高考英语二轮讲义-阅读提分利器：推理判断攻略（重难专练）（北京专用）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读提分利器：推理判断攻略（重难专练）（北京专用）（学生版），共27页。试卷主要包含了原文定位是根基，同义转换找依据，绝对表述需警惕，委婉表达常为真等内容，欢迎下载使用。

突破点：正确答案四大特征
1：委婉表达（may、might、culd、pssibly、likely），避免绝对化（如2023年第34题答案C用“is bad at”而非“cannt”）。
2：同义转换（用不同词汇表达原文核心含义，如2024年第20题“appreciative”对应原文“built n”“use this idea”）。
3：基于原文逻辑（因果、转折、对比的合理延伸，而非无依据猜测）。
4：贴合主旨（不偏离文章核心话题，如2023年第39题答案C贴合“拒绝与新机遇”的主旨）。
Eg. （2025北京高考真题）
Our life stry is smething that starts cming tgether in ur teenage years, when we begin t rganise ur lives int chapters arund key events r life changes, and begin t see urselves as bth the central character and, t a varying extent, the stry’s authr. Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t.
What can be inferred abut persnal stries?
A．They are unrelated t health.B．Cnsistent nes lead t stress.
C．They are relevant t happiness.D．Thematic nes hld back change.
根据段中“Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
考点一：考查细节推理。
解题规则
定位原文细节→分析细节隐含逻辑→排除与细节直接重复的选项→选择“同义转换+合理延伸”的答案。
1.（2023北京高考真题）Sitting in the garden fr my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pcket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started ff: “Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu…” and my visin blurred (模糊). The psitin—measuring sil quality in the Sahara Desert as part f an undergraduate research prgramme — had felt like the answer I had spent years lking fr.
Hw did the authr feel upn seeing the email sender’s name?
A．Anxius.B．Angry.C．Surprised.D．Settled.
答案：A
解析：
推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started ff: “Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu…”and my visin blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。
2.（2022北京高考真题）
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn. This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking—which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A．The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D．The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
答案：A
解析：
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking—which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
3.（2024北京高考真题）Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A．Living cnditins were the drive.B．Unwritten rules were the target.
C．Scial traditin was the basis.D．Hnesty was the key.
答案：A
解析：
推理判断题。根据第一段“With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的道德规范的形成是由于他们所处的严酷生活环境所驱动的，这种环境促使他们形成了一种务实的道德观念，以应对生活的挑战。文中提到规范是“unwritten and rarely expressed clearly”，但并未说明这是形成道德规范的目标；虽然文中提到传统在一定程度上影响了因纽特人的道德规范，但并未强调这是形成道德规范的基础；文中提到“Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f”，但并未强调诚实是形成道德规范的关键，而是多种行为规范共同构成了道德体系。故选A项。
考点二：考查作者态度推理。
解题规则
抓情感关键词（褒义：admire、valuable、effective；贬义：anny、dubtful、harmful；中性：describe、explain、discuss）→结合句式语气（转折句、反问句）→排除“绝对化态度”（如cmpletely、never）。
4.（2024北京高考真题）
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A．appreciativeB．dubtfulC．uncncernedD．disapprving
答案：A
解析：
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
5.（2023北京高考真题）
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
答案：A
解析：
推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
考点三：考查逻辑关系推理。
解题规则
识别逻辑连接词（because、hwever、by cntrast等）→梳理上下文逻辑链→推断“未明说的原因/结果/差异”。
6.（2024北京高考真题）
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B．Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C．Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D．Written laws have great influence n virtues.
答案：B
解析：
根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
考点四：考查主旨延伸推理。
解题规则
概括文章核心主旨→排除与主旨无关的细节选项→选择“主旨+合理延伸”的结论（不超出文本核心范畴）。
7.（2023北京高考真题）
Sitting in the garden fr my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pcket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started ff: “Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu…” and my visin blurred (模糊). The psitin—measuring sil quality in the Sahara Desert as part f an undergraduate research prgramme — had felt like the answer I had spent years lking fr.
I had put s much time and emtinal energy int applying, and I thught the rejectin meant the end f the rad fr my science career.
S I was shcked when, nt lng after the email, Prfessr Mary Devn, wh was running the prgramme, invited me t bserve the wrk being dne in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shcked—and verjyed—when she invited me t talk with her abut ptential prjects I culd pursue in her lab. What she prpsed didn’t seem as exciting as the riginal prject I had applied t, but I was ging t give it my all.
I fund myself wrking with a rbtics prfessr n techniques fr cllecting data frm the desert remtely. That prject, which I culd cmplete frm my sfa instead f in the burning heat f the desert, nt nly survived the lckdwn but wrked where traditinal methds didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest t pursue.
When I applied t graduate schl, I fund three prgrammes prmising t allw me t fllw my desired research directin. And I applied with the same anxius excitement as befre. When I was rejected frm ne that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) t keep it frm sending me int panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted int ne f the ther prgrammes I was als excited abut.
Rather than setting plans in stne, I’ve learned that smetimes I need t take the pprtunities that are ffered, even if they dn’t sund perfect at the time, and make the mst f them.
What can we learn frm this passage?
A．An invitatin is a reputatin.B．An innvatin is a reslutin.
C．A rejectin can be a redirectin.D．A reflectin can be a restrictin.
答案：C
解析：
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stne, I’ve learned that smetimes I need t take the pprtunities that are ffered, even if they dn’t sund perfect at the time, and make the mst f them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。
考点五：考查态度观点推理。
解题规则
定位他人观点的表述→分析语境情感倾向→排除“混淆作者与他人观点”的选项。
8.（2022北京高考真题）
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A．sympatheticB．uncncernedC．dubtfulD．excited
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. uncncerned不关心的；C. dubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
9.（2024北京高考真题）
In secndary schl, art was my favurite subject. Since I lved it s much I thught I was gd at it. Fr the art O-level exam I had t present an il painting. I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.
Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
A．Scared.B．Wrried.C．Discuraged.D．Wrnged.
答案：C
解析：
推理判断题。根据第二段“I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。
考点六：考查应用文体隐含信息推理。
解题规则
梳理文本核心信息（时间、对象、要求、优势）→推断“未明确说明但必然成立”的信息→排除“超出文本范围的过度推断”。
10.（2025北京高考真题）
Schedule f Prgramming
Accrding t the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in?
A．Keynte Speech n 17 July.B．Yuth Panel n 18 July.
C．Celebratin n 19 July.D．Prgramme Shwcase n 20 July.
答案：B
解析：
细节理解题。根据“Schedule f Prgramming”中的安排，18 July 的活动安排里有“13:00 - 14:15 Yuth Panel(13:00 - 14:15 青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。
（建议用时：15分钟）
【类型一：细节推理】
1．（2025北京高考真题）
Althugh my daughter didn’t win, she did help expse ne f the wrst pieces f advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all dne befre, which is t repeat received wisdm withut explring the nuances. But nw is the time t set the recrd straight, which starts with questining the idea that all scial cmparisn is unhealthy.
Hw did the authr feel abut his daughter’s argument?
A．Excited.B．Inspired.C．Energized.D．Relieved.
2.（2023北京高考真题）
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
【类型二：观点态度】
3. （2025北京高考真题）The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better.
Fr many years, psychlgists saw identity as a cmbinatin f smene’s values, beliefs, gals and scial rles. Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives.
Our life stry is smething that starts cming tgether in ur teenage years, when we begin t rganise ur lives int chapters arund key events r life changes, and begin t see urselves as bth the central character and, t a varying extent, the stry’s authr. Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t.
Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. He discvered that whether smene describes having had sme cntrl ver events in their past is an imprtant predictr f a persn’s mental health. Anther key theme invlves finding sme kind f psitive meaning after stressful events. “Peple culd talk abut gaining knwledge r persnal grwth,” says Jhnsn. His research shws that this is ften missing fr peple with mental health cnditins. The gd news is that there is evidence we can learn t change ur wn stry.
Lisa Green, anther researcher, sunds a few ntes f cautin (谨慎). Fr instance, hearing abut the pwer f redemptive (拯救性的) stries, many peple may feel frced t find a psitive angle n hrrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes peple t lk fr the silver lining behind every clud.
If yu want t turn ver a new leaf, thugh, ne tp tip is that it helps t chse a significant date that signals the start f a new “chapter”. Cntrary t ppular dubt, reslutins made n 1 January are mre effective fr this reasn. S, whether yur gal is saving mney r getting fit, there is n better time t becme the authr f ur wn destiny (命运).
What des the authr mainly d in this passage?
A．Clarify a gal.B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a cmparisn.D．Illustrate an apprach.
【类型三：逻辑关系】
4.（2021北京高考真题）
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy? What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A．present an assumptinB．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experimentD．intrduce an apprach
5.（2022北京高考真题）“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A．illustrate an argumentB．highlight an pinin
C．intrduce the tpicD．predict the ending
（建议用时：15分钟）
【类型一：细节推理】
1. （2024北京高考真题）One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big wman in red apprached me, handed me a bag f paints, and tld me t start painting. The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. Accrdingly, I started by experimenting with water clurs. Finally, I bught sme il paints.
Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
A．Cnfusing.B．Empwering.
C．Disturbing.D．Entertaining.
2.（2023北京高考真题）
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
【类型二：观点态度】
3.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
4.（2021北京高考真题）
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A．wrriedB．puzzled
C．surprisedD．scared
【类型三：逻辑关系】
5.（2024北京高考真题）
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A．cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B．cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C．stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D．turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
6.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
（建议用时：15分钟）
Passage 1
（2025·北京东城·二模）
Have yu ever felt as thugh the temperatures yur lcal weather app reprted failed t capture hw it felt utside? Well, yu were right. As heat waves becme mre intense and mre frequent, we need t change the way we think abut utdr temperatures. What matters is nt hw ht the air is but hw ht the weather is t a human bdy. Fr that, we need “wet-bulb glbe temperature”.
Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic rganizatins, the military and regulatrs have used fr decades, cmes frm a device with three thermmeters t better capture hw heat stresses the bdy The first is a basic thermmeter, which measures the air temperature. The secnd is a thermmeter inside a black ball, which captures the heat ur bdies absrb frm direct sunlight. The third is a thermmeter cvered in a wet clth, mimicking ur bdy’s ability t cl itself with sweat and accunting fr factrs such as humidity (湿度) and air mvement. The three readings are cmbined using a weighting system t prduce the wet-bulb temperature.
Wet-bulb temperature might sund like the “heat index” — that is, when yur lcal weatherpersn says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s ging t feel like 98 because f humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are als critical differences.
The heat index assumes yu’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees t the heat index. One way t understand the value f using wet temperatures is t lk at maps cmparing them with the mre familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresn, Calif., which is frecast-t reach 102 degrees. But humidity is lw, s the crrespnding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New Yrk City, fr cmparisn, is frecast t be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making cnditins even mre dangerus than in Fresn.
Dn’t get me wrng. I just want t stress that we cannt ignre the even mre dangerus weather happening elsewhere that might be less bvius. Of curse, it will take time fr the public t becme familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The dwnside is that, because they are generally lwer than dry temperatures r the heat index, peple culd misinterpret them. The slutin is t educate peple abut why they’re necessary.
Plicymakers have strategies t prtect against extreme heat. Fr example, Prtland, Ore, has begun distributing free air cnditiners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white rfs can reflect the sun’s heat and incming slar radiatin. And planting mre trees adjacent t buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths.
But these measures matter nly if peple and cmpanies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The gal shuld be t help peple experiencing extreme heat t prtect themselves. We have the tls t measure this crrectly; we just need t use them.
1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The develpment f high-tech thermmeters.
B．The measurement f wet-bulb temperature.
C．The standard f temperature classificatin.
D．The applicatin f a weighting system.
2．It is implied in this passage that ______.
A．dry temperatures can be misleading
B．wet temperature is higher than heat index
C．intense heat paired with lw humidity can be risky
D．ptential dangers f extreme heat shuld be stressed
3．As fr current heat-fighting strategies, the authr thinks ______.
A．they may fail t deliver
B．they shuld be mnitred
C．they ught t be diversified
D．they can raise heat awareness
4．What is the purpse f the passage?
A．T illustrate a cnceptB．T make a cmparisn.
C．T prpse a practice.D．T present a phenmenn.
Passage 2
（2025·北京西城·二模）In the quiet twn f Greenfield, situated in the hills f upstate New Yrk, David Lee had built a life arund his art. His small studi in an ld Victrian huse was a sanctuary (庇护所) where he painted landscapes that captured (展现) the heart f the twn he lved. The walls were cvered with pieces f art, each ne reflecting his dedicatin and passin.
One crisp autumn evening, as the sun set, casting a glden glw ver the twn, David wrked n what he believed was his best piece yet. Lst in his wrk, he barely nticed a flash f light in the crner f his eye.
It was a neighbr wh first saw the smke. By the time David realized what was happening, the fire had spread thrugh half f his studi. He rushed utside, hrrified t see the flames (火焰) cnsuming everything he had wrked s hard fr. Within minutes, his studi was reduced t ashes.
The fllwing days were cluded with srrw. David wandered the streets f Greenfield, cnfused and with n purpse. Friends and neighbrs ffered their supprt, but nthing culd replace the years f wrk destryed. One evening, as he sat n a bench in the twn square, he nticed children drawing with chalk n the pavement. Their laughter and creativity cut thrugh his despair.
David realized his passin fr art wasn’t tied t the physical space f his studi. It was smething deeper within him. He decided t start ver, t rebuild his life and art anew.
With the help f his friends, David set up a small wrkspace in the cmmunity center. He began painting again, this time with renewed purpse. His first piece was an acknwledgment f Greenfield, capturing the twn’s resilience (坚韧). As he painted, he felt a sense f peace he hadn’t felt in weeks.
One day, while finishing a challenging piece, a yung girl apprached him. “What are yu painting?” she asked.
David smiled. “It’s a stry,” he said. “A stry f resilience and hpe.”
The girl ndded, her eyes reflecting the clrs n the painting. “It’s beautiful,” she said.
David felt warmth in his chest. He realized his art was abut mre than just paintings — it was abut cnnecting with thers and sharing his jurney. Frm then n, David painted nt nly fr himself but fr everyne wh needed a reminder f the beauty in the wrld. Thugh his studi had changed, his passin fr art had been renewed, and in that, he fund a new kind f resilience.
1．Hw did David feel after the fire destryed his studi?
A．Angry and bitter.B．Grateful and cntent.
C．Lst and empty.D．Anxius and regretful.
2．What is the significance f the children drawing n the pavement?
A．Their creativity helps David find jy again.
B．They are a reminder f the fire’s destructin.
C．They represent the future f art in Greenfield.
D．They shw hw the twn has frgtten abut David’s art.
3．What is the theme f David’s first new painting after the fire?
A．Renewal.B．Resilience.C．Peace.D．Passin.
4．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The flash tday is the silence tmrrw.
B．The less yu expect, the mre yu appreciate.
C．The flame that burns yu may als light yur way.
D．The greatest radblcks are the nes yu cannt see.
考点
五年考情（2021-2025）
命题趋势
考点1考查细节推理
（基于具体信息推断隐含意义）
（5年12考）
2021北京卷—
What can we infer frm this passage?
Hw did the authr feel abut jining the OIC prject in the beginning?
What can we cnclude frm this passage?
2022北京卷—
What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
2023北京卷—
What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
Hw did the authr feel upn seeing the email sender’s name?
Accrding t the authr, the prject with the rbtics prfessr was ________.
2024北京卷—
What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
2025北京卷—
What can we learn frm this passage?
Hw did the authr feel abut his daughter’s argument?
1.隐含信息推理为主导：不再考查表层事实，侧重基于细节的合理推断，间接得出结论。
2.作者态度考查常态化：近5年每年必考2-3题，涉及对观点、现象、他人言论的态度判断，选项多为褒贬中性三类，需结合语境关键词。
3.逻辑关系深度考查：侧重因果、转折、对比关系的推理。
4.主旨延伸推理增多：要求基于文章主旨推断合理结论或后续发展。
5.跨段落推理成为难点：需整合多段信息形成结论，而非局限于单句或单段。
6.应用文体推理贴近实际：广告、活动通知类文本中，侧重推断“适用人群”“隐含优势”“未明说的要求”等。
考点2考查作者态度推理
（判断作者对话题/观点的情感倾向）
（5年6考）
2021北京卷—As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
2022北京卷—Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
2023北京卷—
Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is_____ .
The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
2024北京卷—As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
2025北京卷—What des the authr mainly d in this passage?
考点3考查逻辑关系推理
（因果、转折、对比关系的隐含推断）
（5年9考）
2021北京卷—
The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
What can we learn frm this passage?
2022北京卷—
The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
What can we learn frm this passage?
2023北京卷—
What des the authr intend t tell us?
What can we learn frm this passage?
2024北京卷—
What can we learn frm this passage?
It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
考点4考查主旨延伸推理
（基于主旨推断合理结论）
（5年1考）
2025北京卷—What can we learn frm this passage?
考点5考查态度观点推理
（推断他人观点或文章隐含立场）
（5年2考）
2024北京卷—
What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
考点6考查应用文体隐含信息推理
（5年1考）
2025北京卷—Accrding t the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in?。
干扰选项四大陷阱及应对策略
陷阱类型
识别技巧
选项分析
过度推断
选项加入原文无依据的“额外条件”或“极端结论”
干扰项B“Cnsistent nes lead t stress”，原文仅说“一致的个人故事带来更高满意度”，无“导致压力”的依据
偷换概念
替换原文关键词（如将“happiness”改为“stress”）
干扰项D“Thematic nes hld back change”，原文说“主题故事可促进改变”，偷换为“阻碍改变”
绝对化表述
出现must、never、all、nly等词
干扰项A“They are unrelated t health”，原文明确“个人故事与幸福感相关”，“unrelated”绝对化
事实复述
直接重复原文细节，而非推理结论
干扰项无（本题正确答案C是原文“greater verall life satisfactin”的同义推断）
17 July Time Activities
14:00-15:00 Lead t Change Kick-ff
15:00-16:30 Prgramme Shwcase
16:30-18:00 Track Wrkshps
18 July Time Activities
9:30-11:00 Career Fireside Chats
13:00-14:15 Yuth Panel
14:15-16:20 Track Keyntes
19 July Time Activities
8:00-12:00 Off-site Experiences
13:00-15:00 Gallery Viewing
15:15-16:45 Adult Wrkshps
20 July Time Activities
9:00-11:15 Explre Wrkshps
13:30-16:00 Keynte Speech
16:15-17:00 Celebratin