高考英语二轮-阅读理解之主旨大意题掌控（重难专练）（全国通用）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解之主旨大意题掌控（重难专练）（全国通用）（学生版），共28页。试卷主要包含了6%)，结构定位法，主题句提炼法，高频词/转折词锁定法，选项逆向验证法等内容，欢迎下载使用。

【考点统计】
2021-2025高考阅读理解考点统计
【命题趋势】
高考英语主旨大意题的命题趋势正变得更加隐蔽、综合且强调深层理解。传统上直接询问“What is the main idea?”的题型比例下降，而需要考生在综合全文、判断写作意图的基础上，进行提炼和概括的题目成为主流。以下是近年来的核心命题趋势及应对策略：
一、四大核心命题趋势
1. 题型表述更加多样化与间接化
趋势：直接问“main idea”的题目减少，更多以间接方式考察，要求考生推断作者的写作目的、文章的最佳标题或文章的出处。
常见设问方式：
写作目的型：What is the purpse f the text? / The text is intended t “___”.
最佳标题型：Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
读者定位型：Where is the text mst likely frm? / Wh is the text written fr?
结构概括型：Hw is the text rganized? / Which f the fllwing best describes the structure?
2. 选项设计更具干扰性，强调“精准概括”
趋势：错误选项不再是明显错误，而是极具迷惑性的“部分正确”选项。
典型干扰项：
以偏概全：只概括某一段或某个细节(如一个例子)。
范围过大：内容正确，但过于宽泛，超出了文章讨论的具体范畴。
张冠李戴：将作者引用或批驳的观点误认为是作者自己的主旨。
无中生有：引入了原文未涉及的概念或结论。
3. 对文章结构和逻辑关系的考察加深
趋势：主旨不仅关乎“内容是什么”，更关乎“如何展开”。考生需要理清文章是现象-分析型、问题-解决型、观点-论证型还是对比阐述型。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。
4. 与作者观点、态度紧密融合
趋势：主旨题与观点态度题界限模糊。尤其在议论文和评论文中，主旨往往就是作者的核心论点及其倾向。不能只概括话题，必须捕捉到作者的立场(是倡导、批判、解释还是反思)。
二、应对新趋势的“三层筛选法”：面对复杂的主旨题，推荐使用以下系统化步骤。
第一步：宏观定位(锁定框架)
首尾段原则：重点精读首段(引出话题/亮出观点)和尾段(总结/升华/呼吁)。主旨句常在此。
各段首句串联：快速串联各段首句，绘制文章的“逻辑骨架”。
判断文体与结构：议论文需找论点句(常在首尾段或转折后)；说明文需找说明对象及其核心特征。记叙文需找事件背后的寓意或启示(而非情节本身)；而新闻文章的核心信息在导语(第一段)。
第二步：微观验证(排除陷阱)
将初步判断的主旨与选项对照，用“三问法”检验每个选项：
覆盖性：该选项能涵盖所有段落的核心意思吗？(排除“以偏概全”)
准确性：该选项的表述与文章的重点、程度、倾向完全一致吗？(排除“范围过大”和“张冠李戴”)
必要性：如果以此选项为主旨，文章的内容是否都为其服务，没有多余或偏离？(确认精准性)
第三步：逆向思维(终极确认)
标题型：问自己，如果用这个选项作标题，文章内容是否完全支撑它？
目的型：问自己，作者写下这些文字，最想让读者知道/思考/做什么？
出处型：根据文章的专业程度、口吻和内容，推断最可能的来源(是教科书、旅游手册、书评还是科普杂志？)。
考点一：标题归纳题——高度概括法。
【设题特点】
高考英语标题归纳题本质上是主旨大意题的一种高阶形式，它要求考生在理解全文的基础上，用最精炼、最吸引人、最概括的语言为文章选择一个“名字”。其设题特点鲜明，难度在于精准性与艺术性的结合。
以下是其核心设题特点及破解之道：
一、四大核心设题特点
1. 高度概括性：标题是全文的“灵魂浓缩”
特点：正确标题必须覆盖全文核心，不能是细节描述。它通常是 “话题 + 核心观点/结论” 或 “话题 + 悬念/亮点” 的凝练表达。
陷阱：选项常包含文章某一部分的细节内容，极具诱惑力。
2. 强烈的指向性：标题反映作者意图和文章基调
特点：标题需要体现文章的写作目的(是告知、劝说、警示还是娱乐)和情感色彩(积极、消极、中立、反思)。
陷阱：选项可能话题正确，但基调或倾向错误。
3. 适当的吸引力与文学性(尤其见于记叙文、新闻)
特点：好标题常使用修辞手法(比喻、拟人、双关)、设问或悬念来吸引读者。它可能不是一个完整的陈述句。
陷阱：选项可能为了吸引人而偏离主旨，或过于花哨让人不知所云。
4. 与文章体裁和来源高度匹配
特点：标题风格暗示文章出处。科研报道：准确、客观，可能包含新发现；新闻头条：简洁、抓人眼球，有时省略冠词；寓言故事：富有寓意；书评/影评：包含评价性词汇。
陷阱：选项的语言风格与文章体裁明显不符。
二、标题归纳题独有的两大难点
“部分正确”陷阱：一个选项包含了文章的关键词或主要事件，看起来非常相关，但它只概括了文章的起因、过程或某个方面，而非最终指向的结果、整体或启示。
“概括过度”陷阱：标题范围过大，虽然包含了文章内容，但把文章仅作为该大主题下的一个普通例子，未能突出本文的独特角度或具体结论。
三、黄金解题步骤：“三步验证法”
第一步：确定文章“主角”与“戏眼”：用一句话完成(本文主要讨论了 “谁/什么”(主角)，关于它最核心的 “什么事/什么观点”(戏眼)？)
第二步：将选项与“主角+戏眼”对照，进行第一轮筛选
排除法：不含“主角”或完全偏离“戏眼”的？→直接排除。只提及“主角”但“戏眼”模糊或错误的？→排除。是文中一个具体例子或细节？→排除(以偏概全)。
第三步：终极验证(代入法与比较法)
代入法：假设你以该选项为标题来写这篇文章，你会写现在这些内容吗？文章内容是否完全支撑这个标题？
比较法：在剩下的选项中，哪个覆盖最全面、指向最精准、与作者意图最贴合？
询问自己：作者最想通过这篇文章让读者记住什么？哪个标题最能吸引目标读者(根据文章出处判断)继续阅读？
【思维导图】
【典例1】(2024全国甲卷, B)
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu’re able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther’s attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That’s why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn’t usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that’s been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that has been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
27. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Yur Cat’s Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur Cat D. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。文章介绍了猫通过喵叫、嗅觉以及给主人带回礼物等行为来表达需求、评估环境和表达爱意，这些都促使我们进一步了解猫的行为，由此可知，B项最适合作文章标题。
考点二：文章大意题——主题句定位法。
【设题特点】
高考英语文章大意题是阅读理解中最核心的题型，它要求考生越过细节，把握文章的灵魂。其设题特点正朝着 “综合化、深层化、语境化” 的方向演变。以下是详细的设题特点剖析与应对策略：
一、核心设题特点：从“寻找”到“构建”
命题人不再满足于考生能找到现成的主题句，而是要求他们综合全文信息，自主构建出文章的中心思想。具体体现在：
1. 考查层次立体化
表层大意：文章主要谈论了什么“话题”或“事件”？ (What is the text abut?)
深层主旨：作者通过这个话题表达了什么核心“观点”、“意图”或“启示”？ (What is the authr’s main pint/purpse?)
文体功能：这篇文章的目的是什么？ (T infrm, persuade, explain, entertain?)
2. 题干表述多样化(间接化)
直接问“main idea”的题在减少，更多以以下形式出现：
目的型：The main purpse f the text is t “___”. / The text is intended t ”___”.
概括型：What is the text mainly cncerned with?
结论型：What can we cnclude frm the text?
要点型：What is the key pint discussed in the text?
3. 选项设计高度陷阱化：错误选项不再是明显荒谬，而是精心设计的“部分正确”信息，极具迷惑性。细节干扰项：用文章中的某个生动例子、数据或细节作为选项，看似相关，实则以偏概全。
范围不当项：
过度概括：选项内容超出文章讨论范围，过于宽泛空洞。
概括不足：选项只覆盖了文章的部分内容，不够全面。
偷换概念项：使用文章中的关键词，但改变了逻辑关系或情感倾向。
无中生有项：基于常识或合理推测，但文章未提及。
因果/主客颠倒项：混淆作者观点与被引述观点，或颠倒因果。
4. 对文章结构与逻辑关系的依赖增强
理解文章如何组织(如：现象-分析-结论、问题-解决方案-评价、观点-反驳-立论、对比分析)是准确概括大意的关键。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。
二、分类文体核心主旨落脚点
三、黄金解题策略：“三步定位排除法”
第一步：预判与结构扫描(读前+速读)
读题干：明确是考查大意题，带着目标阅读。
读首尾段及每段首句：快速抓住文章话题、作者结论和基本框架。
第二步：深度阅读与主旨提炼(精读)
边读边问：每个段落对主旨的贡献是什么？(是提出观点、举例证明、还是转折对比？)
完成核心填空：读完全文后，用一句话填空：“本文主要讨论了/论证了/介绍了 ______，其核心是 ______。” (即：对象+核心陈述)
第三步：选项比对与验证(解题)
将你的“核心填空句”与每个选项比对，寻找意思重合度最高的。
【思维导图】
【典例2】(2024新课标Ⅱ卷, C)
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic.“We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
31.What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A
考点三：段落大意题——首尾兼顾法。
【设题特点】
高考英语段落大意题考查的是对文章局部结构的精确理解，是主旨大意题的“微观版本”。其设题特点在于逻辑隐蔽、概括精准、与上下文紧密关联。以下是其核心设题特点与破解策略：
一、核心设题特点
1. 定位明确，但概括要求高
特点：题目明确指向某个特定段落(如：What is the main idea f the secnd paragraph?)。答案必须是对该段落整体功能的概括，而非其中某一句的复述。
陷阱：选项常包含该段落中最生动、最具体的细节，极具吸引力。
2. 段落功能化，强调“服务于整体”
特点：段落大意往往由其在全文中的“角色”决定。命题人考查你是否理解该段落为何存在——它是为了提出论点、举例证明、分析原因、对比反衬，还是引出下文？
陷阱：选项可能描述了段落内容，但未能点明其功能，或功能判断错误(如将“举例”当成“提出观点”)。
3. 逻辑关系是解题密钥
特点：段落内部和段落之间的逻辑关系(如：因果、转折、举例、递进)是推断段落大意的核心线索。尤其是段首和段尾的句子，常承上启下或点明本段意图。
陷阱：忽略逻辑信号词(如Hwever, Fr example, Therefre, Mrever)，导致理解碎片化。
4. 选项间区分度小，需精确认知
特点：几个选项可能话题相近，但侧重点、范围或结论有微妙差别。需要像“显微镜”一样辨别。
典型干扰项：
细节概括：只概括了段落中的一个例子或数据。
范围溢出：内容包含了上一段或下一段的部分意思。
功能错位：混淆了段落的具体内容和它要实现的论证目的。
二、黄金解题步骤：“功能定位三步法”
第一步：结构定位，明确段落“角色”
审题：明确是哪一段。
回看：快速浏览该段落的上一段结尾和下一段开头，理解上下文语境。
自问：这一段在文章中扮演什么角色？(参考下表)
第二步：内容提炼，抓住“对象+陈述”
仔细阅读该段落，忽略细节和例子：找出该段落的核心讨论对象(是什么？)。找出关于该对象的核心陈述(怎么样？)。
用一句话概括：本段通过(角色功能)，说明了(对象)的(核心陈述)。
第三步：选项比对，进行“功能验证”
将你的概括与选项比对，并验证：
覆盖性：选项是否概括了段落的主要句子，而非某个细节？
排他性：选项内容是否基本限定在本段内，没有大量涉及外段内容？
功能性：选项的表述是否反映了该段在全文中的角色？(例如，如果该段是例子，正确选项通常会出现 “an example f”, “illustrates” 等词。)
三、高阶难点与应对
难点：段落无主题句，需要综合推断
对策：将段落各句意思进行逻辑叠加。问自己：如果删掉这一段，文章会缺失什么？这个“缺失的部分”就是段落大意。
难点：段落承上启下，功能复杂
对策：重点关注段落首尾句。如果首句连接上文，尾句开启下文，那么该段的大意很可能是 “从A话题过渡到B话题” 或 “在承认A的基础上，引出更重要的B”。
【思维导图】
【典例3】(2023新课标Ⅰ卷, D)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
(建议用时：40分钟)
【类型一：高考真题主旨大意题片段训练】
【片段01】(2024新课标I卷第26题)
Leigh Tindale’s dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared t put him t sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dg’s suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths. And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse, Nappy, “mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.
26. What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A. Steps f a chirpractic treatment.B. The cmplexity f veterinarians’ wrk.
C. Examples f rare animal diseases.D. The effectiveness f hlistic medicine.
【片段02】(2023新课标I卷第32题)
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【片段03】(2022全国甲卷第31题)
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins (企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career (职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【片段04】(2023新高考II卷B篇)
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says. “They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes. “We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues. “They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Rescuing Schl GardensB. Experiencing Cuntry Life
C. Grwing Vegetable LversD. Changing Lcal Landscape
【类型二：高考真题主旨大意题语篇训练】
(2025全国高考I卷 C)
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29. What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A. Keep their cities livable.B. Prmte cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A. They bsted the sales f cars.B. They turned ut largely ineffective.
C. They wn gvernment supprt.D. They advcated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Why the Rush?B. What’s Next?C. Where t Stay?D. Wh t Blame?
(2025全国高考II卷 C)
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating,” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
28. Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tugh cmpetitin.B. It suffered a great lss.
C. It gt lts f financial supprt.D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A. They appeal mre t students.B. They purify the envirnment.
C. They raise the crtisl level.D. They enhance prductivity.
30. What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A. The necessity f scial skills.B. The meaning f sustainability.
C. The imprtance f repeated effrts.D. The value f prfessinal pinins.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Time t Replace HuseplantsB. Plants Bst Yur Md
C. Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD. Plants Brighten Yur Hme
【类型三：推理判断题名校好题调研】
【调研1】(25-26高三上·重庆)Earlier this year, Alicia Meyer, a researcher at the University f Pennsylvania, tried t figure ut the true wnership f a pair f leather glves that rested in the university’s library fr nearly a century. The lng-frgtten mysterius glves culdn’t have belnged t William Shakespeare. Or culd they?
Few relics tied t Shakespeare, wh died in 1616, have survived the centuries. The writer’s signature is extremely rare, existing nly in legal dcuments. Hwever, that Penn may pssess a Shakespearean treasure is n surprise. Its Shakespeare cllectins, mstly frm the dnatins f H. H. Furness, the greatest Shakespearean schlar f his time, are wrld-famus. Amng the Shakespearean jewels at Penn’s library is a 1611 editin f Hamlet, ne f nly 19 cpies in the wrld. But nthing like the glves. They caused a stir when Furness’ sn dnated them in 1931.
Meyer reached ut t cnservatin librarian Tessa Gadmski fr help, wh studied them with technlgy nrmally used t treat and care fr rare bks and papers. Examining the glves under ultravilet light, Gadmski searched fr clues f any pst-industrial materials, which wuld shw the glves were likely made r repaired after Shakespeare’s time. And fund nne. Next, she used x-ray flurescence technlgy t search fr signs f chrmium (Cr) r titanium (Ti), cmmnly used in 18th- and 19th- century tanning techniques. Again, she fund nne.
It wuld fit that Shakespeare wuld wn a pair f fancy glves. Clthes, as he nce famusly wrte, make the man. His plays made the mney. His father was a glve maker. Plus, it was cmmn fr rich peple t dnate clthes, and even glves, t theaters fr cstumes, Meyer said.
“If he really wre them, then we feel like we’re smehw in the presence f him,” Penn prfessr Zachary Lesser said abut the glves. But in his heart f hearts, he feels it’s a lng sht that they’ll ever truly knw. He hpes the renewed attentin culd unearth sme histrical evidence that culd definitively tie the glves t the hands f perhaps the greatest writer the wrld has ever knwn.
28. Why is it nt surprising that the glves at Penn may belng t Shakespeare?
A. The glves have been kept there fr years.
B. Penn has a histry f seeking valuable relics.
C. Penn is knwn fr wning rare Shakespearean items.
D. The glves were dnated by a Shakespearean schlar.
29. What was the significance f Gadmski’s wrk?
A. It ruled ut nn-Shakespearean pssibilities.B. It cnfirmed the glves’ link t Shakespeare.
C. It secured the glves’ lng-term preservatin.D. It uncvered pst-industrial glve-making methds.
30. What is the functin f Paragraph 4?
A. T suggest anther rigin f the glves.B. T cnclude the findings f the research.
C. T supprt the assumptin abut the glves.D. T prvide mre infrmatin abut Shakespeare.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Where did the glves Lead Us?B. Did Shakespeare Own These glves?
C. Shakespeare’s glves Resurfaced at PennD. Lng-frgtten glves Fund Their Owner
【调研2】(25-26高三上·江苏镇江·期中)These days, institutins and cmpanies lve t annunce what they’re ding t tackle the climate crisis. But in reality, the claims are nt always accmpanied by real, effective actin — a shady practice knwn as greenwashing. But at the same time, ther cmpanies are nt cmmunicating their sustainability actins. This phenmenn is knwn as “greenhushing” and it culd be just as dangerus as greenwashing. When rganizatins tne dwn their effrts, the brader sustainability cnversatin can be weakened — and the pprtunity fr businesses t be drivers f scial change culd be lst. But why wuld cmpanies deliberately hide things that they are ding well?
Our research has investigated hw and why rganizatins take part in greenhushing. We fcused particularly n hw this ccurs in service rganizatins. First, we examined the cmmunicatin strategies f 300 UK htels engaged in envirnmentally friendly practices acrss three channels: htel websites, prfiles (简介) n travel site Bking.cm, and scial media platfrms. We fund that 62% f UK htel websites d nt include sustainability infrmatin, with nly 2% f scial media psts referring t it. Althugh bking platfrms signal the sustainability f htels that have third-party certificatins, htel websites ften dn’t prvide much explanatin in this regard.
Next, we uncvered three main reasns fr the tendency twards nt cmmunicating — r even hiding — sustainability actins. First, managers spke f reputatinal risks, highlighting their fear f being accused f greenwashing. Secnd, managers said they lacked cnfidence abut the effectiveness f their sustainability practices. Finally, many service managers highlighted that instead f cmmunicating gd practice, they relied n sustainability certificatins prvided by third-party institutins t d the talking fr them. But cnsumers dn’t always understand all these certificatins.
T build trust, it wuld be better fr rganizatins t prvide clear and cmprehensive infrmatin abut their specific sustainability actins. The sustainability dialgue needs t be prmted s that businesses have the pprtunity t act as genuine drivers f scial change.
32. What des the authr think f greenhushing in paragraph 1?
A. It is a new frm f greenwashing.B. It slws dwn sustainability prgress.
C. It urges rganizatins t make effrts.D. It is mre harmful than greenwashing.
33. What d the statistics presented in paragraph 2 indicate?
A. A rise in the quality f envirnmental psts.
B. A gap between green actins and cmmunicatin.
C. A drp in the cmmunicatin effectiveness f htels.
D. A cntrast between htel websites and ther channels.
34. What may cause cmpanies t avid cmmunicating their sustainability effrts?
A. Fear f unfair criticism.B. Cnsumers’ lw demands.
C. Lack f third-party certificatins.D. Managers’ dependence n laws.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Greenhushing: Businesses Understating Sustainable Practices
B. Greenhushing: Businesses Discuraging Envirnmental Effrts
C. Greenwashing: Businesses Prmting Sustainable Develpment
D. Greenwashing: Businesses Shwing Envirnmental Cmmitments
(建议用时：30分钟)
【抢分练1】(25-26高三上·湖南·长沙)Understanding a prf in a math textbk is ne thing; being able t recnstruct it withut help is anther thing. My classmates and I learned this the hard way at university. Mst f ur exams were ral exams, and nthing expses a lack f deep knwledge faster than trying t explain a cncept t smene.
Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able t parrt back memrized ntes that they barely understand, an ral test demands creative thinking in real time. When presented with a prblem, students nt nly need t recall relevant definitins and theries, but they als need t apply them-smetimes in ways they never anticipated.
Students ften fall int a familiar trap. They read the textbks, highlight key passages, and review lecture ntes. These activities feel prductive, but when exam day arrives, a student will ften realize their passive familiarity with the material desn’t translate int the ability t apply it. Nr des it translate int a gd grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making prgress, but withut actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly.
Cnsuming infrmatin is nt the same as develping skills. The cgnitive psychlgist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinctin between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memry is the result f thught.” In ther wrds, we frget mst f what we encunter and remember nly what we think abut. Reading abut calculatins desn’t autmatically create the neural pathways needed t slve calculating prblems. Thse pathways nly frm thrugh deliberate practice: by slving prblems, making mistakes, and experiencing the struggle.
As a general rule, the harder yur brain wrks during practice, the better it perfrms when it matters. T truly master smething, yu shuld embrace challenges and accept the slw, ften frustrating, pace f true learning. The ral math exam was valuable because it brke the illusin f passive learning. Standing in frnt f the prfessr, faced with a prblem, there’s nwhere t hide. The pressure t prduce mathematics revealed the true state f ur understanding. T truly knw what we dn’t knw, we shuld simulate ur wn ral exams by picturing an imaginary prfessr asking questins and frcing urselves t figure ut answers n ur wn.
1. What des the underlined phrase “parrt back” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Repeat mechanically.B. Appreciate deeply.
C. Apply creatively.D. Frget quickly.
2. Why d students fall int the learning trap?
A. Because f ver-reliance n textbks.B. Because f brilliant exam perfrmance.
C. Because f a false sense f cmpetence.D. Because f veremphasis n memry skills.
3. Which f the fllwing statements might Daniel T. Willingham agree with?
A. Repeated expsure strengthens memries.B. Active engagement builds slid memry.
C. Memry imprves with extensive reading.D. Learning ccurs when teachers ask questins.
4. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A. Passive Learning: The Silent Killer f Exams
B. Cnscius Practice: The Best Way t Learn Math
C. Oral Math Exams: The Frustrating University Tests
D. Active Learning: The Key t Mastering Knwledge
【抢分练2】(2026·浙江宁波·模拟预测)Sick yung ants release a smell t tell wrker ants t destry them t prtect the clny frm infectin, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens d nt seem t cmmit this act f self-sacrifice.
Many animals cnceal illness fr scial reasns. Ant clnies, hwever, act as ne “super-rganism” which wrks t ensure the survival f all, similar t hw infected cells in ur bdies send ut a “find-me and eat-me” signal, accrding t an Austria-led team f scientists.
When adult wrker ants get an illness, they leave the nest t die alne. Yung ants, knwn as pupae, in cntrast are still trapped inside a ccn, making scial distancing impssible. Scientists had already figured ut that when these pupae are terminally ill, there is a chemical change that prduces a particular smell. Adult wrker ants then gather arund, remve the ccn, “bite hles in the pupae and insert pisn,” Dawsn said.
Fr the research, the scientists wanted t figure ut whether the pupae “were actively saying: ‘hey, cme and kill me,’” Dawsn said. First, the scientists extracted the smell frm the sick pupae f a black garden ant. When they applied the smell t a healthy brd in the lab, the wrkers still destryed them. Then, the team cnducted an experiment shwing that the sick pupae nly prduce the smell when wrker ants are nearby, prving it is a deliberate signal fr destructin. “While it is a sacrifice — a truly altruistic act — it’s als in their wn interest, because it means that their genes are ging t survive and be passed n t the next generatin,” Dawsn said.
Hwever, there is ne member f the nest that des nt sacrifice itself. When queen pupae are infected inside their ccns, they d nt send ut the smelly warning signal, the team fund. “Are they cheating the system?” Dawsn said the team asked themselves. Hwever, they fund that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the wrker pupae, and s they were able t fight ff the infectin — and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said. Dawsn hpes future research will investigate whether queen pupae sacrifice themselves when it becmes clear they will nt beat their infectin.
1. Why des the authr mentin the “find-me and eat-me” signal?
A. T explain the self-sacrifice signal system f the ants.
B. T cntrast disease respnses in insects and humans.
C. T shw hw ants carry ut scial distancing in the nest.
D. T describe the methd scientists used in their experiment.
2. What des the wrd “altruistic” in Paragraph 4 mst nearly mean?
A. Driven by self-preservatin instincts.B. Carried ut fr the benefit f thers.
C. Cntrlled by genetic prgramming.D. Triggered by external chemical signals.
3. Why dn’t queen pupae emit the warning signal?
A. They pssess superir immune defenses against infectin.
B. They use a bilgical trick t avid detectin.
C. They pstpne signaling until the infectin prgresses.
D. They rely n specialized prtective mechanisms.
4. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Sick yung ants invite destructin t save clny.
B. Sick yung ants send signals asking fr treatment.
C. Queen ants refuse t signal and avid sacrifice.
D. Different ant species shw varius sacrifice behavirs.
【抢分练3】(2026年1月浙江高考首考 A)
The City f Burlingtn public art prgram is presenting a series f temprary public art signs at the Beachway in cnjunctin with the Ontari Culture Days. This prject will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers t create artwrk that will be displayed n temprary signs alng the multi-use path. This call is pen t Burlingtn-based artists and is pen t all art frms that can be presented in a sign frmat. This includes, but is nt limited t: visual art, graphic art, phtgraphy, petry, shrt stry, nn-fictin, etc. Submissins may be frm existing r newly created wrk.
The artist fee fr this prject is $ 400. The City f Burlingtn will pay fr all csts related t the prductin, installatin (安装) and maintenance f the signs.
Estimated Prject Timeline
Applicatin Package
Artwrk Statement: Please prvide a brief statement (maximum 150 wrds) utlining yur artwrk cncept.
Artwrk r Writing Submissin:
Visual Art Submissin: Please submit an artwrk sketch (草图) f yur cncept. This can be a wrk in prgress rather than a cmpleted piece. If yu are prpsing t use a cmpleted artwrk, please submit it as yur “sketch”.
Writing Submissin: Submissins must be a maximum f 250 wrds. It may be a stand-alne piece such as a pem r shrt stry r a part taken frm a larger piece.
Artist Bigraphy: Please prvide a shrt intrductin (maximum 50 wrds) t the artist written in the third persn.
21. What is the purpse f this text?
A. T raise mney fr lcal artists.B. T release a cllectin f artwrk.
C. T intrduce a cultural festival.D. T call fr artwrks fr a prject.
22. Hw lng will the public art signs be n display?
A. Ten days.B. Three weeks.C. One mnth.D. Tw mnths.
23. Which f the fllwing meets the applicatin requirements?
A. A 150-wrd pem.B. A 100-wrd self-intrductin.
C. A 300-wrd stry.D. A 200-wrd artwrk statement.
【抢分练4】(2025高考北京卷 C)
Nt t lng ag, n a cld winter night, there was a teenager wh wanted mre screen time and a parent wh said n. The teenager was advcating fr her right t scrll (翻屏) fr an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that nne f her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 ’clck. “I thught, in this family, we dn’t cmpare urselves with ther peple, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — wh was me, by the way — just gt served. Since they were yung, I have tld my kids nt t cmpare themselves with ther peple. I have argued cuntless times that cmparisns are the “thief f jy”.
Althugh my daughter didn’t win, she did help expse ne f the wrst pieces f advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all dne befre, which is t repeat received wisdm withut explring the nuances. But nw is the time t set the recrd straight, which starts with questining the idea that all scial cmparisn is unhealthy.
Scial cmparisns d, f curse, ften get us int emtinal truble. But they can be harnessed (利用) fr ur betterment if we understand hw they wrk. The scial cmparisns we make — nes that lead us t feel gd r bad abut urselves — are vital t ur ability t thrive (成长). Science prvides a guide we can use t harness the way we perfrm these cmparisns t reduce their negative emtinal impacts.
Cmparing yurself with smene wh is utperfrming yu culd result in feelings f envy if yu fcus n the things they have and yu dn’t, r it can be energizing and inspiring if yu use these cmparisns as a surce f mtivatin, fr example, “If they can achieve that, s can I.” Cmparing yurself with smene wh is ding wrse than yu culd result in fear and wrry if yu think abut hw yu culd fall int similar circumstances, r it can draw ut feelings f gratitude and appreciatin if yu use that cmparisn t braden yur views — fr example, “Ww, things culd be much wrse; I’m ding great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. Hw we feel abut urselves rests nt just n whm we cmpare urselves with but als n hw we think abut that cmparisn. That’s smething we all have cntrl ver.
28. Hw did the authr feel abut his daughter’s argument?
A. Excited.B. Inspired.C. Energized.D. Relieved.
29. What des the wrd “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A. Majr achievements.B. Cmplex feelings.C. Significant impacts.D. Fine differences.
30. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Cmparing Ourselves with Others Can Becme a Healthy Habit
B. Cmparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C. Scial Cmparisns Can Get Us int Emtinal Truble
D. Scial Cmparisns Can Be Cntrlled by Science
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August2
Call fr Artists respnses due
By August 12
Successful artists selected; enter int a cn tract with the City f Burlingtn
September6
Final artwrk files due
September 23-Octber 13
Artwrk displayed fr duratin f Culture Days celebratin