比较类表达：the same as / different frm / similar t / / while / hwever
2. 核心词汇：prpriety (n. 礼节), fraternal (adj. 兄弟般的), excel in (v. 擅长), respectful (adj. 尊敬的), cautius (adj. 谨慎的), harmny (n. 和睦), pressing (adj. 紧迫的), pretend (v. 假装)
3. 描述异同的句型：In China, ... while / but in Brazil, ...; Bth cuntries share the custm f...; ... is the same / different in bth cuntries.
4. 理解跨文化故事中的核心价值观：尊重、谦逊、好学。
三、难点
1. 用英语准确表达两个国家习俗的相似点和不同点，注意 while / hwever 等对比连词的运用。
2. 理解阅读文本中关于孔子的文化内涵，把握文章主旨和细节信息。
3. 将跨文化理解的理念运用到实际生活中，进行有深度的口头和书面表达。
四、核心词汇
五、语法与句型
1. 比较类句型
2. 描述文化习俗的常用表达
六、阅读策略指导
跨文化故事的阅读策略
七、知识要点详解
1. excel in 的用法
• excel in 意为“在……方面出色/擅长”，后接名词或动名词。
例：Cnfucius excelled in cmmunicatin. 孔子擅长与人交流。
例：She excels in playing the pian. 她擅长弹钢琴。
• 拓展：excel at 也可表示“在……方面优秀”，两者可互换。
例：He excels at maths. = He excels in maths.
2. pretend 的用法
• pretend t d sth. 假装做某事
例：He pretended t be asleep. 他假装睡着了。
• pretend (that) + 从句 假装……
例：She pretended that she didn't knw anything.
• 注意：pretend 后不直接接名词作宾语表示“假装某事”。
3. while 的对比用法
• while 可作连词，表示“然而；而”，用于对比两个不同的情况。
例：In China, peple use chpsticks, while in the West, peple use a knife and frk.
例：Sme peple like spicy fd, while thers prefer mild fd.
• 注意区分：while 还可表示“当……时候”（= when）和“虽然”（= althugh）。
4. 的用法
• bth A and B 意为“A和B都……”，连接两个并列成分。
例：Bth China and Japan celebrate the Spring Festival.
例：Bth reading and writing are imprtant language skills.
• 注意： 连接主语时，谓语动词用复数。
八、典型例题
【例题1】阅读下列关于孔子的短文，回答问题。
Cnfucius was a great thinker and educatr in Chinese histry. He began t visit ther states at the age f 55. He always treated the peple he met as his brthers. He talked t peple in a plite way and cared abut their lives.
(1) Why did peple like t talk t Cnfucius?
(2) What can we learn frm Cnfucius's stry?
答案：
(1) Because Cnfucius was plite and respectful. He treated everyne as his brthers and cared abut their lives. Peple felt cmfrtable talking t him.
(2) We can learn that gd manners and respect fr thers are very imprtant. If we treat thers with kindness and pliteness, peple will respect us t.
点拨：(1) 从文中 "talked t the lcal peple in a plite way and cared abut their lives" 可以找到依据。(2) 本题考查对文章主旨的理解，需要从孔子的行为中总结出跨文化交际的核心价值观。
【例题2】用 while 或 but 完成下列对比句。
(1) In China, peple drink tea every day. ______ in England, peple als lve tea.
(2) In China, we eat rice as the main fd. ______ in Western cuntries, peple eat bread and ptates.
答案：
(1) but / while — 此处说明中国和英国人有共同点（都爱喝茶），用 but 或 while 均可。
(2) while / but — 此处对比中国和西方主食的不同，用 while 更自然。
点拨：while 和 but 都可以表示对比，但 while 更强调两者的对照关系，语气更正式。在写作中，使用 while 可以提升语言的多样性。
第二部分 同步练习
★ 基础巩固
一、单项选择
1. Chinese civilisatin has a histry f mre than 5,000 years. The wrd "civilisatin" means ______.
A. cuntry B. culture C. civilisatin D. traditin
答案：C
2. She ______ t be very rich, but in fact she lives a simple life.
A. prtects B. pretends C. prvides D. prepares
答案：B
3. Gd manners can help peple live in ______ with each ther.
A. harmny B. hurry C. hunger D. humur
答案：A
4. The meeting is very ______. We need t discuss it right nw.
A. plite B. cautius C. pressing D. respectful
答案：C
5. We shuld always be ______ t ur parents and teachers.
A. pressing B. respectful C. cautius D. fraternal
答案：B
6. In China, peple use chpsticks, ______ in Western cuntries, peple use a knife and frk.
A. because B. s C. while D. if
答案：C
7. Cnfucius ______ in cmmunicatin with peple frm different states.
A. pretended B. pressed C. excelled D. prtected
答案：C
二、根据句意和首字母提示完成单词
8. Gd m________ help peple respect each ther and live in harmny.
答案：manners
9. Yu shuld be c________ when crssing the rad. Dn't run.
答案：cautius
10. Dn't p________ that yu knw everything. Nbdy knws everything.
答案：pretend
11. The tw cuntries have many s________ custms, such as giving gifts.
答案：similar
12. We need t discuss sme p________ matters befre the meeting ends.
答案：pressing
三、用 while 或 改写句子
13. In China peple bw. In Japan peple als bw. (用 合并)
答案：Bth in China and in Japan, peple bw.
14. In China, we use chpsticks. In the US, peple use a knife and frk. (用 while 连接)
答案：In China, we use chpsticks, while in the US, peple use a knife and frk.
★★ 能力提升
一、阅读理解
Cnfucius (551–479 BC) was ne f the mst imprtant thinkers and teachers in Chinese histry. During the Spring and Autumn Perid, he travelled t many states t spread his ideas abut gd manners and prper behaviur.
Cnfucius believed that gd manners were the key t a peaceful sciety. He taught that a true gentleman shuld be plite, respectful, and careful with his manners. He said, "Gd manners can help a gentleman t be lved by ther peple." He als believed that if everyne behaved with gd manners, peple all ver the wrld culd becme like brthers and sisters.
When Cnfucius visited ther states, he always treated the lcal peple with great respect. He listened carefully t their prblems and talked t them in a kind and plite way. Even peple wh had different plitical views respected him because f his gd manners and nble ideas.
Tday, Cnfucius's ideas abut manners are still very imprtant. In China, parents still teach their children t be respectful t elders and t behave plitely at the dinner table. The idea f "harmny" is als imprtant in Chinese culture — peple try t live peacefully with their neighburs and peple frm ther cuntries.
Cnfucius's stry teaches us an imprtant lessn: n matter where we g r wh we meet, gd manners and respect can help us build bridges between different cultures.
7. What did Cnfucius believe was the key t a peaceful sciety?
A. Rich fd B. Gd manners C. Strng armies D. Beautiful clthes
答案：B
8. Why did even peple with different plitical views respect Cnfucius?
A. Because he was very rich.
B. Because he had a large army.
C. Because f his gd manners and nble ideas.
D. Because he was frm a pwerful state.
答案：C
9. What des the underlined wrd "harmny" in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Peace and friendliness B. Pwer and wealth C. Rules and laws D. Fd and drink
答案：A
10. What is the main idea f the last paragraph?
A. Cnfucius lived a lng life.
B. Gd manners can help build bridges between cultures.
C. Chinese parents are very strict.
D. Peple shuld travel t ther states.
答案：B
11. What can we infer frm the passage?
A. Cnfucius nly cared abut Chinese peple.
B. Gd manners are nly imprtant in China.
C. Cnfucius's ideas abut manners are still valuable tday.
D. Peple in the Spring and Autumn Perid had n manners.
答案：C
二、完形填空
Maria is a student frm Brazil. She came t China t study last year. At first, she was 1 abut many things because the culture was very 2 frm her wn.
Fr example, in Brazil, peple usually hug r kiss when they 3 . But in China, peple usually shake hands r just 4 . Maria als fund that Chinese peple use 5 t eat, while she was used t using a knife and frk.
Hwever, Maria tried t 6 the lcal custms. She learned hw t use chpsticks and 7 peple by saying "Ni ha". She als learned that it's imprtant t be 8 t elders in China.
Nw Maria has made many Chinese friends. She says, "When yu visit a new cuntry, dn't 9 that yur culture is the nly right ne. Try t learn and 10 the lcal culture. That's the best way t make friends."
1. A. excited B. nervus C. happy D. bred
答案：B Maria 刚到中国，文化不同，感到 nervus（紧张）。
2. A. same B. similar C. different D. clse
答案：C 巴西文化与中国文化 different（不同）。
3. A. eat B. greet C. sleep D. leave
答案：B greet（问候），巴西人见面拥抱或亲吻。
4. A. shut B. cry C. smile D. run
答案：C smile（微笑），中国人见面常微笑或握手。
5. A. frks B. spns C. hands D. chpsticks
答案：D chpsticks（筷子），中国人用筷子吃饭。
6. A. fllw B. frget C. refuse D. change
答案：A fllw（遵循），Maria 试着遵循当地习俗。
7. A. helped B. greeted C. taught D. visited
答案：B greeted（问候），用“你好”来打招呼。
8. A. plite B. funny C. strict D. careful
答案：A be plite t（对……有礼貌），在中国尊敬长辈很重要。
9. A. hpe B. pretend C. wish D. believe
答案：B pretend（假装），不要假装你的文化是唯一正确的。
10. A. refuse B. respect C. frget D. avid
答案：B respect（尊重），学习和尊重当地文化。
三、书面表达
请你根据课本 Prject 部分的要求，用表格对比中国和另一个国家（自选）在以下方面的习俗异同：
(1) 问候方式 (greetings)
(2) 餐桌礼仪 (eating custms)
(3) 送礼习惯 (giving gifts)
(4) 好的谈话话题 (gd cnversatin tpics)
要求：先完成表格（至少8行），然后根据表格写一段80词左右的短文，介绍两国的异同，使用 while / / the same / different 等表达。
【参考表格】
【参考短文】
China and Japan are bth Asian cuntries, and they share many similar custms. Bth cuntries use chpsticks fr meals and think it's imprtant t be n time. In bth cultures, it's plite t wait fr elders t start eating first.
Hwever, there are als sme differences. In China, peple usually shake hands r smile when they greet, while in Japan, peple bw. When giving gifts, Chinese peple ften bring fruit r tea, while Japanese peple like t wrap their gifts beautifully.
In cnclusin, while China and Japan have sme different custms, they share many similar ideas abut gd manners.
★★★ 拓展延伸
一、推断题
1. 阅读孔子的名言，回答问题。
"A true gentleman is nt smene wh pretends t be nble. Rather, he excels in cmmunicatin. A gentleman shuld be plite, respectful, and cautius with manners."
(1) 根据这段话，什么是"真正的君子"？（用自己的话概括）
(2) 这段话中的三个关键词 plite, respectful, cautius 分别强调了君子在哪方面的表现？
答案：(1) 真正的君子不是假装高尚的人，而是真正擅长与人沟通、以礼貌和尊重待人的人。他通过实际行动赢得他人的尊重，而不是靠外表的伪装。 (2) plite 强调言谈举止的文明有礼；respectful 强调对他人发自内心的尊重和敬意；cautius 强调在礼仪方面谨慎小心，不随意冒犯他人。三者分别从“外在行为”“内心态度”“处事方式”三个维度定义了君子的品质。
二、文化分析题
2. 阅读以下情景，运用本单元所学的知识回答问题。
情景：来自英国的交换生 Jack 第一次来到中国家庭做客。他准时到达，带了一盒巧克力作为礼物。吃饭时，他把筷子竖插在米饭中，然后开始和主人聊主人的工资。
(1) Jack 做了哪些在中国文化中不太合适的行为？（至少列出3点）
(2) 如果你是 Jack 的中国朋友，你会怎么给他建议？请用 "Yu shuld/shuldn't..." 或 "It's plite/rude t..." 的句型写出至少3条建议。
答案：(1) Jack 的不当行为包括：① 把筷子竖插在米饭中——这在中国文化中被认为是不吉利的，像祭祀时的样子，非常不礼貌；② 和主人聊工资——在中国，询问别人的收入属于个人隐私，是不合适的话题；③ 带巧克力虽然不算错，但在中国传统家庭中，水果或茶叶是更常见、更合适的礼物。 (2) 建议示例：Yu shuldn't stick yur chpsticks int the rice. It's cnsidered very rude in China. Yu shuldn't talk abut peple's salary — it's a persnal tpic. It's plite t bring fruit r tea as a gift when visiting a Chinese family.
第三部分 参考答案与解析
★ 基础巩固
一、单项选择
1. C civilisatin 意为“文明”，Chinese civilisatin 指中华文明。
2. B pretends 意为“假装”，符合语境“她假装很富有，但实际上过着简朴的生活”。
3. A live in harmny 意为“和睦相处”，符合语境。hurry 匆忙；hunger 饥饿；humur 幽默，均不符合。
4. C pressing 意为“紧迫的”，符合语境“会议非常紧迫，需要立刻讨论”。
5. B be respectful t sb. 意为“对某人尊敬”，符合语境。
6. C while 在此表示对比“然而”，连接两个不同国家的饮食习惯。
7. C excelled in 意为“在……方面出色”，符合语境“孔子擅长与不同国家的人交流”。
二、首字母填空
8. manners
9. cautius
10. pretend
11. similar
12. pressing
三、句子改写
13. Bth in China and in Japan, peple bw.
14. In China, we use chpsticks, while in the US, peple use a knife and frk.
★★ 能力提升
一、阅读理解
7. B 根据第二段 "Cnfucius believed that gd manners were the key t a peaceful sciety" 可知答案。
8. C 根据第三段 "because f his gd manners and nble ideas" 可知答案。
9. A 根据上下文 "peple try t live peacefully with their neighburs" 可知 harmny 意为“和睦；融洽”。
10. B 最后一段 "gd manners and respect can help us build bridges between different cultures" 点明主旨。
11. C 第四段 "Tday, Cnfucius's ideas abut manners are still very imprtant" 说明孔子的礼仪思想在今天仍有价值。
二、完形填空
1. B Maria 刚到中国，文化不同，感到 nervus（紧张）。
2. C 巴西文化与中国文化 different（不同）。
3. B greet（问候），巴西人见面拥抱或亲吻。
4. C smile（微笑），中国人见面常微笑或握手。
5. D chpsticks（筷子），中国人用筷子吃饭。
6. A fllw（遵循），Maria 试着遵循当地习俗。
7. B greeted（问候），用“你好”来打招呼。
8. A be plite t（对……有礼貌），在中国尊敬长辈很重要。
9. B pretend（假装），不要假装你的文化是唯一正确的。
10. B respect（尊重），学习和尊重当地文化。
三、书面表达
评分要点：(1) 表格至少8行，涵盖4个方面；(2) 短文使用 while / / the same / different 等比较表达；(3) 内容条理清晰，80词左右；(4) 语言准确流畅。单词
读音
词性
释义
例句
prpriety
/prə'praɪərəti/
n.
礼节；规矩
Peple shuld learn the prpriety f different cultures.
fraternal
/frə'tɜːnl/
adj.
兄弟般的
Fraternal lve is imprtant in Chinese culture.
excel in
/ɪk'sel ɪn/
v. phr.
擅长；优于
Cnfucius excelled in cmmunicatin.
respectful
/rɪ'spektfl/
adj.
表示敬意的
We shuld always be respectful t elders.
cautius
/'kɔːʃəs/
adj.
小心的；谨慎的
Be cautius when yu visit a new place.
harmny
/'hɑːmni/
n.
融洽；和睦
Gd manners help peple live in harmny.
pressing
/'presɪŋ/
adj.
紧迫的；迫切的
They discussed pressing matters tgether.
pretend
/prɪ'tend/
v.
假装；佯装
Dn't pretend t knw everything.
civilisatin
/ˌsɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃn/
n.
文明
Chinese civilisatin has a lng histry.
nble
/'nəʊbl/
adj.
高尚的；贵族的
Cnfucius had nble ideals.
句型结构
含义
例句
A is the same as B (in...)
A和B（在……方面）相同
In bth China and Brazil, it's rude t talk with yur muth full.
A is different frm B (in...)
A和B（在……方面）不同
In China, peple use chpsticks, while in Western cuntries, peple use a knife and frk.
Bth A and B + v.
A和B都……
Bth China and Japan have the custm f giving gifts.
... while / but ...
……然而……
In China we use chpsticks, while in the West peple use a knife and frk.
... is similar t ...
……和……相似
Chinese greeting custms are similar t Japanese nes.
表达
含义
例句
greeting custms
问候礼仪
In China, peple usually shake hands r smile.
table manners
餐桌礼仪
It's plite t wait fr the elders t start eating.
giving and receiving gifts
送礼和接礼
In China, peple usually refuse a gift tw r three times befre accepting it.
cnversatin tpics
谈话话题
Fd and travel are safe tpics in mst cultures.
wearing the right clthes
穿着得体
In sme cuntries, yu need t dress frmally fr dinner.
策略
说明
操作方法
略读 (Skimming)
快速浏览全文，了解文章大意和结构
先读标题、首段和每段首句，判断文章主题
扫读 (Scanning)
带着问题在文中定位关键信息
找人名、地名、时间等关键词
推断 (Inferring)
根据上下文推测词义或隐含意义
通过语境判断 unfamiliar wrds 的含义
文化对比 (Cultural cmparisn)
将文中文化现象与自身文化对比
思考：文中的习俗与我们国家的有什么异同？
Aspect
China
Japan
Same r different
Greetings
Shake hands r smile
Bw
different
Eating custms
Use chpsticks; wait fr elders
Use chpsticks; wait fr elders
same
Giving gifts
Bring fruit r tea; refuse a few times
Bring a gift; wrap it nicely
similar
Gd tpics
Fd, travel, family
Fd, travel, hbbies
similar
Bad tpics
Mney, age, salary
Age, salary, plitics
similar
Taking ff shes
Usually take ff at hme
Always take ff at hme
same
Being n time
Imprtant t be n time r slightly early
Very imprtant t be n time
same