上海高考英语二轮讲义-六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解（教师版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解（教师版），共32页。
目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 结构衔接题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 逻辑衔接题4
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 词汇衔接题 PAGEREF _Tc148898655 \h 5
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场8
题型简介
六选四阅读文章一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。
命题类型
观点句：常处于段落开头，用来明确提出该段落的核心主张，引领后续的论证阐述，为全段定下论述基调，例如 “In additin t ecnmic benefits, there is anther crucial aspect t cnsider.”，旗帜鲜明开启新论述方向。
细节支撑句：为已提出的论点补充事实依据、具体案例、统计数据、名人名言等内容，让抽象论点变得鲜活可感，增强说服力。比如论点是 “运动有益身心”，论据句可能列举长期运动人群的健康数据。
过渡衔接句：位于段落之间或段落内部，起到承上启下的关键作用，既总结上文关键要点，又自然流畅地开启下文新话题，确保论证层层递进、环环相扣，就像 “Hwever, the situatin is far frm perfect, and new prblems have emerged.”，在转折间推进论述。
总结句：常出现在段末，对全段论述内容进行扼要概括，再次强调论点，加深读者印象，或者对后续论证走向做含蓄铺垫，如 “In shrt, we need t take immediate actin t address this issue.” 。
解题思路
速览全文抓主旨：快速通读文章，尤其留意文章标题、首段以及每段首尾句，迅速提炼核心论点，明确文章围绕什么主题、秉持什么立场在展开议论，为后续解题锚定大方向。
分析空处位置定功能：若空缺处在段首，优先考虑论点句，要能提纲挈领；位于段中，大概率是衔接过渡或补充论据；要是在段尾，多为总结收尾，或是抛出引出下段的悬念话题。
找关键词匹配：仔细研读空缺处上下文，圈出关键实词，比对选项，找出与之匹配的词汇，像同义词、反义词、同类词，借助语义关联锁定潜在答案，例如上文提及 “envirnmental prtectin”，选项含 “green initiatives” 就值得关注。
依循逻辑关系选：关注文中逻辑连接词，如表示并列的 “and”“als” ，转折的 “but”“hwever”，因果的 “s”“therefre” 等，据此判断选项与上下文逻辑是否契合，使文章论证行云流水。
代入通读核查：把选好的句子依次填入文中，完整通读一遍，检查文章整体语义连贯、逻辑通顺与否，如有语义跳跃、衔接生硬的地方，需重新审视选项。
考向一 结构衔接题
句子衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。可按这几个原则判断空格与选项是否匹配。
1、结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断
1）若空格句出现在段首，则通常是段落主题句。
该句往往是对下面整个段落内容的概括和总结，反映整个段落的主旨和大意。读后文内容，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。关注每段首尾句，了解大意知主题。
（2025年浦东新区一模）
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Orangutan treats his wund with a medicinal plant
(50)________________ Perhaps he accidentally tuched a wund while feeding n a plant and experienced its analgesic(镇痛的) effects, causing him t repeat the behavir. It is als pssible that Rakus previusly learned the behavir frm ther rangutans, since yung rangutans rely n scial learning t acquire the skills necessary fr adult life.
【答案】 50. D：
后文开始猜测红毛猩猩这种行为的起源，如可能是偶然体验到植物的镇痛效果后重复行为，也可能是从其他猩猩那里学来的。D 选项 “劳默和他的同事们不知道这种行为是如何产生的，也不知道它起源于何处”，能够很好地引出后文对行为起源的各种猜测，起到了承上启下的过渡作用，使文章从对行为的描述自然地过渡到对行为起源的探讨。
(2024杨浦一模)
(70) _______________________ But the mre yu learn t cntrl yur memry, the better yu’ll be at mining yur past, and shaping yur future, t be yur best self nw.
【答案】 A
【解析】空格处位于本段段首，应引出下文；根据下文“But the mre yu learn t cntrl yur memry, the better yu’ll be at mining yur past, and shaping yur future, t be yur best self nw.(但是你越是学会控制你的记忆，你就能更好地挖掘你的过去并塑造你的未来，成为现在最好的自己)”可知，空格处应描述利用记忆的过程中会遇到的的困难；选项A. There’ll still be times when ld thughts cause sadness, r yu’re anxius abut what’s next.(有时旧的想法仍然会引起悲伤，或者你会对接下来会发生什么感到焦虑)描述了利用记忆的过程中遇到的困难。故选A。仍然会有一些旧思绪带来悲伤，或者你会对接下来会发生什么感到焦虑。这一句提到了在利用记忆的过程中可能遇到的困难，即旧思绪引起的悲伤和对未来的焦虑。因此，A选项与文章的内容和语境相符。
2）若空格句在段尾，则多属总结本段内容的总结句或引出下一段内容的过渡句。
A：在选项中看能否找到对前文整段的总结句。如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefre, as a result, thus, hence, in shrt, t sum up, t cnclude, in a wrd等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
B：与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。分析与前文是转折或是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题。
（2025年徐汇一模）
The pwer f placeb (安慰剂)
The pwer f the placeb effect pens up an exciting pprtunity t explre new avenues. Thugh we may nt fully grasp hw the placeb effects wrk, ne thing is clear: ur minds have an amazing ability t shape nt nly ur thughts but als ur physical health. ____50____
【答案】 50. E
【50题详解】
根据上文“Thugh we may nt fully grasp hw the placeb effects wrk, ne thing is clear: ur minds have an amazing ability t shape nt nly ur thughts but als ur physical health.(尽管我们可能无法完全理解安慰剂效应的工作原理，但有一点是清楚的：我们的思想具有惊人的能力，不仅能塑造我们的想法，还能影响我们的身体健康。)”可知，空处将进一步讨论安慰剂效应未来的利用，E选项“如果我们能学会利用积极思维的力量，或许有一天我们甚至能超越使用传统药物治疗轻微症状”恰恰承接了上文并展望未来。故选E。
(2024黄埔一模)
“Yu g t cllege right ut f high schl. That’s the rule, right?” says Nikki Ivey, a sales trainer and cnsultant utside Jacksnville, Fla. Hwever, it’s nt the case fr her. Actually, she gt her undergraduate degree at 28. __67__
【答案】 67.F
【67题详解】前文““Yu g t cllege right ut f high schl. That’s the rule, right?” says Nikki Ivey, a sales trainer and cnsultant utside Jacksnville, Fla, Hwever, it’s nt the case fr her. Actually, she gt her undergraduate degree at 28. (佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔市的销售培训师兼顾问尼基·艾维说，“高中一毕业就去上大学。这是规则，对吧?”。然而，她的情况并非如此。事实上，她28岁才拿到了本科学位。)”提到了她没有像大多数人一样顺利，F项(多年来，当她看着同龄人在学校和工作中奋起直追时，她感觉自己是个局外人，是个失败者。想着她永远追不上。)承接上文，说明她求学和工作的不容易。故选F项。
(2024虹口一模)
Mst f us d multitasking almst daily. But it’s time t change that. Yur attentin is already being pulled in millins f directins daily, s yu really dn’t need t add multitasking t the list. Let’s take the smartphne fr example. On average yu check yur phne 110 times a day — that means yu’re spending 23 days every year glued t yur smartphne! Hw prductive d yu think that makes yu? ___47___.
But it’s hard t let g f these habits because yu’ve cnditined yur brain t send misleading signals t yur bdy. Research has shwn that when yu multitask “successfully”, yu activate the reward mechanism in yur brain that releases dpamine, the happy hrmne.
【答案】47. B
【解析】前文“Mst f us d multitasking almst daily. But it’s time t change that. Yur attentin is already being pulled in millins f directins daily, s yu really dn’t need t add multitasking t the list. (我们大多数人几乎每天都要同时处理多项任务。但现在是时候改变这种状况了。你的注意力已经被每天数以百万计的方向所吸引，所以你真的不需要在列表中添加多任务处理。)”以及下文“Research has shwn that when yu multitask “successfully”, yu activate the reward mechanism in yur brain that releases dpamine, the happy hrmne.(研究表明，当你“成功地”完成多项任务时，你会激活大脑中的奖励机制，释放多巴胺，一种快乐激素。)”说明大脑释放的快乐多巴胺让你感觉很好，认为自己很有效率，鼓励这种一心多用的习惯。B项“像这样的习惯会让你一心多用，使你精神疲惫，效率低下。
故选B。
3）若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。
段中设空主要考查上下文的逻辑关系。有时会出现衔接词汇或短语结构, 这些词汇和短语结构在文章中起到提示逻辑关系的作用,是解题时需要重点关注的部分。考生应对常用的逻辑关系了然于心。
（2025年普陀区一模）
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Little Miss Mzart
An 11-year-ld British cmpser earned cmparisns with Mzart after her pera pened in Vienna t enthusiastic applause. Alma Deutscher, wh lived in Surrey with her parents, was already wrld-famus as a
vilinist and pianist befre her first full-length pera made its first perfrmance n the Austrian stage.
Cnductr Simn Rattle declared he was "abslutely bwled ver"when he first saw her perfrm, but it was Stephen Fry wh first predicted that Deutscher culd be this generatin's Mzart, after watching a vide f her perfrming nline. ______ 50______ She said, "I lve Mzart very much. He's prbably my favurite cmpser, but I dn't really like it when peple call me Little Miss Mzart' because I dn't like being called 'little'. I'm very big, and secndly, if I just wrte everything Mzart wrte again it wuld be bring. "
答案 50. A
50. A：前文提到斯蒂芬・弗莱预测多伊彻可能成为这一代的莫扎特，后文多伊彻表达自己对被称为 “小莫扎特” 的不喜欢，A 选项 “然而，这并不是这位 11 岁的孩子特别热衷的比较”，起到转折作用，引出她对这种比较的态度，所以选 A。
(2024长宁一模)
But what happens next? We all hpe the prisner will benefit frm sciety’s retributin. A spell (一阵子) in prisn will refrm him and make him a better persn. We all hpe he’ll refrm and becme like us. We all hpe that when he is eventually released, he will be a gd character. 68 But, let’s face it. The reality is usually very different. The prisner may be released n parle (假释)befre the end f his sentence. He will try t re-enter sciety. But then he ften becmes a victim himself, unable t find wrk and is rejected by sciety.
【答案】 E
【68题详解】
前文“We all hpe the prisner will benefit frm sciety’s retributin. A spell (一阵子) in prisn will refrm him and make him a better persn. We all hpe he’ll refrm and becme like us. We all hpe that when he is eventually released, he will be a gd character. (我们都希望犯人能从社会的惩罚中获益。在监狱里呆一段时间会改造他，使他成为一个更好的人。我们都希望他会改过自新，变得像我们一样。我们都希望当他最终被释放时，他会是一个好人)”描述人们对被惩罚过的罪犯的美好期待，后文“But, let’s face it. The reality is usually very
different. (但是，让我们面对现实吧。现实通常是截然不同的)”说明实际情况并非如人们所期待的那样。因此E项“The threat f anther spell in jail will stp him frm breaking the law again. (再次入狱的威胁会阻止他再次违法)”符合语境，同样是人们的美好期待，承接前文，和后文形成转折。故选E。
考向二 逻辑衔接题
2、逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断
1）因果关系 (Eg: As a result/ thus/therefre/s (such)…)
因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
2） 转折关系 (Eg: Hwever/nevertheless/nnetheless/thugh/yet/in spite f/n the cntrary /in cntrast /by cntrast/ in )
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。
3）并列关系 (Eg: first/secnd/third/t begin with/t cnclude)
并列关系主要指前后的句子间是平等的关系，可以互换位置。
4）递进关系 (Eg: als/ furthermre/ similarly/ mrever/ in additin/what’s mre）
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
5） 例证关系 (Eg: such as /fr examples/One f the examples is …)
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。
（2025年杨浦一模）
Disliking Vegetables Can Rub ff n Others
A research team set abut investigating hw the facial expressins that peple make as they eat affect a persn watching them. They asked mre than 200 wmen t watch vides f ther adults eating raw brccli. The peple in the vides wuld have different expressins while eating. They wuld smile, lk neutral r lk sickened by what they were tasting. The study fund that watching peple react with strng dislike t the brccli reduced hw much the wmen liked it. ___48___
Humans learn which behaviurs will benefit them, including eating, by watching the reactins f thers. ___49___ Scientists think that peple might avid fd that appears sickening because it culd help t prtect them frm eating smething that tastes bad r culd be dangerus.
【答案】 48. B 49. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了科学家的一项新发现：他人对蔬菜的喜好与否会影响我们的喜好。
【48题详解】
根据上文“A research team set abut investigating hw the facial expressins that peple make as they eat affect a persn watching them. They asked mre than 200 wmen t watch vides f ther adults eating raw brccli. The peple in the vides wuld have different expressins while eating. They wuld smile, lk neutral r lk sickened by what they were tasting. The study fund that watching peple react with strng dislike t the brccli reduced hw much the wmen liked it.(一个研究小组着手调查人们吃饭时的面部表情是如何影响观察他们的
人的。他们让200多名女性观看其他成年人吃生西兰花的视频。视频中的人在吃饭时会有不同的表情。他们会微笑，看起来很中性，或者对他们品尝的东西感到恶心。研究发现，观察人们对西兰花的强烈厌恶反应会降低女性对西兰花的喜爱程度)”可知，前文说看到别人强烈不喜欢西兰花会降低观看者对西兰花的喜爱，故此处需要承接上文继续说明研究发现的内容。故B选项“然而，积极的面部表情并没有让她们更喜欢西兰花”符合语境，故选B。
【49题详解】
根据上文“Humans learn which behaviurs will benefit them, including eating, by watching the reactins f thers.(人类通过观察他人的反应来学习哪些行为对自己有益，包括吃东西)”以及后文“Scientists think that peple might avid fd that appears sickening because it culd help t prtect them frm eating smething that
tastes bad r culd be dangerus.(科学家们认为，人们可能会避免吃那些看起来令人恶心的食物，因为这可以帮助他们避免吃那些味道不好或可能危险的东西)”可知，前文提到人类通过观察他人的反应来学习有益的行为，下文则指出人们可能会避免那些看起来令人作呕的食物，这说明人们通过观察他人的反应来学习饮食习惯，这是一种社会模仿行为，故D选项“这被称为社会模式，它对人们的饮食习惯有很大的影响”符合语境，故选D。
（2025年静安一模）
The persn prcrastinating usually des s despite knwing that the task is imprtant r valuable t them r thers, and that putting it ff culd be risky t them r thers. Big prjects may bring verpwering feelings which are likely t lead t prcrastinatin. ____48____ Answering an rdinary email frm wrk, fr example, may bring instant discmfrt, s the urge t escape such negative emtin defeats ne’s duty t cmplete the daily task.
【答案】 48. F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了拖延现象的本质及其影响因素，指出拖延是一种不必要的自愿延迟，通常源于对任务的负面情绪反应，而遗传和环境因素也会影响拖延行为，最终可能导致心理压力和不良后果。
【48题详解】
前文“Big prjects may bring verpwering feelings which are likely t lead t prcrastinatin. (大项目可能会带来难以抑制的情绪，这很可能导致拖延。)”提到大项目可能会导致拖延，后文“Answering an rdinary email frm wrk, fr example, may bring instant discmfrt, s the urge t escape such negative emtin defeats ne’s duty t cmplete the daily task. (例如，回复工作中的普通电子邮件可能会立即带来不适，所以逃避这种负面情绪的冲动会使一个人无法完成日常任务。)”举例具体说明一些日常的小事也会导致拖延，因此F项“Hwever, the threat can als cme frm smething tiny. (然而，威胁也可能来自微小的东西。)”符合语境，指出微小的东西也会造成拖延，与前文构成转折，后文是对其例证。故选F。
(2024徐汇一模)
In Ls Angeles in 2015, nly 33 percent f yuths lived within walking distance f a park, accrding t the L.A. Neighbrhd Land Trust. Lwer-incme neighbrhds tend t have the fewest public play spaces, despite ften having a high ppulatin density. ___70___
【答案】 70. B
【解析】根据上一段末“and a lack f safe places fr them t play utside the hme(他们在家以外的范围缺乏安全的玩耍场所)”以及本段中“In Ls Angeles in 2015, nly 33 percent f yuths lived within walking distance f a park, accrding t the L.A. Neighbrhd Land Trust. Lwer-incme neighbrhds tend t have the fewest public play spaces, despite ften having a high ppulatin density.(根据洛杉矶社区土地信托的数据，2015年，洛杉矶只有33%的年轻人住在步行可达的公园内。低收入社区往往拥有最少的公共游戏空间，尽管那里的人口密度通常很高)”可知，本段是对上一段提到的“孩子们在家以外的范围缺乏安全的玩耍场所”举例说明，B项“尽管农村地区有更多未开发的户外空间，但他们往往缺乏操场、跑道和锻炼设施”符合语境，故选B。
考向三 词汇衔接题
3、词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断
1）代词
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；ne指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或thse指代前句的复数名词。
2）词汇复现/同义词/反义词
英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。
3）同一范畴词（上下义词）
上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。
（2025年静安一模）
The cming f a new year marks a fresh start and mtivates many peple t break bad habits. Sme are easier t shake than thers. Hwever, the tendency t prcrastinate is amng the stickiest. Whether it’s finishing a piece f wrk, sending an email r ging fr a run, sme tasks can becme uncnquerable. The easiest way t deal with these tasks is t put them ff until later r never at all. It’s prcrastinatin. It is a specific frm f delay that is bth unnecessary and vluntary. ____47____ At its heart, prcrastinatin is abut avidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s ften the emtins attached t an activity that cause peple t pause. Handling the first lines f a cllege essay may bring up feelings f self-dubt, fr example. When yu’re faced with a brad questin r tpic t write abut, the lack f clear instructins can prduce a fear f nt getting it right r f what might happen if yu get it wrng.
【答案】47. D
【47题详解】
前文“It’s prcrastinatin. It is a specific frm f delay that is bth unnecessary and vluntary. (这是拖延。这是一种既不必要又自愿的特殊延迟形式。)”引入拖延的话题，介绍其性质，后文“At its heart, prcrastinatin is abut avidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s ften the emtins attached t an activity that cause peple t pause. (拖延的核心是逃避。导致人们暂停的往往不是任务本身，而是与活动相关的情绪。)”指出拖延是由逃避与任务相关的情绪导致的，因此D项“It isn’t caused by the persn’s need t priritize ther tasks r by an unexpected emergency. (它不是由人们需要优先处理其他任务或意外的紧急情况引起的。)”符合语境，指出拖延不是由什么原因导致的，承前启后，其中的It指代前文的prcrastinatin。故选D。
（2025年奉贤一模）
Ratting n Crimes
___50___ They will be armed with custm-made vests (马甲) . With their frnt paws, they will be able t pull a small ball attached t the chest f their vest, which gives ut a beeping sund. This way rats will be able t alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats culd becme illegal hunters' wrst enemy.
【答案 50. F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员训练非洲老鼠识别濒危动物制品气味的相关研究，以及利用这些训练有素的老鼠来打击非法野生动物贸易。
【50题详解】
根据下文“They will be armed with custm-made vests (马甲) . With their frnt paws, they will be able t pull a small ball attached t the chest f their vest, which gives ut a beeping sund. This way rats will be able t alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats culd becme illegal hunters' wrst enemy. (他们将装备定制的背心。它们会用前爪拉一个小球，小球附着在背心的胸前，并发出哔哔声。这样，当老鼠发现目标时，它们就能提醒处理者。一旦经过充分训练和准备，这些巨型老鼠可能成为非法猎人最大的敌人)。”可知本段是关于老鼠工作的过程，所以F选项“为此目的，这些经过训练的老鼠将在非法野生动物贸易的热点地区工作。”符合题意，并且选项中的this purpse呼应上文（上一段）的停止捕获、杀害和收获动植物的行为，故选F。
(2024闵行一模)
____48____ One respndent believes there is n true emtinal bnding withut smelling a lved ne. Infants recgnize their mthers’ durs sn after birth. Individuals were able t distinguish by the smell alne clthing wrn by their partners frm similar clthing wrn by ther peple.
【答案】 48. A
【48题详解】
根据后文“One respndent believes there is n true emtinal bnding withut smelling a lved ne. Infants recgnize their mthers’ durs sn after birth. Individuals were able t distinguish by the smell alne clthing wrn by their partners frm similar clthing wrn by ther peple.(一位受访者认为，如果没有闻到爱人的气味，
就没有真正的情感联系。婴儿在出生后不久就能认出母亲的气味。个体仅凭气味就能分辨出伴侣穿的衣服和其他人穿的相似的衣服)”可知，本段的主旨是气味可以帮助人分辨社会关系。故A选项“气味也是社会关系的重要信号”符合语境，故选A。
A
【来源】上海市同济大学第一附属中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月考试英语试题
Fear is gd; in emergencies, it enables us t fight r flee. But ften we get scared at the wrng time - when we step nt the field fr a big sccer game r up t the micrphne at a large twn meeting. Prfessinal athletes and actrs say sme nervusness help them cncentrate better. But, when perfrmance anxiety is t pwerful, it undermines ur effrts; a vilinist cannt find the crrect ntes, a manager in a meeting frgets all the talking pints. 17 .
The human anxiety reactin begins almst autmatically and includes clear physilgical symptms; a racing heart, sweating, stmach pains. Sme peple have truble breathing r feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw int themselves r shck thers arund them with aggressive utbursts. If the need t perfrm is a regular requirement, they may suffer frm nightmares r fall int depressin. 18 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able t apply lgical intelligence n standard tests than calmer clleagues
19 Yet psychlgist Duglas H. Pwell f Harvard Medical Schl is cnvinced that severe stage fright is a phenmenn unt itself, given that it appears in nly certain well-defined situatins. Sciphbes (社恐的人) , in cntrast, suffer merely when thers are present. Whereas peple with scial phbias fear the negative feelings f thers, thse swith perfrmance anxiety are their wn harshest critics. They are perfectinists and wuld rather cancel an appearance — r avid it —than nt meet their wn standards and, by extensin, nt be able t demnstrate hw gd they are.
This destructive style f thinking ften arises frm a lack f self-esteem. 20 Previus bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a schl play r a single failed test can smetimes aruse such strng feelings f shame in yungsters that as adults they will avid any remtely similar undertaking.
A．Sme therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptms f fear.
B．Survival may nt hang in the balance, but scial, prfessinal r financial success can seem t be in grave danger.
C．All these symptms eat away at the very resurces needed t rise t the ccasin: steady hands, clear memry and a cl head.
D．The individual begins by imagining failure, wrks himself r herself int a state and then criticizes his r her wn abilities.
E．At Harvard, Pwell fund that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises frm cmpletely cntrllable precnditins.
F．Because perfrmance anxiety arises when ther peple are present, many psychlgists believe that the cnditin is a sub-categry f scial anxiety.
【答案】17．B 18．C 19．F 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是在公共场所的恐惧和焦虑所带来的不好的影响。
17．空前“But, when perfrmance anxiety is t pwerful, it undermines ur effrts; a vilinist cannt find the crrect ntes, a manager in a meeting frgets all the talking pints.(但是，当表现焦虑过于强烈时，它会破坏我们的努力；小提琴手找不到正确的音符，经理在会议上忘记了所有的谈话要点。)”说明过于焦虑并不好，空格处应该继续说过于焦虑的坏处，B选项“Survival may ht hang in the balance, but scial, prfessinal r financial success can seem t be in grave danger.(生死未定，但社会、职业或经济上的成功似乎都处于严重危险之中。)”说明的是过于焦虑所带来的不好的影响，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选B。
18．空前“The human anxiety reactin begins almst autmatically and includes clear physilgical symptms; a racing heart, sweating, stmach pains. Sme peple have truble breathing r feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw int themselves r shck thers arund them with aggressive utbursts. If the need t perfrm is a regular requirement, they may suffer frm nightmares r fall int depressin.(人类的焦虑反应几乎是自动开始的，包括明显的生理症状；心跳加速，出汗，胃痛。有些人呼吸困难或感到头晕。因此，受到惊吓的受害者可能会退缩到自己身上，或者用攻击性的爆发来震惊周围的人。如果需要表演是一种经常性的需求，他们可能会做噩梦或陷入抑郁。)”说明的是一些焦虑的症状，空格处应该对这些症状进行评论，C选项“All these symptms eat away at the very resurces needed t rise t the ccasin; steady hands, clear memry and a cl head.(所有这些症状都在消耗应对突发事件所需的资源：稳定的双手、清晰的记忆和冷静的头脑。)”是对这些症状所带来的影响的描述，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选C。
19．空后“Yet psychlgist Duglas H. Pwell f Harvard Medical Schl is cnvinced that severe stage fright is a phenmenn unt itself, given that it appears in nly certain well-defined situatins.(然而，哈佛医学院的心理学家Duglas H. Pwell相信，严重的怯场本身就是一种现象，因为它只在某些明确界定的情况下出现。)”说明Duglas H. Pwell认为严重的怯场本身就是一种现象，因为它只在某些明确界定的情况下出现，由Yet可知，前面讲的是和空后内容相反的观点，也就是另外的一些心理学家的观点，F选项“Because perfrmance anxiety arises when ther peple are present, many psychlgists believe that the cnditin is a sub-categry f scial anxiety.(因为表演焦虑是在其他人在场的情况下产生的，许多心理学家认为这种情况是社交焦虑的一个子类。)”说明的是其他心理学家的观点，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选F。
20．空前“This destructive style f thinking ften arises frm a lack f self-esteem.(这种破坏性的思维方式往往源于缺乏自尊。)”说明的是这种破坏性的思维方式所带来的不好的结果，空格处应继续描述不好的结果，D选项“The individual begins by imagining failure, wrks himself r herself int a state and then criticizes his r her wn abilities.(个体开始想象失败，使自己进入一种状态，然后批评自己的能力。)”说明的是前面作者破坏性思维所带来的后果，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选D。
B
【来源】上海市进才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期9月阶段性测试英语试卷
Why We Hate the Feeling f Failure and Hw It Affects Us
Lss aversin is the idea that a ptential lss has greater weight in a persn's mind than the pssible gain. Peple seek t avid failure and the negative feelings they expect will cme frm such a lss.
21 . Marketers want t understand the emtins surrunding lss s they can wrd advertisements in a way that prmpts cnsumers t feel they need t buy a prduct t avid negative feelings.
Mre recently, scial scientists have turned their at tent n t hw lss aversin can hinder peple frm perfrming in their daily lives. 22 .
Sprts and athletic perfrmance was ne f the first areas f fcus. A study in May 2023 lked at hw adult athletes were hindered by a fear f failure. It fund that athletes wh feared failure tended t apprach an athletic event and appraise(评估) it fr ptential lsses.
Lsses weren't just related t the final numbers n the screbard. Rather, sme athletes apprached a practice r a game and saw it as a ptential t perfrm prly and lse standing with their cach, teammates r fellw athletes. 23 Schlars are als cnsidering hw a fear f failure impacts academics. In a 2015 article, researchers cnducted a meta-analysis f 33 studies that measured the relatinship between prcrastinatin and academic perfrmance.
Nt surprisingly, prcrastinatin was shwn t decrease academic perfrmance. 24 .Rather, this type f I'll-get t-it later mentality was a lss aversin strategy. When a student didn't feel cnfident r cmpetent in cmpleting a task, whether it was writing an essay r studying fr an exam, they prcrastinated t delay feeling like a failure.
While ur fear f lss may impact ur mindset and whether r nt we pursue smething new, if we let that fear take hld, then we’ve already lst. There fr, dn’t let fear f failure keep yu frm trying smething new.
A．Researchers have examined hw fear f failure can lead t-prcrastinatin.
B．The lss was seen as humiliating and smething the athlete feared r wanted t avid.
C．Research has fund this fear f failure drives peple t stp pursuing their passins.
D．Hwever, the study fund that it wasn't due t students priritizing their scial life r Netflix queue.
E．Dubt has killed their dreams than failure ever will
F．Lss a versin has lng been used t study cnsumer psychlgy.
【答案】21．F 22．C 23．B 24．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要讲述了人们为什么讨厌失败感，并且说明了害怕失败对我们的影响。
21．根据后文“Marketers want t understand the emtins surrunding lss s they can wrd advertisements in a way that prmpts cnsumers t feel they need t buy a prduct t avid negative feelings. (营销人员想要了解损失带来的情绪，这样他们就可以用一种方式来描述广告，促使消费者觉得他们需要购买一种产品，以避免负面情绪。)”可知，此处强调市场营销人员想要理解与损失相关的情绪，以便在广告中用一种方式来引导消费者产生购买某种产品的需求，以避免负面情绪，此处为消费心理方面的一个例子来说明失败给我们带来的影响。F选项“Lss a versin has lng been used t study cnsumer psychlgy.(损失规避一直被用来研究消费者心理学。)”概括本段段旨，提出从消费心理学的角度来产生失败给我们带来的影响，符合语境。故选F。
22．根据前文“Mre recently, scial scientists have turned their at tent n t hw lss aversin can hinder peple frm perfrming in their daily lives.(最近，社会科学家把他们的研究转向了损失厌恶是如何阻碍人们在日常生活中表现的。)”可知，此处是从社会科学家的角度来研究损失或者失败给人们带来的影响即阻碍人们在生活中的表现，后文应该对此进行详细举例或者说明。C选项“Research has fund this fear f failure drives peple t stp pursuing their passins.(研究发现，对失败的恐惧驱使人们停止追求自己的激情。)”与前文呼应，指出对失败的恐惧阻碍了人们追求自己的激，符合语境。故选C。
23．根据前文“Rather, sme athletes apprached a practice r a game and saw it as a ptential t perfrm prly and lse standing with their cach, teammates r fellw athletes.(相反，一些运动员在进行训练或比赛时，认为这可能会让他们表现不佳，在教练、队友或其他运动员面前失去地位。)”可知，运动员是害怕失败的，因为运动场中的失败会影响他们的运动表现以及可能会让他们在教练、队友和其他运动员面前失去地位。B选项“The lss was seen as humiliating and smething the athlete feared r wanted t avid.(失败被视为耻辱，是运动员害怕或想要避免的事情。)”承接前文，继续强调运动员害怕失败的原因即他们视失败为耻辱的事情，故运动员想要规避失败，符合语境。故选B。
24．根据前文“Nt surprisingly, prcrastinatin was shwn t decrease academic perfrmance.(毫不奇怪，拖延被证明会降低学业表现。)”以及“Rather, this type f I'll-get t-it later mentality was a lss aversin strategy. (相反，这种“等会儿再说”的态度被证明是一种“损失厌恶”的策略。)”可知，拓展会被证明是降低学业表现的。后文具体指出拖延之所以降低学生成绩表现的根本原因是——“损失厌恶”，而不是其他的原因。D选项“Hwever, the study fund that it wasn't due t students priritizing their scial life r Netflix queue.( 然而，研究发现，这并不是因为学生优先考虑他们的社交生活或Netflix queue。)”与后文构成转折关系，强调学生成绩下降的原因不是在于他们优先考虑自己的社交生活或Netflix queue（一种流媒体平台），而是他们选择的是“损失厌恶”的策略造成的。故选D。
C
【来源】上海市2022-2023学年高三下学期“六校联合教研”质量调研英语试卷
Shuld yu listen t music when yu wrk?
D yu like t listen t music when yu wrk?
Pse this questin at a party, and yu’ l prbably get sme plarizing respnses. Sme will say they lve it, claiming that it imprves their perfrmance; thers will say they find it distracting and cannt wrk effectively with music playing in the backgrund.
Interestingly enugh, ur research has fund that bth f these perspectives can be true. 25
In a recent study, we brught participants int ur lab t perfrm a variety f tasks. They included an easy task-searching thrugh wrdlists and crssing ut wrds cntaining the letter “a” and a mre difficult task-memrizing wrd pairs and recalling the partner t each wrd. Sme participants cmpleted all f the tasks in silence, whereas thers cmpleted the tasks with instrumental music that was either lud r sft, and either simple r cmplex, the latter meaning music with mre instrumental tracks. Several key findings emerged frm ur study.
We fund that participants wh listened t simple music r n music perfrmed abut the same n the easy task. 26
Cnversely participants perfrmed wrse n the mre difficult task when they listened t any music, regardless f cmplexity r vlume, cmpared t thse wh didn’t listen t any music.
What shuld we make f these findings?
We suggest that peple have limited mental resurces frm which bth music and tasks can draw. 27 But we als can becme verstimulated and distracted when these resurces are verwhelmed.
Nt surprisingly, we typically need t use fewer f ur mental resurces when we perfrm easy tasks, whereas demanding tasks require mre brainpwer. Hwever, because we might be less engaged during easier tasks, there’s a greater risk f drifting ff. Music might give us the extra bst we need t plw thrugh the mntny(单调). 28 Listening t music can becme verkill.
S ptimal perfrmance shuld ccur when we strike a “sweet spt,” which may depend n the type f music and the type f task.
A．It just depends n what srt f wrk yu’re ding.
B．Hwever, difficult tasks already demand a lt f ur resurces.
C．Hwever, participants wh listened t cmplex music perfrmed best n the easy task.
D．Our research findings suggest that the effects f music may als depend n ur persnalities.
E．We can becme bred and ur minds may wander when these resurces are underutilized.
F．It can actually be helpful t put n sme music when yu wrk n smething easy and repetitive.
【答案】25．A 26．C 27．E 28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了工作时听音乐有利有弊取决于音乐类型和工作类型，没有明确的对错之分。
25．根据空前的“Interestingly enugh, ur research has fund that bth f these perspectives can be true.(有趣的是，我们的研究发现这两种观点都是正确的。)”可知，研究发现，听音乐对工作的影响的两种观点都是对的，结下一段中“They included an easy task-searching thrugh wrdlists and crssing ut wrds cntaining the letter “a” and a mre difficult task-memrizing wrd pairs and recalling the partner t each wrd.(它们包括一个简单的任务搜索 - 通过单词列表并划掉包含字母“a”的单词，以及更困难的任务 - 记住单词对并回忆每个单词的合作伙伴。)”实验的设计，可知，听音乐对工作的影响取决于做的工作类型，A选项“It just depends n what srt f wrk yu’re ding.(这只取决于你在做什么工作。)”中的it指的是听音乐的影响，讲述的内容与下文内容吻合。故选A项。
26．根据空前的“We fund that participants wh listened t simple music r n music perfrmed abut the same n the easy task.(我们发现，听简单音乐或不听音乐的参与者在简单任务中的表现大致相同。)”可知，此处讲述的是研究的其中一个发现——听简单音乐在简单任务上的影响，C选项“Hwever, participants wh listened t cmplex music perfrmed best n the easy task.(然而，听复杂音乐的参与者在简单的任务中表现最好。)”中的hwever以及讲述的内容与此处内容相对应，讲述的是研究的另外一个发现。故选C项。
27．根据空后“But we als can becme verstimulated and distracted when these resurces are verwhelmed.(但是，当这些资源不堪重负时，我们也会变得过度刺激和分心。)”中的but可知，空格内容与此处讲述的内容为转折关系，此处讲述的是任务过多，也会分散注意力，根据als可知，空处讲述的为任务少于此产生的影响是一样的，E选项“We can becme bred and ur minds may wander when these resurces are underutilized.(当这些资源未得到充分利用时，我们可能会感到无聊，我们的思想可能会走神。)”讲述的内容与空后内容相符，逻辑合理。故选E项。
28．根据空前“Hwever, because we might be less engaged during easier tasks, there’s a greater risk f drifting ff. Music might give us the extra bst we need t plw thrugh the mntny(单调).(但是，由于我们在较简单的任务中可能不太投入，因此偏离的风险更大。音乐可能会给我们额外的动力，我们需要克服单调。)”可知，简单的任务需要的投入不大，会造成注意力分散，所以需要音乐给我们动力，空后“Listening t music can becme verkill.(听音乐可能会变得矫枉过正。)”可知，音乐可能会变得矫枉过正，对应空前的“音乐给我们动力去克服单调”由此可知，此空处对应“简单的任务投入不大，B选项“Hwever, difficult tasks already demand a lt f ur resurces.(然而，困难的任务已经需要我们的大量资源。)”讲述的是困难的任务需要大量的资源，与空前内容“简单的任务投入不大”对应，与空后内容衔接。故选B项。
A
【来源】上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试卷
Mdern cmputer technlgy has made a new kind f human relatinship pssible: nline friendship. 1 Are nline friendships as beneficial as face-t-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages f having virtual friends? Can peple frm strng bnds nline? Tday these questins are the subject f lively debate.
Sme peple believe that the Internet is the best way t make new friends. It’s cnvenient, it’s fast, and it allws making cntact with different kinds f peple frm all ver the wrld. When yu use scial netwrking, websites and chat rms, yu can easily find peple with interests and hbbies similar t yurs. Infrmatin updates and phts add t the experience. Making friends n the Internet is especially gd fr shy peple wh feel uncmfrtable in scial situatins. It’s ften easier t share thughts and feelings nline. 2 They can make peple feel less lnely and help them slve prblems.
Althugh the Internet can encurage friendship, it has a majr disadvantage. 3 Online friends nly tell yu what they want yu t knw. They smetimes exaggerate their gd qualities and hide the less psitive nes, s yu can’t be sure f what they really like. That is why yu shuld nt give persnal infrmatin t anyne nline unless yu’re ttally sure f wh that persn is.
Can nline friendship be as meaningful as face-t-face nes? There are different pints f view. Researchers at the University f Suthern Califrnia surveyed 2,000 husehlds in the United States. The results shwed that mre than 40 percent f participants feel “as strngly abut their nline buddies” as they d abut their “ffline” friends. 4 In cntrast, there are many peple wh believe that it’s nt pssible t have deep relatinships with nline friends, A yung Indian sftware engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy, says, “it’s gd t feel cnnected with many peple, but all my e-buddies are nt necessarily my clse friends.” They say that it’s hard t develp feelings f trust and cnnectin when yu dn’t share experiences in persn.
Peple cntinue t express different pinins abut nline friendship. Hwever, mst f them wuld agree that virtual friendships must nt replace face-t-face friendships. As ne life cach says, “a scial netwrking site shuld nly be the ‘add n’ in any relatinship.”
A．In additin, virtual friends can ffer emtinal supprt.
B．When yu’re nt face t face, it’s much easier t deceive peple.
C．Many peple wuld agree.
D．Researchers als fund that it’s nt unusual fr nline friends t becme face-t-face friend.
E．Online friends may be f help in many ways.
F．Online friends, r virtual friends, are peple wh have becme acquainted with each ther thrugh the Internet.
【答案】1．F 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了现代计算机技术带来的新型人际关系——在线友谊。
1．根据上文“Mdern cmputer technlgy has made a new kind f human relatinship pssible: nline friendship(现代计算机技术使一种新型的人际关系成为可能：网络友谊)”可知，上文提出了网络友谊这一概念，可推理出下文对这一概念进行解释，与F项“Online friends, r virtual friends, are peple wh have becme acquainted with each ther thrugh the Internet(网络朋友或虚拟朋友是指通过互联网相互认识的人)”表达的含义一致，故选F项。
2．根据下文“They can make peple feel less lnely and help them slve prblems.( 它们可以让人们不那么孤独，并帮助他们解决问题)”可知此处上下文说的是虚拟朋友可以提供情感支持，与A项“In additin, virtual friends can ffer emtinal supprt.(此外，虚拟朋友可以提供情感支持。)”表达的含义一致，故选A项。
3．根据下文“Online friends nly tell yu what they want yu t knw. They smetimes exaggerate their gd qualities and hide the less psitive nes, s yu can’t be sure f what they really like.( 网上朋友只告诉你他们想让你知道的事情。他们有时夸大自己的好品质，而隐藏不那么积极的品质，所以你无法确定他们真正喜欢什么)”可知，此处上下文说的是虚拟朋友由于无法面对面交流，可能会有欺骗人的情况，与B项“When yu’re nt face t face, it’s much easier t deceive peple.( 当你不面对面时，欺骗别人会容易得多。)”表达的含义一致，故选B项。
4．根据上文“The results shwed that mre than 40 percent f participants feel “as strngly abut their nline buddies” as they d abut their “ffline” friends.( 结果显示，超过40%的参与者对“在线好友”的感觉和对“离线”好友的感觉一样强烈。)”可知此处上下文说的是研究人员发现的一项研究结果，即网上的朋友变成面对面的朋友以后，他们的友谊依然感觉强烈，与D项“Researchers als fund that it’s nt unusual fr nline friends t becme face-t-face friend.(研究人员还发现，网上朋友变成面对面的朋友并不罕见)”表达的含义一致，故选D项。
B
【来源】上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三英语3月检测英语试题
Unlike s-called basic emtins such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in cnjunctin with a child’s grwing grasp f scial and mral nrms. Children aren’t brn knwing hw t say “I’m srry”, rather, they learn ver time that such statements appease (安抚) parents and friends and their wn cnsciences. This is why researchers generally regard s-called mral guilt, in the right amunt, t be a gd thing.
5 It evkes Freud’s ideas and religius hang-ups. Mre imprtant, guilt is deeply uncmfrtable — it’s the emtinal equivalent f wearing a jacket weighted with stnes. Wh wuld inflict it upn a child? Yet this understanding is utdated. “There has been a kind f revival r a rethinking abut what guilt is and what rle guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part f a larger recgnitin that emtins aren’t binary feelings that may be advantageus in ne cntext and may be harmful in anther.
And guilt, by prmpting us t think mre deeply abut ur gdness, can encurage humans t crrect errrs and fix relatinships. 6 It is a kind f scial glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an pprtunity. Wrk by Tina Malti, a psychlgy prfessr at the University f Trnt, suggests that guilt may cmpensate fr an emtinal deficiency. In a number f studies, Malti and thers have shwn that guilt and sympathy (and its clse cusin empathy) may represent different pathways t cperatin and sharing. Sme kids wh are lw in sympathy may make up fr that shrtfall by experiencing mre guilt, which can cntrl their impulses. 7
In a 2014 study, fr example, Malti and a clleague lked at 244 children, aged 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-bservatins, they rated each child’s verall sympathy level and his r her tendency t feel negative emtins (like guilt and sadness) after mral transgressins (违背) . Then the kids were handed stickers and chclate cins, and given a chance t share them with an annymus child. 8 The guilt-prne nes shared mre. Hwever, they may nt magically have becme mre sympathetic t the ther child’s deprivatin.
“That’s gd news.” Malti says, “We can be pr-scial because f the empathetic prclivity (倾向) , r because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
A．And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute fr lw guilt.
B．The main reasn why guilt wrks cmes dwn t simple psychlgy and cnditining we receive as children.
C．Fr the lw-sympathy kids, hw much they shared appeared t turn n hw likely they were t feel guilty.
D．Guilt is an incredibly pwerful emtin which has slip by unnticed fr lng.
E．In the ppular imaginatin, f curse, guilt still gets a bad reputatin.
F．Guilt, in ther wrds, can help hld a cperative species tgether.
【答案】5．E 6．F 7．A 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要探讨了内疚对人类社交和道德行为的影响。
5．根据上文的“This is why researchers generally regard s-called mral guilt, in the right amunt, t be a gd thing.(这就是为什么研究人员普遍认为适量的所谓道德内疚是一件好事。)”可知，内疚是有好处的。根据下文的“It evkes Freud’s ideas and religius hang-ups. Mre imprtant, guilt is deeply uncmfrtable—it’s the emtinal equivalent f wearing a jacket weighted with stnes. (它唤起了弗洛伊德的思想和宗教的困扰。更重要的是，内疚是非常不舒服的——它就像穿着一件装着石头的夹克。)”可知，内疚是有不好的。E项(当然，在大众的想象中，内疚仍然有不好的名声。)与上文构成转折关系，引出下文，解释说明为什么内疚是不好的。故选E项。
6．根据上文的“And guilt, by prmpting us t think mre deeply abut ur gdness, can encurage humans t crrect errrs and fix relatinships. (而内疚，通过促使我们更深入地思考我们的善良，可以鼓励人们纠正错误，修复关系。)”和下文的“It is a kind f scial glue.(它是一种社交粘合剂。)”可知，F项(换句话说，内疚可以帮助合作的物种团结在一起。)承接上文，说明了内疚发挥了团结人们的作用，下文是对内疚发挥作用的一种形象性的比喻，说明了内疚对于社交的积极作用。故选F项。
7．根据上文的“Sme kids wh are lw in sympathy may make up fr that shrtfall by experiencing mre guilt, which can cntrl their impulses.(一些缺乏同情心的孩子可能会通过体验更多的内疚感来弥补这一不足，这可以控制他们的冲动。)”可知，A项(反之亦然：富有同情心可以弥补内疚感的不足。)承接上文，说明了同情心和内疚感可以互相促进，弥补彼此的不足。故选A项。
8．根据上文的“Then the kids were handed stickers and chclate cins, and given a chance t share them with an annymus child. (然后，孩子们拿到了贴纸和巧克力硬币，并有机会与一个匿名的孩子分享它们。)”和下文的“The guilt-prne nes shared mre. Hwever, they may nt magically have becme mre sympathetic t the ther child’s deprivatin.(有负罪感的人分享得更多。然而，他们可能不会神奇地对于其他孩子的剥夺变得更同情。)”可知，C项(对于缺乏同情心的孩子来说，他们分享的多少似乎与他们感到内疚的可能性有关。)承接上文，指出了实验结果，得出了分享与内疚的相关性，下文指出了相关性的具体表现，即有负罪感的人分享得更多，然后意义发生了转折，即使有负罪感的人分享得更多，他们可能不会同情其他孩子受到的剥夺。故选C项。
C
【来源】上海市晋元高级中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
What My Year Abrad Taught Me Abut Cultural Differences
Imagine ging t study abrad. Yu walk int the lcal shp and bam!, Glliwgs (黑面木偶) everywhere. I’m talking salespeple dressed as Glliwgs. Surprised, yu g t the junk fd sectin as that’s the nly thing that will give yur bdy the sugar rush it needs t shck yur bdy ut f the state f bewilderment (困惑). And there they were: Glliwg ckies.
I’m using the wrd “Glliwgs” because t a British persn abrad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is knwn as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussin abut whether r nt it’s racist. 9 Zwarte Piet is understd by mst in the Netherlands t be Santa’s helper whse black face was due t his delivering presents thrugh the chimney.
Wrking as a trainee with the Eurpean Cmmissin, I met peple frm all ver the wrld, nt just Eurpe. Wrking alngside my German, Spanish and Italian clleagues, I learned sme valuable lessns. 10 Yu shuldn’t wait t say “excuse me,” r wait fr a gap in the cnversatin t give yur pinin, because yu’ll walk ut at the end f the meeting wndering hw three hurs have passed withut yu managing t say anything. I learned hw t stp my clleagues and interject (插话) my thughts.
Anther lessn was the value f the cffee break. Cffee breaks in Brussels were nt just time t get cffee. It was a chance t develp new ideas with clleagues in a mre infrmal setting. At first I declined the invitatin t attend, but after a while I began t ntice that almst everyne went n these trips t the cffee machine and decided t jin them. 11
Graduates and students wh have wrked abrad gain an understanding f what it means t be truly Eurpean and hw this can benefit yu at wrk. Nt nly d yu bring hme experiences, skills and practices frm ther cuntries, but yu als seek t take yur wrk further afield (向远方).
12 Remember the Glliwg ckies? All I really wanted were sme Mr. Kipling’s cakes but they’re nearly impssible t find abrad. When I finished my trainee ship with the Cmmissin, I came hme and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending bxes f British snacks t Britns all ver the wrld. And t think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.
A．Yu might be amazed by the quantity f wrk and innvative cncepts that can emerge during infrmal cffee breaks.
B．This marked my initial experience in cmprehending diverse cultures.
C．As British peple, we need t stay lw-prfile in what we d.
D．S, hw did I apply these acquired abilities?
E．As individuals frm Britain, we must prduce mre influence in ur pursuits.
F．This was my first lessn in understanding British cultures.
【答案】9．B 10．D 11．A 12．E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了作者在国外的一年了解到了文化差异。
9．根据上文“I’m using the wrd “Glliwgs” because t a British persn abrad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is knwn as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussin abut whether r nt it’s racist. (我用“Gliwgs”这个词，因为对一个在国外的英国人来说，他们就是这样的人。但是在荷兰和比利时，这种形象被称为“黑皮持”。关于这是否是种族歧视已经有了很多讨论。) ”可知这里提到了多个国家，以及标题中提到的Cultural Diferences文化差异，可知是说多元文化，因此B项“这标志着我对多元文化的初步理解。”符合语境，this指代上文提到作者的经历。故选B。
10．根据上文“Wrking alngside my German, Spanish and Italian clleagues, I learned sme valuable lessns. (与我的德国，西班牙和意大利同事一起工作，我学到了一些宝贵的经验) ”结合下文“Yu shuldn’t wait t say “excuse me,” r wait fr a gap in the cnversatin t give yur pinin, because yu’ll walk ut at the end f the meeting wndering hw three hurs have passed withut yu managing t say anything. (你不应该等到说“对不起”，或者等到谈话间隙才发表你的意见，因为你会在会议结束时离开，想知道为什么三个小时过去了，你什么也没说。)”可知，前文说的了作者学到了一些宝贵经验，并具体说明了实际的运用，因此推断D项“那么，我是如何运用这些获得的能力的呢?”符合语境，承上启下。故选D。
11．根据前文“Anther lessn was the value f the cffee break. Cffee breaks in Brussels were nt just time t get cffee. It was a chance t develp new ideas with clleagues in a mre infrmal setting. At first I declined the invitatin t attend, but after a while I began t ntice that almst everyne went n these trips t the cffee machine and decided t jin them. (另一个教训是喝咖啡时间的价值。布鲁塞尔的咖啡休息时间不仅仅是喝咖啡的时间。这是一个与同事在非正式环境中发展新想法的机会。一开始我拒绝了邀请，但过了一段时间，我开始注意到几乎每个人都去喝咖啡机旁，并决定加入他们。) ”可知，本段讲述了作者学习到的喝咖啡时间在其他文化中的价值，因此推断A项“你可能会对在非正式的咖啡休息时间出现的工作量和创新概念感到惊讶。”符合语境，承接上文，总结喝咖啡时间里获得的好处，故选A。
12．根据下文“When I finished my trainee ship with the Cmmissin, I came hme and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending bxes f British snacks t Britns all ver the wrld. And t think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.(当我结束了在该委员会的见习后，我回家开始了一项名为Packed Munches的业务，这是一项向世界各地的英国人发送盒装英国小吃的服务。想想看，这一切都是从兹特·皮埃特开始的。)” 可知，这是作者作为英国人发挥更大影响力的具体做法。因此推断E项“作为来自英国的个人，我们必须在我们的追求中产生更大的影响。”符合语境。故选E。
D
【来源】上海市华东师范大学附属东昌中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月测评英语试题
Hw t Thrive in a vide age
The pandemic embedded vide int the wrkplace. Wrkers wh had never previusly been n camera suddenly spent every hur f the day getting used t the sight f themselves and their clleagues n screen. 13
There is n ging back. Blgs have becme vlgs. Meetings are nw recrded as a matter s that peple can fail t watch them back later. Sme firms rutinely ask applicants t recrd answers t certain questins n vide, s that peple can’t see hw well prspective recruits cmmunicate.
Since vide has becme mre central t wrk, it pays t be gd at it. 14 . Wrkers can imprve under their wn steam, but cmpanies can help, t.
T see what the right set-up lks like, just bserve the range f images n yur next, vide-cnferencing call. It will prbably be a cmplete mishmash (大杂烩). Sme peple will be bathed in the warm glw f a ring light; thers will be emerging frm the shadws like the Emperr Palpatine. Obviusly, there is a limit t hw level the playing-field-between hme ffices can be, when living envirnments between emplyees differ s greatly. 15 : peple wh regularly make presentatins r see clients have greater claim n fancier equipment.
Advice n hw t present well n vide is nt that different t advice n presenting in general. But there are sme specific pitfalls with vide. One is where t lk. Staring int the camera is unnatural. Sme advice pinning a pht f smene yu respect right by the lens. But lking at the camera is harder if yu are referring t ntes n the screen at the same time. Teleprmpter (提词器) sftware maybe the right answer.
Perhaps the least recgnised skill in the vide age is listening well. 16 — being able t turn yur camera ff when yur time is being ryally wasted may be the pandemic’s greatest gift t prductivity. Yet ne f the dwnsides is hw distracting it can be: as well as checking yurself ut and fllwing the nline chat, yu can cmment n smene’s new wallpaper while watching their neighbur shvel ndles int their muth. It takes real effrt t stay fcused in such circumstances.
A．Being a star in the vide age means having the right set-up, speaking well and listening well
B．whether prviding decent hme-wrking equipment r giving feedback n hw peple appear n screen, emplyers can help everyne imprve their vide game
C．Whether yu are n camera r in the rm, it is always easier t listen when there is smething wrth hearing
D．Executives realized that they culd send vide messages t their wrkfrces rather thanhaving t assemble in twn halls
E．Hwever, nt everyne needs t lk like an A-lister
F．After all, ne great benefit f the virtual meeting is that yu can get actual wrk dne in it
【答案】13．D 14．A 15．E 16．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在视频时代蓬勃发展。
13．根据上文“The pandemic embedded vide int the wrkplace. Wrkers wh had never previusly been n camera suddenly spent every hur f the day getting used t the sight f themselves and their clleagues n screen.(疫情将视频嵌入工作场所。以前从未上过镜头的员工突然把一天中的每一个小时都花在了习惯自己和同事在屏幕上的样子上)”可知，上文提到了疫情期间人们开始利用视频来工作，故本句承接上文说明雇主通过视频对员工进行管理。故D选项“高管们意识到，他们可以向员工发送视频信息，而不必在市政厅集会”符合语境，故选D。
14．根据上文“Since vide has becme mre central t wrk, it pays t be gd at it.(由于视频在工作中越来越重要，擅长视频是值得的)”以及后文“Wrkers can imprve under their wn steam, but cmpanies can help, t.(员工可以靠自己的力量进步，但公司也可以提供帮助)”可知，上文提到了擅长视频值得，后文提到了个人和公司的努力，故本句说明值得的原因。故A选项“在视频时代成为明星意味着要有合适的环境，说得好，听得好”符合语境，故选A。
15．根据上文“Obviusly, there is a limit t hw level the playing-field-between hme ffices can be, when living envirnments between emplyees differ s greatly.(显然，当员工之间的生活环境差异如此之大时，家庭办公室之间的公平竞争环境是有限的)”以及后文“peple wh regularly make presentatins r see clients have greater claim n fancier equipment.(经常做报告或会见客户的人更有资格购买更高档的设备)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，指出普通人是否需要像明星那样购买高档设备，故E选项“然而，并不是每个人都需要看起来像一线明星”符合语境，故选E。
16．根据上文“Perhaps the least recgnised skill in the vide age is listening well.(也许在视频时代，最不被认可的技能是善于倾听)”以及后文“being able t turn yur camera ff when yur time is being ryally wasted may be the pandemic’s greatest gift t prductivity(当你的时间被严重浪费时，能够关掉相机可能是疫情给生产力带来的最大礼物)”可知，上文提到了不被认可的技能是善于倾听，后文提到了关掉相机可以提高生产力，可推测本句是在说明完成工作的要求。故F选项“毕竟，虚拟会议的一大好处就是你可以在其中完成实际工作”符合语境，故选F。
A. Three days later, they saw an interesting chain f events.
B. And he selectively treated his wund and nt any ther bdy parts.
C. Rakus may have bserved his mther demnstrating hw t treat wunds.
D. Laumer and clleagues d nt knw hw r where this behavir riginated.
E. The findings may prvide insights int the evlutin f this behavir amng humans.
F. It’s the first reprt f suspected wund treatment by a wild animal using a plant with knwn medicinal prperties.
A. There’ll still be times when ld thughts cause sadness, r yu’re anxius abut what’s next.
B. The usefulness f nstalgia seems t vary with age.
C. Tday we have a much mre psitive attitude t nstalgia.
D. Yu’ll get faster at finding it, and add extra layers f detail each time.
E. The answer lies in cnnecting with yur past and future selves.
F. But there’s als a grwing bdy f research int time travel “the ther way”.
A. Unfrtunately, ur expectatins can als wrk against us.
B. Believe it r nt, there are limits t even the strngest placeb effect.
C. This effect ccurs when a patient is given a treatment that is able t imprve their symptms even thugh it lacks an active ingredient.
D. Additinally, yu prbably assciate pills in general with recvering frm illness.
E. If we can learn t make use f the pwer f psitive thinking, perhaps ne day we can even mve beynd using traditinal drugs t treat minr symptms!
F. And in rutine medical practice, placebs are rarely used n purpse.
A. D I even want them? On whse clck?
B. Why shuld yu challenge that secret timeline f milestnes in yur head?
C. This time, quitting her jb led t her first album, televisin appearances and sld-ut shws.
D. Instead f feeling pressure t hit life events n smene else’s timeline, maybe it’s fine t make ur wn.
E. Peple are feeling like they’re falling behind, when in fact they’re prbably ding exactly what they shuld.
F. She spent years feeling like an utsider and failure as she watched her peers rise in schl and wrk, figuring she’d never catch up.
A. Fcus n the ne thing yu are ding.
B. Habits like these which encurage yu t multitask make yu mentally exhausted and unprductive.
C. Make sure that yu als take breaks in yur mntasking, because that' s what helps yur brain t stay fcused.
D. S it’s a win-win fr everyne!
E. The little infrmatin we d take in when we' re multitasking is mre difficult t remember at a later stage.
F. Yu feel s gd that yu believe yu’re being effective and further encurages yur multitasking habit.
A. Hwever, it is nt a cmparisn that the 11-year-ld is particularly keen n.
B. Interestingly, it was ften during unexpected mments that a beautiful meldy suddenly came t her.
C. Deutscher's mst ambitius wrk has enabled the audience t see her talent.
D. Instead f the glass slipper f the fairytale, the prince lks fr a lst meldy he cannt quite remember.
E. The wrk reinvented the Cinderella fairytale t be set in an pera huse ruled by a mean stepmther.
F. She never gt nervus n stage, as she was just happy that peple wanted t listen t her music.
A. It will nt be lng befre he’s back in prisn again.
B. We’re all relieved that the criminal is being punished fr his misdeeds.
C. Cmmunity service is likely t turn prisners int better persns.
D. Offenders are tried and sentenced accrding t the legal system.
E. The threat f anther spell in jail will stp him frm breaking the law again.
F. Put the mney int supprting deprived areas which are the grunds fr crime.
A. A previus study fund that children between the ages f fur and six years ld were mre likely t eat brccli if they’d seen vide clips f adults enjying it.
B. Hwever, a psitive facial expressin didn’t make them like brccli mre.
C. In fact, the impact f bserving thers eat extends beynd simply dining manners.
D. This is knwn as scial mdelling, and it is a strng influence n peple’s eating habits.
E. A new study has fund that ther peple’s likes and dislikes culd play a part.
F. This phenmenn, ften referred t as scial influence, highlights hw ur eating behavirs are nt shaped by
A. But that desn’t mean yu’re stuck and that’s wh yu are.
B. Prcrastinatin becmes an easy and ‘dirty’ way f reactin when yur handling resurces are maxed ut.
C. Chances are that yu will find yurself supprted by prcrastinatin all alng.
D. It isn’t caused by the persn’s need t priritize ther tasks r by an unexpected emergency.
E. Yu will becme increasingly frustrated with yurself fr nt getting the task dne.
F. Hwever, the threat can als cme frm smething tiny.
A. Mving mre may nt prevent a child frm becming verweight, but studies shw clearly that it helps bth physical and mental health.
B. And althugh rural areas have mre undevelped utdr space, they ften lack playgrunds, tracks and exercise facilities
C. A lack f safe places fr them t play utside the hme als cntributes t kids besity.
D. It als suggested prescribing weight-lss drugs t children 12 and lder and surgery t teens 13 and lder.
E. Increased screen time and changing nrms arund letting kids play utdrs are unsupervised.
F. They have significant side effects fr bth kids and adults.
A. But that desn’t mean yu’re stuck and that’s wh yu are.
B. Prcrastinatin becmes an easy and ‘dirty’ way f reactin when yur handling resurces are maxed ut.
C. Chances are that yu will find yurself supprted by prcrastinatin all alng.
D. It isn’t caused by the persn’s need t priritize ther tasks r by an unexpected emergency.
E. Yu will becme increasingly frustrated with yurself fr nt getting the task dne.
F. Hwever, the threat can als cme frm smething tiny.
A. Previusly, they've trained packs f her rats t detect dangerus bacteria.
B. Then they were intrduced t cmmn scents used t mask illegal wildlife trade.
C. This effrt aims t prvide a lw-cst detectin system t prevent illegal hunting.
D. Hwever, there are cncerns that the rats might be distracted by sme cmmn scents.
E. Existing screening tls are expensive and time intensive, necessitating a new apprach.
F. Fr this purpse, these trained rats will be expected t wrk in likely htspts fr illegal wildlife trade.
A. Odurs are als essential signals in scial bnding.
B. Besides, durs are granted different cultural values.
C. Human’s perceptin f smell facilitates the spread f human culture.
D. Our nses can perceive durs present in extremely small quantities.
E. Many respndents nted many f their lfactry likes and dislikes were based n emtinal links.
F. Sme respndents’ preference fr a particular dur was influenced by emtinal assciatins.