初中英语鲁教版（五四学制）（2024）八年级上册（2024）Section B导学案

这是一份初中英语鲁教版（五四学制）（2024）八年级上册（2024）Section B导学案，文件包含_Unit5单元测试卷_Unit5_单元测试卷-教师版docx、_Unit5单元测试卷_Unit5_单元测试卷-学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共22页， 欢迎下载使用。
一、学习目标
1. 系统掌握本单元自然灾害核心词汇、复合词及动词搭配
2. 熟练运用过去进行时描述过去正在发生的动作，准确使用when/while
3. 掌握阅读叙事类文本的策略：预测、扫读定位、时间线梳理
4. 能按时间顺序写出一篇描述恶劣天气经历的短文
学习支架
核心词汇一览
when vs while 用法对比
过去进行时 vs 一般过去时
叙事文写作步骤
1. 开头（Beginning）：交代时间、地点和背景 —— Last Friday / During the typhn...
2. 发展（Develpment）：按时间顺序描述事件经过 —— While I was..., Then/After that...
3. 高潮（Climax）：描述最关键的事件或转折 —— Suddenly / Just then...
4. 结尾（Ending）：写出感受和结果 —— Finally / At last / In the end...
二、知识要点
1. 一、核心词汇：自然灾害
本单元围绕自然灾害展开，需要掌握以下核心词汇：六种常见自然灾害：1. earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ n. 地震
2. typhn /taɪˈfuːn/ n. 台风
3. wildfire /ˈwaɪldfaɪər/ n. 野火
4. snwstrm /ˈsnəʊstɔːm/ n. 暴风雪
5. fld /flʌd/ n. 洪水
6. drught /draʊt/ n. 干旱
补充灾害词汇：• tsunami /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ n. 海啸
• landslide /ˈlændslaɪd/ n. 山体滑坡
【易错提醒】
• earthquake 的拼写：earth + quake（不要写成 earthquare）
• drught 的发音 /draʊt/（不要读成 /drɔːθ/）
• fld 和 flr 注意区分
2. 二、核心词汇：动词搭配与复合词
（一）自然灾害的动词搭配
每种自然灾害有固定的动词搭配，这是本单元的重点之一：earthquake → hit / rck / happen / take place
例：An earthquake hit Japan yesterday.
typhn → hit / land / blw acrss
例：A typhn landed at 9 'clck last night.
tsunami → hit / cme / sweep thrugh
例：The tsunami swept thrugh the village.
（二）复合词构成规则
复合词由两个独立的词组合而成，词义通常是两个组成部分的叠加：• landslide = land（土地）+ slide（滑动）→ 山体滑坡
• fldwater = fld（洪水）+ water（水）→ 洪水
• snwstrm = snw（雪）+ strm（暴风）→ 暴风雪
• manpwer = man（人）+ pwer（力量）→ 人力
• safeguard = safe（安全）+ guard（守卫）→ 保护
• heartbeat = heart（心）+ beat（跳动）→ 心跳
• wildfire = wild（野外的）+ fire（火）→ 野火
• earthquake = earth（大地）+ quake（震动）→ 地震
【记忆技巧】复合词的含义通常可以从组成部分推测出来，这是扩大词汇量的有效方法。
3. 三、语法核心：过去进行时
（一）结构
过去进行时 = was/were + 动词-ing
• 肯定句：I/He/She/It + was + ding
Yu/We/They + were + ding
• 否定句：主语 + was/were nt (wasn't/weren't) + ding
• 疑问句：Was/Were + 主语 +
（二）用法
1. 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
例：I was reading a bk at 8 p.m. last night.
（昨晚8点我正在看书。）
2. 描述过去某一段时间内持续进行的动作
例：We were studying fr the exam all mrning.
（我们一上午都在复习备考。）
3. 与 when/while 搭配，表示一个动作正在进行时另一个动作发生
例：We were driving hme when the strng winds started.
（我们正在开车回家，这时强风刮了起来。）
（三）when 与 while 的区别
when 引导时间状语从句时：• 后面通常接短暂性动词（一般过去时）
• 表示"就在那时"的意味
例：I was sleeping when the phne rang.
while 引导时间状语从句时：• 后面通常接持续性动词（过去进行时）
• 表示"在……期间"
例：While I was sleeping, the phne rang.
【关键区别】when 强调时间点，while 强调时间段。两者都可以用来连接过去进行时和一般过去时，但从句动词的选择不同。（四）常见错误
✗ The typhn were hitting the city.（typhn 是单数，应用 was）
✓ The typhn was hitting the city.
✗ She was slept when the alarm went ff.（was + 过去式 ❌）
✓ She was sleeping when the alarm went ff.
✗ While he played games, his mther was cking.（while 后通常用进行时）
✓ While he was playing games, his mther was cking.
4. 四、阅读策略
（一）预测（Predicting）
阅读前根据标题、图片或首段预测文章内容。例：看到标题 "Hw One Girl Saved Many Lives"，可以预测一个女孩在危险中救人的故事。（二）扫读定位（Scanning）
带着问题快速浏览文本，找到关键信息（人名、时间、地点、数字）。例：问 "When did the tsunami happen?"，在文中快速找到 "26 December 2004"。（三）时间线梳理（Timeline/Sequencing）
按事件发生的先后顺序梳理事件，注意时间信号词：befre, just then, after, finally, at last, sn, later
（四）推断（Inferring）
根据文中信息进行合理推断，答案不直接写在文中但可以从上下文推出。例：文中说 Tilly refused t take a single step further. 可以推断 Tilly 非常坚决。
5. 五、重点句型与表达
（一）描述灾害发生时的动作
• What was/were + 主语 + ding
（当……时，某人正在做什么？）
• 主语 + was/were + ding + when + 短暂动作.
例：We were driving hme when the strng winds started.
• While + 持续动作, + 另一事件.
例：While we were driving hme, the strng winds started.
（二）描述灾害经历
• Did yu have any truble during the typhn?
（你在台风期间遇到了什么困难吗？）
• We were driving hme frm ur relatives' huse when the strng winds started.
（我们正在从亲戚家开车回家的路上，这时强风刮了起来。）
• It was raining hard while we were driving back.
（我们开车返回时雨下得很大。）
（三）描述准备措施
• We cvered ur windws befre the typhn started.
（台风来之前我们封好了窗户。）
• We stred fd and water t.
（我们还储备了食物和水。）
• They mved their things ff the flr.
（他们把东西从地板上搬走了。）
（四）表达感受
• It was awful. （太糟糕了。）
• I was deeply mved by what he did. （我被他的行为深深感动了。）
• We clapped t shw ur respect t him. （我们鼓掌向他致敬。）
6. 六、写作要点：叙事文
（一）叙事文结构
一篇完整的叙事文包含三个部分：1. 开头（Beginning）
交代时间、地点和背景
常用句式：Last Friday / During the strm / One day...
I had a really bad day.
2. 发展（Develpment）
按时间顺序描述事件经过
使用时间连接词：while, when, then, after that, sn
用过去进行时描写背景动作，用一般过去时描写突发事件
例：While I was having breakfast, the sky was grwing darker.
3. 结尾（Ending）
写出结果和感受
常用句式：Finally / At last / In the end...
I felt relieved / It was a day I'll never frget.
（二）时间连接词
按时间顺序连接事件：while（在……期间）→ when（这时）→ then（然后）→ after that（之后）→ sn（不久）→ finally（最终）→ at last（最后）
（三）写作注意事项
• 全篇使用过去时态
• 用过去进行时描写背景，用一般过去时描写事件
• 加入感受和反应使文章更生动
• 每个事件之间要有时间连接词
易错汇总
易错点 1
【错因】学生常在when/while引导的时间状语从句中混淆主句和从句的时态。当when引导短暂动作时用一般过去时，while引导持续动作用过去进行时。
易错点 2
【错因】过去进行时中be动词与主语不一致，尤其复数主语误用was。
易错点 3
【错因】混淆形近词汇如earthquake/earth、tsunami/trnad，或动词搭配不当如d an earthquake。
易错点 4
【错因】学生在做predicting题时仅凭主观猜测，未利用标题、图片或首段信息作为依据。
易错点 5
【错因】写作时忽略first/then/next/finally等顺序词，导致叙事逻辑不清晰。
三、易错精讲
【例1】
用所给词的适当形式填空：1. While the children __________ (play) utside, the wildfire __________ (apprach) the village.
2. By the time the rescue team arrived, the fld __________ (destry) several huses.
3. The security guard __________ (rush) t warn peple while Tilly's father __________ (tell) the stry t the htel manager.
【解答】1. were playing; was appraching / apprached
解析：while 后接持续性动作用过去进行时 were playing；wildfire 接近村庄可用过去进行时 was appraching（强调正在进行）或一般过去时 apprached（强调动作发生）。2. had destryed
解析：by the time 引导的时间状语表示"到……为止"，主句用过去完成时。但八年级阶段也可以接受 destryed（一般过去时），表示洪水摧毁了房屋。3. rushed; was telling
解析：while 后接持续性动作用过去进行时 was telling；security guard 冲出去用一般过去时 rushed。
【易错点】记住：while + 持续动作（过去进行时），when + 短暂动作（一般过去时）。两个同时进行的动作用 while 连接，都用过去进行时。
【例2】
根据课文 "Hw One Girl Saved Many Lives"，回答下列问题：1. Where was Tilly Smith n 26 December 2004?
2. What did Tilly ntice n the beach?
3. Hw did Tilly knw abut tsunamis?
4. What did the security guard d after Tilly's father tld him abut the tsunami?
5. Why is this stry special?
【解答】1. Tilly was n hliday in Phuket, Thailand with her family.
2. She nticed thick white frth frming n the waves and the waves cming in instead f ging ut.
3. Her gegraphy teacher had explained tw weeks befre that earthquakes under the sea culd create tsunamis.
4. He rushed t get peple ff the beach immediately.
5. Because a 10-year-ld girl used her gegraphy knwledge t save ver 100 lives. N ne n the beach died that day, even thugh the 2004 tsunami caused ver 200,000 deaths.
【易错点】回答阅读理解题时，答案必须从文中找到依据。用扫读(scanning)的方法快速定位关键词和对应句段。
易 错 专 练
单元知识自测表
基础辨析
1. Chse the crrect natural disaster: A lng perid withut rainfall causes a __________.
A. fld B. drught
C. typhn D. snwstrm
2. Which cmpund wrd means "the pwer f peple wrking tgether"?
A. heartbeat B. safeguard
C. manpwer D. landslide
3. While we __________ dinner, the lights __________ suddenly.
A. were having; went ut
B. had; were ging ut
C. were having; were ging ut
D. had; went ut
4. An earthquake __________ (rck) the city while peple __________ (sleep) at night.
5. The cmpund wrd "fldwater" is made up f __________ and __________.
6. While the rescue wrkers __________ (search) fr survivrs, mre peple __________ (arrive) t help.
7. A tsunami is a kind f natural disaster that happens under the sea.（ ）
8. "While" can be fllwed by a simple past tense verb t shw a shrt actin.（ ）
9. The security guard rushed t get peple __________ the beach when he heard abut the tsunami.
A. n B. ff
C. in D. at
10. The typhn __________ (hit) the cast while the family __________ (drive) hme.
方法巩固
11. Which sentence is CORRECT?
A. While the earthquake was happening, peple were running utside.
B. While the earthquake happened, peple ran utside.
C. While the earthquake was happening, peple ran utside.
D. While the earthquake was happening, peple were run utside.
12. In the sentence "She was walking hme when it started t rain", what des "when" mean?
A. during the time that
B. at that mment
C. befre
D. after
13. 用所给词的适当形式填空：1. My grandparents __________ (watch) TV while the snwstrm __________ (cver) the rads.
2. The children __________ (nt/hear) the warning because they __________ (play) in the garden.
3. By the time help __________ (arrive), the fld __________ (already/destry) the bridge.
14. 根据课文 "Hw One Girl Saved Many Lives"，按时间顺序排列以下事件（写序号）：（________） Tilly tld her family abut the dangerus waves.
（________） The security guard warned peple n the beach.
（________） Tilly nticed strange waves n the beach.
（________） Tilly remembered her gegraphy lessn abut tsunamis.
（________） The tsunami hit the htel.
（________） Tilly's father tld the security guard abut the tsunami.
综合易错
15. Write a shrt stry (80-100 wrds) abut a day when yu experienced bad weather. Use the past cntinuus tense t describe what yu and thers were ding, and use when/while t cnnect events. Include at least:
- A beginning (time and place)
- What was happening (backgrund)
- What happened (event)
- Hw yu felt (feelings)
16. 阅读短文，回答问题：On the afternn f July 20th, 2023, a wildfire brke ut in a frest near a small village in Yunnan. At the time f the fire, mst villagers were wrking in their fields. When they saw the smke, they began t panic. While the firefighters were fighting the fire, the wind changed directin and the fire spread quickly. The villagers had t leave their hmes. Thanks t the brave firefighters and vlunteers, nbdy was hurt. By the next mrning, the fire was finally under cntrl.
1. What happened n July 20th, 2023?
2. What were the villagers ding when the fire brke ut?
3. What happened while the firefighters were fighting the fire?
4. Hw did the stry end?
参 考 答 案
第1题：B
【解析】drught（干旱）是长期无降雨造成的。fld 是洪水（雨水过多），typhn 是台风，snwstrm 是暴风雪。
第2题：C
【解析】manpwer = man（人）+ pwer（力量）= 人力。heartbeat 是心跳，safeguard 是保护，landslide 是山体滑坡。
第3题：A
【解析】while 后接持续性动作用过去进行时 were having；lights 突然熄灭是短暂动作，用一般过去时 went ut。
第4题：rcked; were sleeping
第5题：fld; water
第6题：were searching; arrived
第7题：×
【解析】海啸虽然由海底地震引起，但它本身是海面上的巨浪冲向陆地的灾害，不是"发生在海底"。应说 A tsunami is caused by earthquakes under the sea.
第8题：×
【解析】while 后面通常接过去进行时（持续动作），不接一般过去时（短暂动作）。短暂动作通常用 when 引导。
第9题：B
【解析】get peple ff the beach 表示"让人们离开海滩"。ff 表示"离开、从……下去"，符合语境中紧急疏散的意思。
第10题：hit; was driving
第11题：C
【解析】while 后接持续性动作用过去进行时 was happening；主句描述在持续动作期间发生的短暂动作用一般过去时 ran。A 虽然语法不算错（两个同时进行），但在"地震发生时人们跑出去"这个语境中，"跑出去"是短暂动作，更合适用一般过去时。D 语法错误（were run 不对）。
第12题：B
【解析】这里的 when 表示"就在这时"，意为"她正在走路回家，就在这时天开始下雨了"。when 引导的是一个短暂动作，表示在过去进行的过程中突然发生的事。
第13题：1. were watching; was cvering
2. didn't hear; were playing
3. arrived; had already destryed
【解析】1. while 后两个同时进行的持续动作用过去进行时。2. 因为孩子们正在玩耍（过去进行时 were playing），所以没听到警告（一般过去时 didn't hear）。3. by the time 表示"到……为止"，到达是短暂动作用一般过去时，洪水在此之前已摧毁桥梁用过去完成时。
第14题：2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5
正确顺序：1. Tilly nticed strange waves n the beach.
2. Tilly tld her family abut the dangerus waves.
3. Tilly remembered her gegraphy lessn abut tsunamis.
4. The security guard warned peple n the beach.
5. Tilly's father tld the security guard abut the tsunami.
6. The tsunami hit the htel.
【解析】按故事发展的时间线排序：Tilly先注意到海浪异常→告诉家人→想起地理课知识→家人告诉保安→保安疏散→海啸来袭。注意：第2和第3的顺序——Tilly先告诉家人但家人不信，然后她想起地理课的内容才更加确定。实际上正确顺序应为1→3→2→5→4→6。
第15题：Sample answer:
Last Saturday, I experienced a terrible snwstrm. While I was having breakfast at hme, the sky turned dark grey. Snw started t fall heavily. While my mther was calling my father t cme hme early, I was lking ut f the windw. The snw was falling s fast that I culd hardly see the rad. When the pwer went ff suddenly, everyne in my family felt wrried. We lit candles and sat tgether. Althugh it was scary, I felt warm because we were tgether. I will never frget that day.
【解析】写作要点：1）开头交代时间和天气；2）用过去进行时描写背景（was having breakfast, was calling, was lking）；3）用 when 引入突发事件（pwer went ff）；4）结尾写出感受。注意全篇使用过去时态。
第16题：1. A wildfire brke ut in a frest near a small village in Yunnan.
2. Mst villagers were wrking in their fields when the fire brke ut.
3. The wind changed directin and the fire spread quickly.
4. Thanks t the firefighters and vlunteers, nbdy was hurt and the fire was under cntrl by the next mrning.
【解析】阅读叙事文时，先通读全文了解大意，然后带着问题扫读定位关键信息。注意时间信号词（at the time f, when, while, by）帮助定位事件发生的顺序。类别
词汇
词性
释义
典型搭配
自然灾害
earthquake
n.
地震
hit/rck a city
自然灾害
typhn
n.
台风
land/hit; strng winds
自然灾害
wildfire
n.
野火
sweep thrugh frests
自然灾害
snwstrm
n.
暴风雪
cver the rads
自然灾害
fld
n.
洪水
wash away the bridge
自然灾害
drught
n.
干旱
last fr mnths
自然灾害
tsunami
n.
海啸
sweep thrugh the cast
复合词
landslide
n.
山体滑坡
land + slide
复合词
fldwater
n.
洪水
fld + water
复合词
manpwer
n.
人力
man + pwer
复合词
safeguard
v./n.
保护
safe + guard
复合词
heartbeat
n.
心跳
heart + beat
灾害救援
relief
n.
救援；救济
relief wrk
灾害救援
bandage
n./v.
绷带；包扎
use a bandage
灾害救援
assistance
n.
帮助；援助
give assistance
描述灾害
panic
v./n.
恐慌
begin t panic
描述灾害
awful
adj.
可怕的
lk awful
when（当……时候）
while（在……期间）
+ 短暂性动词（一般过去时）
表示某一时间点
例句：We were driving hme when the strng winds started.
I was sleeping when the earthquake happened.
+ 持续性动词（过去进行时）
表示一段时间
例句：While we were driving hme, the strng winds started.
It was raining hard while we were driving back.
过去进行时
一般过去时
结构：was/were + V-ing
用途：描述过去某时正在进行的动作
强调动作的持续性
例句：I was reading a bk at 8 p.m.
They were hiding frm the strm.
结构：动词过去式
用途：描述过去发生并完成的动作
强调动作已完成
例句：The earthquake hit the city.
We went t the safe rm.
常见错误
正确认识
I read a bk when the phne was ringing.
I was reading a bk when the phne rang.
常见错误
正确认识
The children was playing utside when it started t rain.
The children were playing utside when it started t rain.
常见错误
正确认识
The earthquake did the city at midnight.
The earthquake struck the city at midnight.
常见错误
正确认识
I think it will be abut animals.
Based n the title "A Day f Bad Weather" and the picture f dark cluds, I predict the stry will describe a strm experience.
常见错误
正确认识
The sky was dark. Wind blew. Rain fell. The strm passed.
First, the sky turned dark. Then, strng winds started blwing. Next, heavy rain began t fall. Finally, the strm passed.
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