2026届高三英语二轮专题复习课件第2部分专题1阅读理解类型2第3讲说明文

这是一份2026届高三英语二轮专题复习课件第2部分专题1阅读理解类型2第3讲说明文，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了专题一　阅读理解，高频考点　研析透，模拟精练　提考能等内容，欢迎下载使用。
类型二　体裁破解第3讲　说明文
说明文通常运用举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手法，描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，以及介绍场馆，分析社会现象、语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等，用平实的语言客观地说明事物、解释现象。事物说明文常用“总—分”式或“总—分—总”式结构；事理说明文采用由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理的递进式结构；文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分时常用并列式结构；如果需要通过两个事物的对照和比较来说明其异同时常用对照式结构。说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。
●辨明题类说明文阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况，阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读说明文时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。
●技法点拨1．抓首尾段：首段往往提出文章的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。2．细读重点：就原文而言，重点就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，重点就是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量的话，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多了。
3．略读或跳读：在快速浏览题干、初步把握文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行有选择性地略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易地从总体上把握全文。在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看时费时费力。(1)繁琐的例证：为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，需要花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过详读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
(2)多项列举：有时许多功能相同的项目列举，那么只需读其中一两项即可。(3)生僻词汇：阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。(4)较长的人名、地名：有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替。
●真题体验(2025·浙江1月卷·阅读理解D)As new technlgies take n increasingly humanlike qualities, there's been a push t make them genderless.“Peple are steretyping(形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways，” says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir.Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this.Yet as Martin has fund in her wrk, gender is ne f the fundamental ways peple frm cnnectins with bjects, particularly thse designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self-driving car knwn as “Miuu”．It was fund that gender increased users' feelings f attachment t these devices and their interest in purchasing them.Fr example, participants said they wuld be less likely t buy a genderless vice assistant than versins with male r female vices.While gendering a prduct may be gd marketing, it may als strengthen utdated r harmful ideas abut pwer and identity.The steretypes cmmnly assciated with men, such as cmpetitiveness and dminance, are mre valued than thse assciated with wmen.These qualities, in turn, are mapped nt prducts that have been assigned a gender.
Martin's study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult.Fr instance, if an bject's name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it—they wuld assume Miuu was a “he” r “she”．Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) “prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes”．When wmen are put int psitins f leadership like running cmpanies, it reduces negative steretypes abut wmen.Similarly, anthrpmrphized prducts culd be created t take n steretype-incnsistent rles—a male rbt that assists with nursing r a female rbt that helps d calculatins, fr instance.
32．What is the purpse f making new technlgies genderless?A．T reduce steretypes. B．T meet public demand.C．T cut prductin csts. D．T encurage cmpetitin.33．What were the participants prbably asked t d in the study?A．Design a prduct. B．Respnd t a survey.C．Wrk as assistants. D．Take a language test.
34．Why is it difficult t create genderless bjects?A．They cannt be mass-prduced. B．Naming them is a challenging task.C．Peple assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rted in peple's mind.35．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?A．The quality f genderless prducts. B．The upside f gendering a prduct.C．The meaning f anthrpmrphism. D．The steretypes f men and wmen.
【解题示范】　第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。第二步：细审题干，定位原文：第32小题：根据题干信息new technlgies genderless，定位到文章的第一段。第33小题：根据题干信息the participants were asked t d，定位到文章的第二段。
第34小题：根据题干主要信息difficult和create genderless bjects，定位到文章的第四段。第35小题：根据题干主要信息last paragraph，定位到文章的最后一段。第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways，’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir.Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this.”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self driving car knwn as ‘Miuu’．”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段“Martin's study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult.Fr instance, if an bject's name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it—they wuld assume Miuu was a ‘he’ r ‘she’．”可知，因为性别观念在人们的脑海中根深蒂固，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D。
35．段落大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, hwever：She believes that anthrpmrphism(拟人化) ‘prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes’．”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B。
A(2025·内蒙古自治区赤峰市高三一模)An experimental screening methd that paired the dgs with artificial intelligence was able t detect the smell f cancer carried n patients' breaths.The canine(犬科的)-AI pair was highly accurate and sensitive, successfully sptting fur types f cancer in 94% f cases, accrding t a reprt published n Nvember 15 in Scientific Reprts.
“The screening wrked just as well detecting early stage cancers as it did later stage cancers，” says Assaf Rabinwicz, chief technlgy fficer at SptitEarly, the cmpany that develped the methd.“That's crucial because early detectin can substantially cntribute t increasing cancer survival rates.” The methd emplys dgs' “amazing sense f smell”， Rabinwicz says.Canines can act like disease detectives, finding faint smells that serve as cancer's smell signature.
Fr this study, Rabinwicz's team trained Labradr dgs t smell breath samples and sit if they detected breast, lung, clrectal(直肠的) r prstate(前列腺) cancer.Hwever, reading dgs' bdy language can be hard, s the researchers trained an AI mdel using machine learning and cmputer visin t interpret the dgs' signals.The team partnered with medical centers in Israel t test their system n breath samples frm nearly 1,400 participants, 261 f whm had tested psitive fr ne f the fur cancer types.With AI, the dggy detectrs identified 245 cases with nly 60 false psitives ut f 1,048 negative samples.
SptitEarly is planning a larger clinical trial in the United States and aims t reprt early results in 2026.The cmpany is nw wrking with Beagle dgs fr cancer detectin, partly because they're smaller and easier t train.But the Labradrs wh wrked in the study are still tp dgs and cntinue t cntribute t research and develpment, Rabinwicz says.
1．Which f the fllwing best describes the screening methd?A．It cures fur kinds f cancers. B．It reduces cancer treatment csts.C．It remves human invlvement in testing. D．It cmbines dgs and AI t detect cancer.2．What is the basis f the screening methd, accrding t Rabinwicz?A．Cancer's visible signs. B．Dgs' sense f smell.C．AI's calculating system. D．Patients' medical recrds.
3．What can be inferred abut the future f the detectin system?A．It will be widely prmted in 2026. B．Bigger dgs will jin in the research.C．Further research is required t test the results. D．It will replace traditinal detectin methds.4．Where is this text prbably taken frm?A．A dg-raising guide. B．A science magazine.C．A medical textbk. D．A technlgy brchure.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种将犬类与人工智能相结合的实验性筛查方法，该方法能够检测患者呼出的气息中的癌症气味，具有高度的准确性和敏感性。1．D　推理判断题。根据第一段中“An experimental screening methd that paired the dgs with artificial intelligence was able t detect the smell f cancer carried n patients' breaths.”可知，这种筛查方法是将犬类和人工智能结合起来检测癌症。
2．B　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The methd emplys dgs' ‘amazing sense f smell’， Rabinwicz says.Canines can act like disease detectives, finding faint smells that serve as cancer's smell signature.”可知，筛查方法的基础是犬类的嗅觉。3．C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“SptitEarly is planning a larger clinical trial in the United States and aims t reprt early results in 2026.”可推知，关于检测系统的未来，还需要进一步的研究来测试结果。
4．B　语篇出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种将犬类与人工智能相结合的实验性筛查方法，该方法能够检测患者呼出的气息中的癌症气味，具有高度的准确性和敏感性，这属于科学研究范畴，所以这段文字可能来自科学杂志。
B(2025·河南省安阳市高三一模)Mst f us use t much laundry detergent (洗涤剂), which can present all kinds f prblems.Whatever amunt f detergent yu use, it must be cmpletely rinsed(漂洗) away.There are s many variables.Generally, fr a standard-size washing machine in areas with sft water, use 1 tablespn f high-efficiency detergent per wash lad.If yu have hard water, use 2 tablespns.
Then there cmes the questin, “Hw d I knw if my water is hard r sft？” Call yur water cmpany r g t its website t learn abut the grains f hardness per liter in yur lcal water supply.If the water quality is a little bit hard and yu want precise cntrl, use 1.5 tablespns f high-efficiency detergent per lad.Anther imprtant variable is the machine capacity.If it's a super-size machine, yu need t adjust the amunt f detergent accrdingly.Check the instructins fr guidance.Als, yu may need t use mre r less detergent if yu're running a heavily siled lad r a very small lad.
Abve all, the mst imprtant thing t cnsider when it cmes t laundry detergent is whether r nt the detergent gets cmpletely rinsed away befre that lad f laundry is finished.The next time yu d a lad f wash, take a washclth ut f the dryer when it is finished and put it in a warm dish f water.If the water remains clean, it means yu have nt used t much detergent.If the water turns even slightly cludy, it means all the detergent has nt been remved and yu're using t much detergent.
Finding the exact amunt f laundry detergent yu need based n the hardness f yur water, the size f yur washing machine and the size f the laundry lad may take experimentatin.But nce yu discver what's right fr yu—and yu are getting all that detergent ut f the clthes, t—yu're ging t be pleasantly surprised by the fantastic results.
5．Hw can ne knw the hardness f water in his area?A．By cunting the grains in the water. B．By checking the water clr.C．By cmmunicating with neighbrs. D．By cnsulting the water cmpany.6．What is the purpse f using a washclth accrding t paragraph 6?A．T see whether the dryer wrks well.B．T shw hw t determine the lad prperly.C．T judge whether the laundry detergent is ttally rinsed away.D．T prve water hardness influences hw much water is used.
7．What cnclusin can be drawn abut laundry detergent?A．The mre, the cleaner. B．Mre isn't necessarily better.C．The users have the final say. D．Quality is mre imprtant than quantity.8．What can be the best title fr the text?A. The Science f Laundry DetergentB. The Impact f Laundry Detergent n the EnvirnmentC. Hw t Figure Out the Right Amunt f Laundry DetergentD. What t Take int Cnsideratin When Chsing a Washing Machine
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用过多洗衣液会有问题，阐述了根据水质硬度、洗衣机容量等确定洗衣液用量的方法及检测洗衣液是否漂洗干净的方式。5．D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Call yur water cmpany r g t its website t learn abut the grains f hardness per liter in yur lcal water supply.”可知，通过咨询供水公司可以知道所在地区水的硬度。
6．C　细节理解题。根据第六段“The next time yu d a lad f wash, take a washclth ut f the dryer when it is finished and put it in a warm dish f water.If the water remains clean, it means yu have nt used t much detergent.If the water turns even slightly cludy, it means all the detergent has nt been remved and yu're using t much detergent.”可知，使用毛巾的目的是判断洗衣液是否被完全漂洗干净。7．B　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Mst f us use t much laundry detergent (洗涤剂), which can present all kinds f prblems.”以及全文内容可知，使用过多洗衣液会有问题，所以洗衣液并非越多越好。
8．C　标题归纳题。根据第二段“There are s many variables. Generally, fr a standard size washing machine in areas with sft water, use 1 tablespn f high efficiency detergent per wash lad.If yu have hard water, use 2 tablespns.”、第四段中“Anther imprtant variable is the machine capacity.”以及最后一段中“Finding the exact amunt f laundry detergent yu need based n the hardness f yur water, the size f yur washing machine and the size f the laundry lad may take experimentatin.”等内容可知，文章主要围绕如何确定合适的洗衣液用量展开。C项“Hw t Figure Out the Right Amunt f Laundry Detergent”能概括文章内容，最适合作文章标题。
C(2025·东北三省四市教研联合体高三模拟预测二)Many f the astrnauts ging up t space are amng the smartest peple n the planet.Hwever, a new NASA study has fund a surprising effect f space travel—it may actually slw dwn the human brain.Cntrary t what yu might expect, researchers discvered that while space travelers rbit the Earth, they experience sme temprary mental slwdwns, including prcessing infrmatin slwer and difficulties with attentin and memry.
Luckily, the study als finds spending mnths in space desn't permanently scramble(打乱) an astrnaut's cgnitive(认知的) abilities.Their verall brain perfrmance remains remarkably resilient(有适应力的)．The study examined 25 prfessinal astrnauts wh spent an average f six mnths abard the Internatinal Space Statin.Scientists tracked their cgnitive perfrmance thrugh a series f rigrus(谨慎的) tests designed t measure everything frm prcessing speed t memry and attentin.“We shw that there is n evidence f any significant cgnitive impairment r neurdegenerative decline in astrnauts spending six mnths n the ISS，” explains Dr.Sheena Dev, the study's lead researcher, in a media release.
S what exactly changed？Think f it like yur brain running in “lw pwer mde”．Astrnauts cmpleted tasks just as accurately as they wuld n Earth, but they tk slightly lnger t prcess infrmatin.Prcessing speed, wrking memry, and attentin were the mst affected cgnitive fields—similar t hw yu might feel after a stressful day withut enugh sleep.The mst interesting but unusual finding is hw quickly the brain adapts.Sme perfrmance changes, like slwer attentin spans, were nly nticeable early in the missin.Others, like reduced prcessing speed, tk a bit lnger t return t nrmal after the astrnauts returned t Earth.
These insights are mre than just scientific curisity.As humanity lks tward ambitius missins t the Mn and Mars, understanding hw the human brain respnds t extreme envirnments becmes crucial.This research prvides a baseline fr future space explrers, helping missin planners predict and reduce ptential cgnitive challenges.
9．Hw may astrnauts perfrm during space travel?A．They take lnger t respnd t the tasks. B．They cmplete tasks as quickly as n earth.C．Their cgnitive abilities are damaged heavily. D．They spend years recvering their physical health.10．What des the underlined wrd “impairment” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?A．Imprvement.　 B．Damage. C．Develpment. D．Change.
11．What can we learn frm the passage?A．Astrnauts' cgnitive abilities remain stable wherever they are.B．Astrnauts' perfrmance in space is much wrse than that n Earth.C．Astrnauts' attentin spans were always slwer in the space.D．Astrnauts' brain perfrmance can return t nrmal later.12．What des the last paragraph mainly abut?A．The later plans fr space missins. B．The develpment f cgnitive study.C．The significance f the study. D．The future f space explratin.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了NASA的一项新研究发现，太空旅行可能导致宇航员出现短暂的认知减缓，但不会造成永久性损伤，且大脑具有恢复能力，最后强调了该研究对未来太空任务的意义。
9．A　细节理解题。根据第二段“Cntrary t what yu might expect, researchers discvered that while space travelers rbit the Earth, they experience sme temprary mental slwdwns, including prcessing infrmatin slwer and difficulties with attentin and memry.”和第五段中的“Astrnauts cmpleted tasks just as accurately as they wuld n Earth, but they tk slightly lnger t prcess infrmatin.”可知，宇航员在太空旅行时完成任务的准确性和在地球上一样，但处理信息需要更长时间，也就是对任务的反应时间变长。
10．B　词句猜测题。根据第三段“Luckily, the study als finds spending mnths in space desn't permanently scramble (打乱) an astrnaut's cgnitive (认知的) abilities.Their verall brain perfrmance remains remarkably resilient(有适应力的)．”可知，在太空待几个月不会永久性地损害宇航员的认知能力。
11．D　细节理解题。根据第三段“Luckily, the study als finds spending mnths in space desn't permanently scramble (打乱) an astrnaut's cgnitive (认知的) abilities.Their verall brain perfrmance remains remarkably resilient(有适应力的)．”以及第五段中“Others, like reduced prcessing speed, tk a bit lnger t return t nrmal after the astrnauts returned t Earth.”可知，宇航员的大脑表现之后可以恢复正常。
12．C　段落大意题。根据最后一段“These insights are mre than just scientific curisity.As humanity lks tward ambitius missins t the Mn and Mars, understanding hw the human brain respnds t extreme envirnments becmes crucial.This research prvides a baseline fr future space explrers, helping missin planners predict and reduce ptential cgnitive challenges.”可知，本段强调了这项研究的重要性。
D(2025·河北省沧州市运东五校联考高三二模)A new study suggests peple might like chatbt-prduced pems fr their simple and straightfrward images, emtins and themes.In a recent experiment, the researchers tasked OpenAI's ChatGPT with generating pems in the styles f famus pets, then presented 1,634 participants with ten pems—five human-written and five chatbt-generated—and assessed hw peple rated the pems based n 14 qualities, including rhythm and riginality.Interestingly, they tended t rate the AI-generated pems higher n average, suggesting a preference fr their straightfrwardness and clarity.
Why readers seem t prefer AI-generated petry is nt entirely clear, but the researchers' best guess is that the AI pems may be mre appealing because they are relatively straightfrward and simple t cmprehend. “Emily Dickinsn smetimes breaks the expected rhyme scheme(韵律) n purpse，” says Brian Prter, a researcher at the University f Pittsburgh, “But the AI-generated pems in her style never did that nce.” Besides, mdern readers dn't seem t want t bther themselves t read deep t think critically.Instead, they prefer texts giving them instant answers.“When readers say they prefer AI petry, they wuld seem t be shwing their frustratin when faced with writing that des nt yield t their attentin，” he adds.
While the findings raise cncerns abut AI ptentially replacing human artists and putting them ut f wrk ne day, Drthea Lasky, the nly living pet whse writings were included in the experiments, says it's nt necessarily a bad thing that readers enjyed the AI-generated pems.“Petry will always be necessary，” Lasky says, “If they read AI pems and like that pem better than a human-generated pem, then that, t me, is beautiful.They have a gd experience with a pem, and I dn't care wh wrte it.I feel there is rm fr all pets—even rbt pets.”This study prvided a platfrm fr the intersectin f technlgy and creativity, prmpting reflectin n the future f petry and artistic expressin.
13．Why did the researchers cnduct the experiment?A．T create a technique. B．T clarify a cncept.C．T detail an example. D．T cnfirm a finding.14．What des the example f Emily Dickinsn imply?A．Rbts are mre cmplicated than humans. B．AI meets mdern readers' reading preference.C．Chatbt is trained t write in creative patterns. D．Classic petry lacks unique charming features.
15．Which belief des Drthea Lasky have abut petry?A．All flwers blm tgether. B．N dish suits all tastes.C．It's n use crying ver spilt milk. D．Time and tide wait fr n man.16．What can be a suitable title fr the text?A．Will Pets Be Lst in AI Era? B．ChatGPT：a New AdvancementC．Fake r Real—a Cncern abut AI D．ChatGPT r Dickinsn, Wh Is Better?
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌，为此科学家进行了研究。13．D　推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study suggests peple might like chatbt-prduced pems fr their simple and straightfrward images, emtins and themes.”和第二段中“In a recent experiment, the researchers tasked OpenAI's ChatGPT with generating pems in the styles f famus pets, then presented 1,634 participants with ten pems—five human-written and five chatbt-generated—and assessed hw peple rated the pems based n 14 qualities, including rhythm and riginality.”可推知，研究人员进行这项实验的目的是确认一个发现——人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌。
14．B　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Why readers seem t prefer AI-generated petry is nt entirely clear, but the researchers' best guess is that the AI pems may be mre appealing because they are relatively straightfrward and simple t cmprehend.‘Emily Dickinsn smetimes breaks the expected rhyme scheme(韵律) n purpse，’ says Brian Prter, a researcher at the University f Pittsburgh, ‘But the AI-generated pems in her style never did that nce.’”可推知，Emily Dickinsn的例子暗示了AI满足现代读者的阅读偏好——人们喜欢简单明了的内容。
15．A　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“‘Petry will always be necessary，’ Lasky says, ‘If they read AI pems and like that pem better than a human-generated pem, then that, t me, is beautiful.They have a gd experience with a pem, and I dn't care wh wrte it.I feel there is rm fr all pets—even rbt pets.’”可知，Drthea Lasky认为无论是机器人还是人写诗，只要写出好的诗歌便是好的，由此可推知，他认为诗歌写作应该是百花齐放。
16．D　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“A new study suggests peple might like chatbt-prduced pems fr their simple and straightfrward images, emtins and themes.”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌，探讨了人工智能作的诗和诗人写出的诗，哪个更受欢迎，D项能概括文章内容。