高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解之推理判断题（解析版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解之推理判断题（解析版），共26页。学案主要包含了题型特点，方法技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。

推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。
一、题型特点
1.推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：knw abut, learn frm, infer, imply, suggest, cnclude, purpse, attitude, prbably, mst likely等。
2.推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
3.推理判断题干扰选项特征
A．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
B．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
C．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
D．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
E．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
F．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
二、方法技巧
1.细节内容推断
A.判定信息源的要素——题干特征
这类题型的常见提问方式是：
By mentining ..., the authr indicates that ________.
The stry/example in the secnd paragraph is meant t ________.
What can we learn frm the ... study?
What is mst likely t
What can we infer abut
The first tw paragraphs suggest that ________.
Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt?
What des the authr think f
Hw wuld the authr feel abut
What is special abut
B.信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法
这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。
做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。
例1
原文
Brn and raised in Africa, I had always taken my African rigin as a burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had t relcate t Nrway, where I attended a high schl. Cmpared t all the white girls arund me, with their glden hair and delicate lips, I, a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nse ften had a thin sheet f sweat n it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted t bury myself in my shell crying “I'm s different!”
What affected the authr's adjustment t her schl life in Nrway?
A. Her appearance.
B. Scial discriminatin.
C. Her changing emtins.
D. The climate in Nrway.
解析 根据题干中的关键词her schl life in Nrway可定位在节选段落(原文第二段)。根据第三句可知,作者将自己的卷发、厚唇与白人女孩的金发、精致的嘴唇作对比时,更加厌恶自己。由此推断,她的外貌(appearance)影响了她融入挪威的生活,故A项正确。
例2
原文
The derring effect culd be useful fr many ther challenges t. If yu enjy cking, fr example, yu may faithfully fllw a recipe withut questining the instructins. But why nt try t break away frm thse habits and deliberately d the “wrng” thing fr a change, and see where yur derring takes yu? If yu are painting, meanwhile, yu culd relax ne f the cnstraints (限制) that yu usually put n yur wrk and see what yu prduce.
Which f the fllwing wuld the authr encurage yu t d?
A. Strictly fllw traditinal recipes when cking.
B. Avid making mistakes and be a perfectinist.
C. Occasinally ignre traffic regulatins.
D. Try uncnventinal clring in painting.
解析 上述段落中,作者用If引出了一个喜欢烹饪的人的常规操作,紧接着用But一词对该内容进行了否定。作者使用why nt...的句式给出了建议,建议读者打破常规,做出改变。最后一句用绘画的例子说明如何做出改变。由此推断,作者鼓励读者在不同领域打破常规限制。选项D(在绘画中尝试非常规的色彩运用)符合打破常规的建议。
例3-2024北京，B
When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and jyusly making marks n the walls at hme. In primary schl, I learned t write using chalks. Writing seemed t be anther frm f drawing. I shaped individual letters int repeating lines, which were abstract frms, delightful but meaningless patterns.
In secndary schl, art was my favurite subject. Since I lved it s much I thught I was gd at it. Fr the art O-level exam I had t present an il painting. I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.
1. Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
A. Scared.B. Wrried.C. Discuraged. D. Wrnged.
1. C推理判断题。根据题干关键词the art exam可定位到第二段。根据“I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.”可知，作者普通证书考试没及格且分数很低，这让她觉得自己没有天赋。由此可推知考试结果让她丧失信心（discuraged）。故选C。
例4-2024北京，B
One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big wman in red apprached me, handed me a bag f paints, and tld me t start painting. The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. Accrdingly, I started by experimenting with water clurs. Finally, I bught sme il paints.
Althugh I have enjyed breaking my decades-lng tab abut wrking with il paints, I have discvered I nw prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn int cartns I send t friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxius. This time arund, I can accept my limitatins but keep ging.
3. Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
A. Cnfusing. B. Empwering.
C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining.
3. B推理判断题。根据题干关键词the authr’s dream可定位到第四段。根据“The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst.”可知，作者感到这个梦很权威，是一种力量，让她找回失去的东西，也就是信心。故选B。cnfusing令人困惑的；empwering给予力量的；disturbing令人不安的；entertaining使人愉快的。
例5-2024北京，D
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f;leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
1. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.
D. Hnesty was the key.
1. A推理判断题。根据题干关键词Inuit和mral cde定位到文章首段。根据最后一句“With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.”可知，在加拿大背部这样一个生活条件艰苦的地方，因纽特人对道德问题的实际处理办法十分合理。由此可以推知，生活条件驱动了因纽特人的道德准则的形成。
例6-2023北京，C
In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld's mst serius prblems:climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
1. The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t .
A. draw a cmparisnB. intrduce a tpic
C. evaluate a statementD. highlight a prblem
1. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Francis Cle可定位到第一段。段首点出本文的话题——短期主义(shrt-termism)。然后引用Francis Cle的话来强调短期主义的问题——无法考虑长期的目标和后果。
二．段落内容推断
1．据题干特点初步断定推理类型
对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有：
It can be inferred frm the text that ________.
Accrding t ..., we can infer that ________.
Frm the text we can learn/cnclude that ________.
What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imply, cnclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。
2．深层推断5注意
(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。
(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。
(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
例1
原文
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Hw des kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It prmtes their academic perfrmance and emtinal grwth.
B. It gives them mre cnfidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps t make respnsible peple ut f them.
解析 上述段落中作者表达了参与艺术活动对孩子的三个益处,分别是学业成绩更好(greater achievements in their educatin)、未来找到工作的机会更大(a greater chance f finding emplyment)以及健康的情感回应(healthy emtinal respnses)。A项中提及的“促进学业成绩以及情感成长”符合该段落中提到的益处。
例2
原文
Mst f us, in fact, prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.
What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4?
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
解析 根据in fact和逻辑词But确定该段的段落结构和内容。But前的句子说明了“我们”目前的状态(缩小了生活的多样性、被困在专业化领域并且丧失了好奇心)。But后的内容假设了机会无处不在的条件。由此推断,该段先阐明了我们失去好奇心的问题,而后给出获得机会的建议。故C项(机会青睐有好奇心的人)正确。
例3-2023北京，B
Sitting in the garden fr my friend's birthday, I felt a buzz(振动) in my pcket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender's name. The email started ff:“Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu...” and my visin blurred(模糊). The psitin—measuring sil quality in the Sahara Desert as part f an undergraduate research prgramme—had felt like the answer I had spent years lking fr. I had put s much time and emtinal energy int applying, and I thught the rejectin meant the end f the rad fr my science career.
S I was shcked when, nt lng after the email, Prfessr Mary Devn, wh was running the prgramme, invited me t bserve the wrk being dne in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shcked—and verjyed—when she invited me t talk with her abut ptential prjects I culd pursue in her lab. What she prpsed didn't seem as exciting as the riginal prject I had applied t, but I was ging t give it my all.
I fund myself wrking with a rbtics prfessr n techniques fr cllecting data frm the desert remtely. That prject, which I culd cmplete frm my sfa instead f in the burning heat f the desert, nt nly survived the lckdwn but wrked where traditinal methds didn't. In the end, I had a new scientific interest t pursue.
When I applied t graduate schl, I fund three prgrammes prmising t allw me t fllw my desired research directin. And I applied with the same anxius excitement as befre. When I was rejected frm ne that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective(视角) t keep it frm sending me int panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted int ne f the ther prgrammes I was als excited abut.
Rather than setting plans in stne, I've learned that smetimes I need t take the pprtunities that are ffered, even if they dn't sund perfect at the time, and make the mst f them.
4. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. An invitatin is a reputatin.
B. An innvatin is a reslutin.
C. A rejectin can be a redirectin.
D. A reflectin can be a restrictin.
4. C推理判断题。纵观全文，作者讲述了自己两次被拒的经历，因此“被拒”成为贯穿全篇的一条线。每一次被拒后，他都充分利用现有机会创造新的机遇，而新的机遇又让他燃起新的热情。故选C项（被拒绝可以让人找到新的方向）。
例4-2022北京，C
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect(交叉) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
2.What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A.The first bjective f systems thinking hasn't been achieved.
B.The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C.Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D.The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
2. A推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知系统思维对于实现零饥饿和改善营养等目标至关重要(crucial)。由第二段最后两句话可知根据系统思维，改变食品系统需要做三件事。首先，研究人员需要确定(identify)该系统中的所有参与者，而第三段提到“human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn”，由此可知第一个目标“确定该系统中的所有参与者”未能达到。
3.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断
1．“言外之意”题的三种提问方式
有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有：
When the writer talks abut ..., what he/she really means is ________.
By “...”， the writer suggests that ________.
What des the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate?
“言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。
2．“言外之意”题的两种题型
第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。
第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。
这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。
例1-2022北京，C
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It's a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn't part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
1.The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t .
A.illustrate an argument B.highlight an pinin
C.intrduce the tpic D.predict the ending
1. C推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，本文以画线句（Crystal教授问学生的一个问题）引入，而学生们难以回答，究其原因是想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变为现实对科学家来说是一项罕见的技能。Crystal教授想改变这一现状，于是提出了“系统思维”。由此可推知，作者在第一段使用画线问句的目的是引出文章主题。说明文的首段一般起引出主题的作用，而画线问句位于首段开头，由此亦可推断出其目的。
[推断6技巧]
技巧1 理解通篇大意，把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
技巧2 关注特定措辞，推断作者态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
技巧3 利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断。
技巧4 抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理
逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
技巧5 结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理
阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料。但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理。
技巧6 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。
[谨防4失误]
解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱。考生常出现的典型错误有：
（建议用时：40分钟）
一
【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】T increase yur chances f landing an assignment fr a travel guidebk, yu need t find ut what the publishers are lking fr．Here are links t their submissin guidelines with a few special requirements and tips．
Fnr's
Fnr's is a publishing cmpany f bth travel guidebks and nline cntent cvering thusands f destinatins wrldwide．Visit Fnrs．cm/abut-us, and near the bttm f the page yu'll find "Write fr Us" with infrmatin fr submitting articles．D remember t attach a cpy f ne f yur ther wrks when cntributing．
☆TIP: Fnr's always hires writers wh live in the destinatins they cver．S, it's gd t remember: While yu may want t write abut a freign destinatin, mre than likely yu're clser t being an expert abut the place where yu live．
Wrkman
Wrkman publishes unique and unexpected travel guides such as 1, 000 Places t See Befre Yu Die, and The Fd Lver's Guide t Paris．Cnsider them if yu're interested in writing a nntraditinal travel guide．Yu can find their submissin guidelines at wrkman．cm/wrk-with-us．They require a typical nnfictin bk prpsal with a suggested table f cntents and authr infrmatin．A chapter f yur ther bks is als required．Send yur submissins t submissins@wrkman.cm．
☆TIP: If they dn't accept yur article, yu might be lucky enugh t get feedback abut why．
Lnely Planet
Writers can get in tuch with Lnely Planet by visiting their "Becme a Cntributr" page at LnelyPlanet.cm/cntribute．At that page yu'll find a frm asking fr a resume（简历）and links t yur ther writing, but there's als space fr mre travel-related infrmatin such as gegraphical knwledge and level f fluency in relevant languages．
☆TIP: Yu'll find they als accept articles fr "Travel News"．If they say yes, yu may get anther chance fr a bigger jb such as a guidebk．
Fr mre infrmatin n publishers, please visit CntributrsDigest.cm．
21．This passage is mainly fr _______________．
A．guidesB．writers
C．travelersD．publishers
22．Wh may prvide advice n hw t imprve articles?
A．Fnr's．B．Wrkman．
C．Lnely Planet．D．Cntributr's Digest．
23．What is required by all the cmpanies?
A．Gegraphical knwledge．B．Nntraditinal ideas．
C．Overseas experience．D．Previus writing．
【答案】21．B 22．B 23．D
【分析】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了三个出版社接受文章的标准，出版社网址以及一些特殊要求和提示。
21．推理判断题。通过文章第一段“T increase yur chances f landing an assignment fr a travel guidebk, yu need t find ut what the publishers are lking fr．Here are links t their submissin guidelines with a few special requirements and tips．（为了增加你得到编写旅行指南工作的机会，你需要明白出版商想要的是什么。以下是他们网站的链接，其中有一些特殊要求和提示。）”可以推知，本篇文章主要是通过介绍一些出版社，为作家提供机会。故选B项。
22．推理判断题。根据文章“Wrkman”部分的小贴士“If they dn't accept yur article, yu might be lucky enugh t get feedback abut why．（如果他们不接受你的文章，你可能会很幸运地得到关于原因的反馈。）”可知 BWrkman．可以就如何改进文章提供建议。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。通过文章“Fnr's”部分“D remember t attach a cpy f ne f yur ther wrks when cntributing．（请记住在投稿时附上您的其他作品的副本。）”和“Wrkman”部分“A chapter f yur ther bks is als required．（你的其他书籍的一章也是必需的。）”以及“Lnely Planet”部分“At that page yu'll find a frm asking fr a resume（简历）and links t yur ther writing.( 在那一页，你会看到一张要求提供简历和你其他作品的链接的表格。)”可以推知，所有公司都要求作者有作品，即有写作经验。故选D项。
二
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】Yu’ve raced t the supermarket nly t realise yu’ve left the shpping list hme. Yu need t memrise which grceries t pick up befre yu frget. Thankfully, there’s a memry aid that’s perfect fr the jb: the peg-wrd methd.
What is the peg-wrd methd?
It emplys a set f pre-determined wrds, regarded as peg wrds, fr the t-be-remembered infrmatin. Peg wrds act as a structure t help yu remember particular items. Essentially, yu’re hanging infrmatin yu need t recall n these pegs, which allws it t be recalled quickly and easily.
Initially, t use this methd, yu will have t remember the peg wrds as well as the numbers:
The next step is t create assciatins between the infrmatin yu need t remember and the item linked with the crrespnding number. If the first item, fr instance, is milk, then yu need t visualise the milk and a bun(小圆面包) tgether. The mre unusual yu can make yur image, the mre likely yu are t remember it. In this case, yu culd imagine a bun drinking a glass f milk.
Why is it useful?
As the case shws, it is mst useful when it cmes t remembering lists and yu can recall the listed items easily in rder. Anther way t use this memry aid is t memrise imprtant numbers, like phne numbers r dates. Fr instance, yu need t remember that William Shakespeare was brn in the year 1564. First, change that number t bun-hive-sticks-dr. Then imagine a stry t help yu remember the series:
William Shakespeare put a bun in a beehive t cat it in hney, but he didn’t like hw sticky it became s he threw it at a dr.
The peg-wrd methd has been wildly recgnized as a helpful memry aid. Fr mre infrmatin, please visit httpsjjmemry.cm/.
21．Hw can we apply the peg-wrd methd t recall an item?
A．List ut different meanings f the item.
B．Visualise the item and memrize its image.
C．Chse the item’s peg wrd and remember it.
D．Create a visual link between the item and its peg wrd.
22．What is the best way t remember the number 347 with the peg wrds in the table?
A．A hen drinks frm a bttle f wine.
B．A lad f eggs grw like fruit n a tree.
C．A tree grws thrugh the dr t heaven.
D．An apple shts ut f a bun and hits the dr.
23．What is the purpse f this passage?
A．T intrduce a helpful memry tl.
B．T advertise a brain training prgram.
C．T highlight the imprtance f peg wrds.
D．T analyze the necessity f training memry.
【答案】21．D 22．C 23．A
【导语】本文为一篇应用文，介绍了一种辅助帮助记忆的工具——挂钩词法。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Essentially, yu’re hanging infrmatin yu need t recall n these pegs, which allws it t be recalled quickly and easily.(从本质上讲，你把需要回忆的信息挂在这些挂钩上，这样就可以快速、轻松地回忆起来)”及表格下一段“The next step is t create assciatins between the infrmatin yu need t remember and the item linked with the crrespnding number. If the first item, fr instance, is milk, then yu need t visualise the milk and a bun tgether.(下一步是在你需要记住的信息和与相应数字相关联的项目之间建立联系。例如，如果第一件东西是牛奶，那么你需要想象牛奶和面包在一起)”可知，我们需要在事物和它的挂钩词之间创建一个想象链接，即，看到这些词就能想到对应的事物来帮助我们记住事物。故选D。
22．推理判断题。347对应数字three，fur，seven，观察表格可知，three=tree（树木），fur=dr（门），seven=heaven（天堂），将“树木，门，天堂”联系起来，得到C选项“从通往天堂的门里长出一棵树”。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Thankfully, there’s a memry aid that’s perfect fr the jb: the peg-wrd methd.(值得庆幸的是，有一种记忆辅助工具非常适合这项工作:挂钩词法)”及最后一段“The peg-wrd methd has been wildly recgnized as a helpful memry aid. Fr mre infrmatin, please visit httpsjjmemry.cm/.(挂钩词法被广泛认为是一种有助于记忆的方法。欲了解更多信息，请访问https://jjmemry.cm/)”可推知，本文是为了向大家介绍一种有用的记忆工具。故选A。
三
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】That day when Ludwig van Beethven died was ne f the saddest f my life. I had stayed with him fr mre than twenty years and lived thrugh many f his happiest mments and his triumphs as well as his mst unhappy times.
He wasn’t, hwever, the easiest f men t wrk fr. His mds were changeable s that he culd be reasnable at ne mment but mst impatient and intlerant at the next. All these prblems began in 1802 when he discvered his lss f hearing was nt temprary.
The lss f hearing brught him t a crssrads in his life. It was then that he realized that his future lay in cmpsing music. Luckily, althugh his deafness brught him fear and anxiety, he was able t use these emtins t inspire his wrk.
Dealing with his inner prblems and wrries, his music was bviusly subjective, which was nt the mst ppular type f its time. But peple recgnized his greatness. They did s even when they knew he culd nt acknwledge it. When he was cnducting his ninth and last symphny n its first perfrmance he was ttally deaf. S he just didn’t realize that the music had finished and cntinued t cnduct the rchestra. One f the singers had t turn him rund s he culd receive the cheers f the audience. Frm ne angle it was a sad mment but frm anther it was an even greater triumph. That a man with such a cnditin culd have written such dynamic music was verwhelming! It brught tears t my eyes t think that I had cntributed in sme small way by lking after him.
He dressed rather like a wild man himself. His hair was always untidy, his skin marked with spts and his muth set in a dwnward curve. He tk n care f his appearance and walked arund ur city with his clthes carelessly arranged. This was because he was cncentrating n his next cmpsitin.
Helping him mve huse many times, preparing his meals and lking after his everyday cmfrts were my reward fr a life living s clse t such a musical genius. I cnsider myself a lucky man!
24．The authr was mst likely t be Beethven’s _______.
A．studentB．dctrC．servantD．relative
25．What can be learned frm this passage?
A．Beethven’s music was underestimated at that time.
B．Beethven’s wrk was inspired by his fear and anger.
C．Beethven’s music stayed in step with the mainstream music f the time.
D．Beethven lst his ability t hear when first cnducting his ninth symphny.
26．Why did the authr tear in Paragraph 4?
A．Because the perfrmance was a cmplete success.
B．Because he played a part in Beethven’s success.
C．Because Beethven was cmpletely deaf then.
D．Because the audience cheered fr Beethven.
27．Accrding t the authr, Beethven culd be described as ________.
A．intlerant but cheerful
B．stubbrn but reasnable
C．changeable but dedicated
D．unsciable but easy-ging
【答案】24．C 25．D 26．B 27．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Ludwig van Beethven虽然失聪，但是仍然坚持作曲和指挥的故事。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Helping him mve huse many times, preparing his meals and lking after his everyday cmfrts were my reward fr a life living s clse t such a musical genius.(我曾多次帮他搬家，为他做饭，照顾他的日常生活，这些都是我与这样一位音乐天才如此亲近的回报。)”可知，作者最有可能是Beethven的仆人，故选C。
25．细节理解题。根据第四段“When he was cnducting his ninth and last symphny n its first perfrmance he was ttally deaf.(当他指挥他的第九部也是最后一部交响曲的第一次演出时，他完全失聪了。)”可知，贝多芬在第一次指挥他的第九交响曲时失去了听力。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“That a man with such a cnditin culd have written such dynamic music was verwhelming! It brught tears t my eyes t think that I had cntributed in sme small way by lking after him.(一个有这种状况的人能写出如此充满活力的音乐，真是令人难以置信！一想到我照顾他也尽了绵薄之力，我就热泪盈眶。)”可知，作者流泪是因为他对贝多芬的成功起了作用。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据第二段“His mds were changeable s that he culd be reasnable at ne mment but mst impatient and intlerant at the next.(他的情绪变化无常，有时还通情达理，有时又不耐烦、偏执。)”可知，Beethven是多变的，再根据倒数第二段“He tk n care f his appearance and walked arund ur city with his clthes carelessly arranged. This was because he was cncentrating n his next cmpsitin.(他不注意自己的外表，在我们的城市里随意地走来走去。这是因为他在专心作下一首曲子。)”可知，Beethven是专心致志的。故选C。
四
【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】 An Art Class
When Kelly was twelve, she started taking classes at Miss Grace’s Schl fr Art. She didn’t like it at first: the “nvice artists”—the kids wh hadn’t really dne art befre-wrked mstly with clay, and Kelly was a terrible sculptr.
It wasn’t until her third year that Kelly fund smething she was really gd at-charcal drawing (素描). She lved watching the lines spread unevenly acrss the page as she mved the bits f charcal back and frth ver the paper.
One day, Sphia, the best artist in her class, sat dwn and set up her easel (画架) next t Kelly. Kelly felt a sinking feeling in her stmach. She’d actually fund an art frm that she enjyed and was gd at-and nw Sphia was ging t utshine her again? Kelly fught back tears when Miss Grace entered the rm.
“Hell class, Miss Grace said.” We’ll cntinue t wrk n the prject tday. What masterpiece wuld Sphia have cme up with?
Kelly lked at Sphia’s easel and she culdn’t believe it-it was a mess! Fr a brief mment, Kelly culdn’t actually believe her drawing was better than Sphia’s.
But then she lked at Sphia, wh was watching Kelly with an anxius expressin. “I…. I culdn’t decide what t d,” Sphia said. “And yu’re s gd. Smetimes I feel like my stuff is just s bad in cmparisn.”
Kelly lked t see if Sphia was jking, but she seemed cmpletely serius. Nw Kelly was shcked. “I’m nt talented ... Miss Grace seldm praises me. Yu’re the best ne in ur class!”
Sphia raised her eyebrws. “I might be a really gd cpier f the stuff, but I have n idea what t d when it cmes t making up my wn images. Yu are s great at making new things ut f the ld stuff. I’ve lved yur wrks.”
“I’ve lved yurs, t,” Kelly said.
“Well, definitely nt this ne,” Sphia said.
Kelly smiled. “Maybe nt right nw. But if yu mve these lines up...” she said, pinting her finger n Sphia’s paper.
Sphia was quiet fr a mment. “That’s a great idea!” she said finally.
Kelly smiled and turned back t her drawing, lking every s ften at Sphia’s wrk t see that she was taking her advice, dwn t the last line.
24．When Kelly started classes at the art schl, she _____.
A．was nt gd at the curseB．lacked cnfidence in drawing
C．was ften pushed by Miss GraceD．did nt get alng with the ther kids
25．Hw did Kelly feel when Sphia sat beside her?
A．Thrilled.B．Cnfused.C．Frustrated.D．Relieved.
26．What did Kelly d in the art class?
A．She inspired Sphia.B．She praised Sphia’s creativity.
C．She decided t utshine Sphia.D．She finished the drawing fr Sphia.
27．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Interest is the best teacher.B．Yu are what yu believe t be.
C．Everyne has their wn strengths.D．Hard wrk will eventually pay ff.
【答案】24．A 25．C 26．A 27．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Kelly在一节艺术课上所发生的事情。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段“She didn’t like it at first: the “nvice artists”—the kids wh hadn’t really dne art befre-wrked mstly with clay, and Kelly was a terrible sculptr.(她一开始并不喜欢：那些“新手艺术家”——那些以前没有真正做过艺术的孩子——主要是用粘土创作的，而凯利是个糟糕的雕塑家。)”可知，当Kelly开始在艺术学校上课时，她不擅长这门课。故选A。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段“Kelly felt a sinking feeling in her stmach. She’d actually fund an art frm that she enjyed and was gd at-and nw Sphia was ging t utshine her again?(Kelly感到胃里有一种下沉的感觉。她真的找到了一种自己喜欢并擅长的艺术形式，而现在索菲亚又要比她更耀眼了？)”可知，当索菲亚坐在凯莉身边时，她感觉到沮丧。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Kelly smiled. “Maybe nt right nw. But if yu mve these lines up...” she said, pinting her finger n Sphia’s paper.(Kelly笑了。“也许不是现在。但是如果你把这些线往上移动……她用手指着索菲亚的纸说。)”和倒数第二段“That’s a great idea!(好主意！)”可知，Kelly在美术课上启发了索菲亚。故选A。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第六段“Yu are s great at making new things ut f the ld stuff.(你很擅长从旧事物中创造出新事物。)”可知，我们能从文章中了解到每个人都有自己的长处。故选C。
五
【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】At my first lessn in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher tld me plainly: “Nw I will teach yu hw t write yur name. And t make it beautiful.” I felt my breath catch. I was curius.
Grwing up in Singapre, I had an unusual relatinship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, s they asked frtune tellers t decide my name, aiming fr maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nnsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, rughly, “ld”, “barley (薏米)” and “warm”.
When I arrived in America fr cllege at 18, I put n an American accent and abandned my Chinese name. When I mved t Hng Kng in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided t learn calligraphy. Why nt get back in tuch with my heritage? I thught.
In calligraphy, the idea is t cpy the ld masters’ techniques, thereby refining yur wn. Every week, thugh, my teacher wuld give uncmfrtably n-the-nse assessments f my persn. “Yu need t be braver,” he nce bserved. “Have cnfidence. Try t prduce a bld strke(笔画).” Fr years, I had prided myself n presenting an image f cnfidence, but my writing betrayed me.
I was trying t make sense f this practice. Yu must visualize the wrd as it is t be written and leave a trace f yurself in it. As a bdily practice, calligraphy culd g beynd its wn cultural restrictins. Culd it help me g beynd mine? My teacher nce said t me, “When yu lk at the wrd, yu see the bdy. Thugh a wrd n the page is tw-dimensinal, it cntains multitudes, cnveying the frce yu’ve applied, the energy f yur grip, the arch f yur spine.” I had been learning calligraphy t get in tuch with my cultural rts, but what I was really seeking was a return t myself. Nw I have sensed that the pleasure ut f calligraphy allws me t knw myself mre fully.
During a recent lessn, my teacher pinted at the wrd I had just finished, telling me: “This wrd is much better. I can see the chices yu made, yur calculatins, yur flw. Trust yurself. This wrd is yurs.” He might as well have said, “This wrd is yu.”
24．What did the authr initially think f her name “Chen Yiwen”?
A．It was lucky s she gladly accepted it.B．She felt prud f its symblic meaning.
C．She understd the intentin but still disliked it.D．Its strange prnunciatin made her embarrassed.
25．The authr decided t learn calligraphy t ______.
A．pick up a new hbbyB．recnnect with her rigin
C．gain insights int a new cultureD．fit in with lcal cmmunity
26．Frm the teacher’s wrds, the authr learns that calligraphy ______.
A．reflects the creatr’s spiritsB．cmes frm creative energy
C．highlights the design f strkesD．depends n cntinuus practice
27．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Appreciate what ur culture ffers.B．Find beauty frm yur inner self.
C．A great teacher leads yu t truth.D．We are the sum f what we create.
【答案】24．C 25．B 26．A 27．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。这篇文章主要讲述了作者学习中国书法的经历和感悟，包括初次接触书法时的情景，名字的由来，在美国放弃中文名，回到香港学习书法的原因，老师对自己的评价，以及通过书法对自身的思考和认识等。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段“My parents are ethnically Chinese, s they asked frtune tellers t decide my name, aiming fr maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nnsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, rughly, “ld”, “barley (薏米)” and “warm”.( 我的父母是华裔，所以他们请算命先生给我取名字，希望能给我带来最大的好运。于是，我给自己取了一个毫无意义又尴尬的名字：陈薏温，意思大致是“陈旧”、“薏米”、“温暖”)”可知， 作者认为自己的名字“Chen Yi wen”是无意义且令人尴尬的，虽然父母是为了追求最大的运气才取这个名字，但她还是不喜欢。故选C。
25．细节理解题。根据第三段“When I mved t Hng Kng in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided t learn calligraphy. Why nt get back in tuch with my heritage? I thught.(当我在美国生活了14年后，于2021年搬到香港时，我决定学习书法。为什么不跟我的传统联系一下呢？我想)”可知，作者决定学习书法是为了重新接触自己的文化根源。故选B。
26．推理判断题。根据最后一段“During a recent lessn, my teacher pinted at the wrd I had just finished, telling me: “This wrd is much better. I can see the chices yu made, yur calculatins, yur flw. Trust yurself. This wrd is yurs.” He might as well have said, “This wrd is yu.”(在最近的一次课上，老师指着我刚完成的字对我说：“这个字好多了。我能看到你所做的选择，你的计算，你的心流。相信自己。这个词是你的。”他还不如说：“这个字就是你。”)”可推知，从老师的话中，作者了解到书法反映了创作者的精神。故选A。
27．推理判断题。推理判断题。根据最后一段“During a recent lessn, my teacher pinted at the wrd I had just finished, telling me: “This wrd is much better. I can see the chices yu made, yur calculatins, yur flw. Trust yurself. This wrd is yurs.” He might as well have said, “This wrd is yu.”(在最近的一次课上，老师指着我刚完成的字对我说：“这个字好多了。我能看到你所做的选择，你的计算，你的心流。相信自己。这个词是你的。”他还不如说：“这个字就是你。”)”可知，书法反映了创作者的精神。由此推知，作者想告诉我们，我们就是我们所创造的一切的总和。故选D。
六
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）Science begins with mystery. Arguably, the tw greatest mysteries are the universe and awareness-the vast wrld ut there and the pwerful wrld within. Scientists attracted by ne can be called t study the ther, led by the thught that these mysteries are cnnected. Science writer Gerge Musser’s bk Putting Ourselves Back in the Equatin (方程) reviews their prgress: Can physics unlck the mystery f awareness? Des awareness frm the basis f fundamental physics?
The result is an ambitius but ultimately disappinting tur, filled with breathless encunters with well-knwn scientists. Representative f the cast is MIT’s Max Tegmark, wh tells Musser, “If yu lk at the prblems that were still difficult t answer in fundamental physics, pretty much all f them trace back t awareness.”
The bk shws hw physicists are cntributing t understanding the mind, cntinuing a lng histry f physicists explring ther fields. Musser integrates physics with neurscience, ecnmies, mathematics and mre. Yet a key surce f lcal knwledge is bviusly absent — psychlgy. An early example: Musser rightly applauds physicists’ cntributins t artificial neural netwrks but is verly trustful f their implicatins, declaring that “ChatGPT” is already starting t demnstrate a generalized intelligence like that f humans. Interviewing mre psychlgists culd have expsed the cnsiderable gap remaining.
What abut awareness itself? Why are sme states assciated with felt experience, such as the pain f a headache and the sight f a sunset, but thers nt? Musser’s fcus is integrated infrmatin thery(IIT). IIT begins with five self-evident principles f awareness: awareness exists, and it is structured, specific, unified, and definite. It then cncludes assumptins cncerning the causal structure f awareness systems, identifying awareness with integrated infrmatin. Finally, IIT ffers a mathematical measure f this quantity: an equatin fr awareness.
Hwever, despite its enthusiasts, IIT has significant prblems. Its wrking basis is unfunded, and serius dubts surrund its testability and definability. Of curse, a thery f awareness must detail when, why, and t what degree we are aware f urselves. Here, psychlgy’s absence is mst bvius. Over the last century, psychlgical research has revealed cuntless phenmena f awareness, frm mdels that alter awareness t methds that stimulate unawareness; frm extrardinary disrders f awareness t careful studies f metacgnitin (元认知).
Althugh questinable, such phenmena are the data that any scientific thery f awareness must accunt fr. Yet these phenmena and ideas are almst nwhere in the bk. Of curse, psychlgy has nt slved awareness, but ne cannt hpe t explain awareness withut cnfrnting these data.
Awareness is genuinely mysterius. S is fundamental physics. But hping that physics can slve awareness while excluding ther appraches is nly a recipe fr mre mystery, nt less.
28．What can we learn frm Musser’s bk?
A．IIT is acknwledged fr its testability and definability.
B．Musser underestimates the impact f artificial intelligence.
C．Using psychlgy is a trend fr physicists explring ther fields.
D．Musser highlights physicists’ effrts t uncver the secret f awareness.
29．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．The link between physics and awareness has been established.
B．There is n dubt abut the principles f an equatin fr awareness.
C．A multidisciplinary apprach is essential t understanding awareness.
D．Study f awareness needs t ignre related psychlgical phenmena.
30．Regarding Musser’s view in his bk, the authr is .
A．neutralB．disapprvingC．supprtiveD．uncertain
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B
【导语】本文体裁为说明文。文本主要介绍了科学作家Gerge Musser的书籍《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equatin》及其探讨的主题——物理学与意识之谜的关系。文中提到了物理学家对意识研究的贡献，以及Musser在书中如何整合了物理学、神经科学、经济学、数学等多个领域的知识来探讨这个问题。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Science writer Gerge Musser’s bk Putting Ourselves Back in the Equatin (方程) reviews their prgress: Can physics unlck the mystery f awareness? Des awareness frm the basis f fundamental physics? (科学作家Gerge Musser的书《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equatin》回顾了他们的进展：物理学能解开意识之谜吗？意识构成了基础物理学的基础吗？)”和第三段中的“The bk shws hw physicists are cntributing t understanding the mind, cntinuing a lng histry f physicists explring ther fields. (这本书展示了物理学家如何为理解心灵做出贡献，延续了物理学家探索其他领域的悠久历史。)”可知，Musser的书《Putting Ourselves Back in the Equatin》探讨了物理学是否能解开意识的谜团，以及意识是否构成了基础物理的基础，这本书展示了物理学家如何为理解心灵做出贡献，物理学家在揭开意识之谜方面的努力。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Musser integrates physics with neurscience, ecnmies, mathematics and mre. Yet a key surce f lcal knwledge is bviusly absent—psychlgy. An early example: Musser rightly applauds physicists’ cntributins t artificial neural netwrks but is verly trustful f their implicatins, declaring that “ChatGPT” is already starting t demnstrate a generalized intelligence like that f humans. Interviewing mre psychlgists culd have expsed the cnsiderable gap remaining. (Musser将物理学与神经科学、经济学、数学等相结合。然而，当地知识的一个关键来源显然是缺失的——心理学。)”可知，虽然Musser的书尝试将物理学与神经科学、经济学、数学等多领域结合来探讨意识，但明显缺少心理学这一关键领域的参与。这暗示了理解意识需要一个多学科的方法。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。通读全文，结合最后一段“Awareness is genuinely mysterius. S is fundamental physics. But hping that physics can slve awareness while excluding ther appraches is nly a recipe fr mre mystery, nt less. (意识是真正神秘的。基础物理学也是如此。但是，希望物理学能够在排除其他方法的情况下解决意识问题，只会带来更多的谜团，而不是更少。)”可知，作者尽管肯定了其探索意识秘密的雄心和物理学家跨领域研究的努力，但同时也指出了其问题：强调用物理学来解决意识之谜的方法，而忽视了其他学科，特别是心理学的贡献和见解是不可行的。因此，作者对于Musser在书中的观点持不赞同的态度。故选B项。
年份
文体
词数
话题
考点分布
推理判断
命题趋势
2024
记叙文
354
作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性
3
出现在以主题语境为“人与社会”为主的记叙文，说明文，议论文中
2024
议论文
408
人与社会：讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的
3
2024
说明文
384
人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准
1
2023
记叙文
386
被拒绝也不是坏事，这意味着你能重新确定自己的方向。
3
2023
说明文
366
人与社会：人类社会发展中人们的短视现象
3
2023
说明文
429
人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响
2
2022
记叙文
348
参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦虑
1
2022
说明文
415
人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维
2
2022
议论文
400
人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？
1
议论文
关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。
说明文
关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。
科技说明文
通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。
记叙文
大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。
张冠李戴
命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了圈套。
以偏概全
考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”的结论。
浮于表面
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐述某个观点。这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄。但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图。
推己及人
很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中。考生易脱离原文而进行主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点。
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six= sticks seven= heaven eight= gate nine =vine ten= hen