上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解：六选四（教师版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解：六选四（教师版），共38页。学案主要包含了第1、2段段意，第3、4段段意，第5、6段段意，第7、8、9段段意，真题典例等内容，欢迎下载使用。
选句填空"（俗称"六选四"）是2017年上海高考英语试卷中启用的题型。根据题目要求，学生需从所给的六个选项中选取四个填入文中的空格处，使文章从内容、语言、结构上都符合逻辑。考生在备考这一部分时,需意识到以下几点：
1．虽然每一小题都要求选择正确的句子填入文中，但在文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。如果空格处需填入主题句，考査的是对文本或段落的概括能力；如果空格处需填入能使上下文叙述连贯的细节，考査的则是对文章基本内容的理解能力。因此，针对不同的空格，考生需要调整自己的思维方式，选择合适的策略；
2．虽然本部分属于阅读理解这一大题，同样也考查考生的阅读理解能力，但是要注意这一题型与阅读选择题的差异。
选择题通过题干告诉考生考点在哪里，考査目标是什么，考生就可以据此选择合适的策略来答题，而"选句填空"则要求考生在理解文章内容和行文逻辑的基础上，自行判断空格处需填入句子的功能，再进一步选择合适的策略来答题。
基于以上分析，建议考生在完成"选句填空"这一部分时，可以采用以下步骤：1.通读全文，对文章内容有整体理解，包括文章的主题、写作的目的、毎一段的大意等; 2.阅读空格所在段落，尤其是空格前后句，判断空格处需填入句子的功能，并根据据后句的内容基本确定需填入句子的内容；3.阅读所给的六个句子，从中选择符合文章内容及行文逻辑的句子；4.通读填入句子后的文章，再次确认文章内容、语言、结构上是否符合逻辑。
（2025届·上海风华中学·校考）
The ecnmic cst f extreme heat
As temperature reached 40℃ acrss suthern Eurpe this mnth, Greece’s tp turist attractin briefly fell victim t extreme heat. The Cerberus heatwave — named after the three-headed dg wh guarded the gates t hell in Greek mythlgy — has shne a sptlight n just hw vulnerable the Mediterranean’s huge turism industry is t the heatwaves that are becming increasingly cmmn in Eurpe.
1 . Industries ranging frm cnstructin, t manufacturing, agriculture, transprt and insurance are all preparing fr changes t the way they d business as high-temperature days becme mre rutine because f climate change.
Scientists are clear that extreme weather events, including heatwaves, will becme mre frequent and intense with a degree f warming. Business leaders and plicymaker are nw cunting the cst f shuttered cmpanies and decreased prductivity. 2 .
Extreme heat is “pulling dwn ur grwth,” says Kathy Baughman McLed, directr f the Rckefeller Fundatin Resilience Center, “the runways are buckling (变形), metrs are clsing, restaurants have t shut dwn because the kitchen staff are t ht.”
“Extreme heat is ne f the very serius cnsequences f climate change,” says Dan Jrgensen, Denmark’s climate minister. “The very tragic news is that this is prbably nly ging t get wrse.”
One f the main reasns that extreme heat pses an ecnmic threat is because it makes it harder t wrk. 3 . In ht cnditins, human beings typically “wrk slwer, we take n mre risk, ur cgnitive functin decreases”, says Laura Kent f the Institutin f Mechanical Engineers.
A study by the Internatinal Labur Organizatin (LO), the UN agency fr wrkers, prjected that by 2030, the equivalent f mre than 2% f ttal wrking hurs wrldwide wuld be lst every year, either because it is t ht t wrk r because wrkers have t wrk at a slwer pace.
Yet few cuntries have a maximum temperature at which wrk must stp. In the UK, fr example, where extreme heat has nt histrically been a prblem, there is nly a recmmend threshld fr stpping wrk in cld, nt ht, temperatures.
Outdr wrkers — especially thse in agriculture r cnstructin — are particularly at risk f death, injuries, sickness and reduced prductivity because f heat expsure, accrding t the ILO. 4 . Many such facilities are situated in the glbal suth, where peak temperatures are even mre extreme and dangerus.
A．Officials shut the site fr several hurs during the httest parts f the day, after hlidaymakers queuing t enter required medical attentin.
B．High temperatures g hand in hand with lw prductivity.
C．But the ecnmic impact f what experts warn culd be a new era f recrd-breaking heat ges, far beynd turism.
D．But thse wrking inside factries and wrkshps withut air cnditining are als at increasing risk as intense heatwaves becme mre frequent.
E．The impact f extreme heat n wrkers has becme an issue f human rights.
F．A study published by academics at Dartmuth last year fund that heatwaves, brught n by human-caused climate change, cst the glbal ecnmy an estimated $16 trillin ver a 21-year perid frm the 1990s.
【答案】1．C 2．F 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了极端高温对经济的影响，特别是对旅游业、劳动生产率和其他行业的具体影响。
1．根据上文“The Cerberus heatwave — named after the three-headed dg wh guarded the gates t hell in Greek mythlgy — has shne a sptlight n just hw vulnerable the Mediterranean’s huge turism industry is t the heatwaves that are becming increasingly cmmn in Eurpe．(以希腊神话中守地狱大门的三头狗命名的Cerberus热浪，让人们注意到地中海庞大的旅游业在热浪面前是多么脆弱，而热浪在欧洲正变得越来越普遍。)”可知，地中海旅游业受极端高温天气影响严重。再根据下文“Industries ranging frm cnstructin, t manufacturing, agriculture, transprt and insurance are all preparing fr changes t the way they d business as high-temperature days becme mre rutine because f climate change．(由于气候变化导致高温天气变得越来越常见，从建筑到制造业、农业、运输和保险等行业都在准备改变他们的经营方式。)”可知，除了旅游业，其他行业也受到了高温天气的影响。由此可知，空处应该指出极端高温天气的影响不仅限于旅游业。选项C“But the ecnmic impact f what experts warn culd be a new era f recrd-breaking heat ges, far beynd turism(但是，专家们警告说，创纪录的高温可能会进入一个新时代，其对经济的影响远远超出旅游业。)”承上启下，既总结了上文关于旅游业受高温天气影响的内容，又引出下文关于其他行业受高温天气影响的内容，符合语境。故选C。
2．根据上文“Scientists are clear that extreme weather events, including heatwaves, will becme mre frequent and intense with a degree f warming． Business leaders and plicymaker are nw cunting the cst f shuttered cmpanies and decreased prductivity．(科学家们很清楚，包括热浪在内的极端天气事件将随着气候变暖的程度而变得更加频繁和强烈。商业领袖和政策制定者现在正在计算公司倒闭和生产率下降的成本。)”可知，空处和极端天气对经济影响有关。选项F“A study published by academics at Dartmuth last year fund that heatwaves, brught n by human-caused climate change, cst the glbal ecnmy an estimated $16 trillin ver a 21-year perid frm the 1990s．(达特茅其大学学者去年发表的一项研究发现，自20世纪90年代以来的21年里，人为气候变化带来的热浪估计给全球经济造成了16万亿美元的损失。)”延续上文内容，指出研究表明热浪给全球经济造成了巨大损失，符合语境。故选F。
3．根据空前内容“One f the main reasns that extreme heat pses an ecnmic threat is because it makes it harder t wrk．(极端高温造成经济威胁的主要原因之一是它使人们更难工作。)”可知，本段讲述的是高温使人们很难工作。选项B“High temperatures g hand in hand with lw prductivity．(高温伴随着低生产率。)”延续上文内容，指出高温就带来低生产率；与空后“In ht cnditins, human beings typically “wrk slwer, we take n mre risk, ur cgnitive functin decreases”, says Laura Kent f the Institutin f Mechanical Engineers．(机械工程师协会的Laura Kent说，在炎热的环境中，人类通常“工作速度变慢，我们承担更多的风险，我们的认知功能下降”。)”内容上保持一致，指的都是高温会带来低生产率。故选B。
4．根据上文“Outdr wrkers — especially thse in agriculture r cnstructin—are particularly at risk f death, injuries, sickness and reduced prductivity because f heat expsure, accrding t the ILO．(据国际劳工组织称，户外工人，特别是农业或建筑工人，由于暴露在高温下，特别容易死亡、受伤、生病和降低生产力。)”可知，上文指的是高温下 户外工人的情况。选项D“But thse wrking inside factries and wrkshps withut air cnditining are als at increasing risk as intense heatwaves becme mre frequent．(但是，随着强烈的热浪越来越频繁，那些在没有空调的工厂和车间里工作的人也面临着越来越大的风险。)”延续上文内容，进一步指出高温下室内工人的情况。故选D。
1．（2025届·上海松江区·一模）
Prtecting Wetlands
Wetlands are amng the mst effective ecsystems n Earth, prviding a habitat fr a wide variety f plant and animal species and therefre play a crucial rle in maintaining envirnmental balance and supprting bidiversity. Fr instance, they can act as natural water purifiers and absrbing harmful substances frm runff(地表径流) befre they reach larger bdies f water. 1 .
Wetlands can be thught f as “bilgical supermarkets”. They prvide great vlumes f fd that attract many animal species. These animals use wetlands fr part f r all f their life-cycle. Dead plant leaves break dwn in the water t frm small particles f rganic material. This enriched material feeds shellfish and many small insects in the water.
2 . They are cnsistent resurces fr activities like bird watching, fishing, and phtgraphy. These utdr activities are gaining ppularity nwadays and peple tend t pay t refresh themselves at the weekends.
Hwever, wetlands arund the wrld are under threat because f human activities such as agriculture and urban develpment. 3 . As a result, many species that depend n these habitats are at risk f extinctin, and the natural services that wetlands prvide are being decreased.
Cnservatin effrts are essential t preserving these vital ecsystems. This includes prtecting existing wetlands, bringing thse that have been degraded back t the frmer state, and carrying ut plicies that limit harmful activities in these areas. 4 . Thrugh internatinal cperatin and lcal initiatives, it is pssible t ensure that wetlands cntinue t supprt the envirnment fr generatins t cme.
A．Wetlands are knwn fr their ability t feed part f the wrld.
B．This helps t preserve clean water fr humans and wildlife alike.
C．Withut them, the city cnstructin will slw dwn in sme way.
D．Many wetlands have been filled t make way fr fields and buildings.
E．Besides their eclgical benefits, wetlands ffer ecnmic and recreatinal value.
F．These call fr cperatin between gvernments, rganizatins and cmmunities.
【答案】1．B 2．E 3．D 4．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了保护湿地对环境和生态的重要性。
1．前文“Wetlands are amng the mst effective ecsystems n Earth, prviding a habitat fr a wide variety f plant and animal species and therefre play a crucial rle in maintaining envirnmental balance and supprting bidiversity． Fr instance, they can act as natural water purifiers and absrbing harmful substances frm runff(地表径流) befre they reach larger bdies f water．(湿地是地球上最有效的生态系统之一，为各种动植物物种提供了栖息地，因此在维持环境平衡和支持生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。例如，它们可以作为天然净水器，在地表径流到达更大的水体之前吸收径流中的有害物质。)”讲述了湿地在维持环境平衡和支持生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用，并举例说明湿地可以充当天然净水器的作用，吸收水中的有害物质，空处应讲述湿地的这种功能对人类和野生生物的好处，B项“这有助于为人类和野生动物保护清洁的水。”符合题意。故选B。
2．根据后文“They are cnsistent resurces fr activities like bird watching, fishing, and phtgraphy． These utdr activities are gaining ppularity nwadays and peple tend t pay t refresh themselves at the weekends．(它们是观鸟、钓鱼和摄影等活动的持续资源。如今，这些户外活动越来越受欢迎，人们倾向于在周末花钱来使自己重新振奋精神。)”可知，本段主要讲述了湿地的娱乐和经济效益，E项“湿地除了具有生态效益外，还具有经济和娱乐价值。”符合题意。承接下文。故选E。
3．前文“Hwever, wetlands arund the wrld are under threat because f human activities such as agriculture and urban develpment．(然而，由于农业和城市发展等人类活动，世界各地的湿地正面临威胁。)”讲述了湿地受到人类活动的威胁，空处应进一步讲述人类活动对湿地的破坏，D项“许多湿地被填平，为田地和建筑让路。”符合题意。故选D。
4．根据前文“This includes prtecting existing wetlands, bringing thse that have been degraded back t the frmer state, and carrying ut plicies that limit harmful activities in these areas．(这包括保护现有的湿地，让已经退化的湿地回到从前状态，并实施限制这些地区有害活动的政策。)”和后文“Thrugh internatinal cperatin and lcal initiatives, it is pssible t ensure that wetlands cntinue t supprt the envirnment fr generatins t cme．(通过国际合作和地方倡议，可以确保湿地继续为子孙后代的环境提供支持。)”可知，空处应承上启下，指出这些保护工作需要政府、组织和社区的共同合作，F项“这些要求政府、组织和社区之间的合作。”符合题意。故选F。
2． （2025届·上海七宝中学·校考）
Black Friday: Frm Financial Crash t Shpping Carnival
The first recrded use f the term “Black Friday” was applied nt t hliday shpping but t financial crisis: specifically, the crash f the U. S. gld market n September 24, 1869. Tw Wall Street financiers wrked tgether t buy up as much as they culd f the natin’s gld, hping t drive the price sky-high and sell it fr astnishing prfits. 1
The mst cmmnly repeated stry behind the pst-Thanksgiving shpping-related Black Friday traditin links it t retailers. As the stry ges, after an entire year f perating at a lss, stres wuld suppsedly earn a prfit n the day after Thanksgiving, because hliday shppers spent s much mney n discunted gds. 2 Thugh it’s true that retail cmpanies used t recrd lsses and prfits in different clurs, this versin f Black Friday’s rigin is the fficially sanctined stry behind the traditin.
3 Back in the 1950s, the plice in the city f Philadelphia used the term t describe the chas fllwing the day after Thanksgiving, when a large crwd f suburban shppers and turists flded int the city in advance f the big Army-Navy ftball game held n that Saturday every year. Shplifters wuld als take advantage f the chas, adding t the plice’s headache.
By 1961, “Black Friday” had caught n, but retailers tried t find a way t reinterpret Black Friday and turd it int smething that reflected psitively, rather than negatively. 4 Stres acrss the cuntry decided t interpret the name as taking their accunt bks frm red t black, indicating that it was the day they mved ut f their debt. The Black Friday stry stuck, and pretty sn the term’s darker rts in Philadelphia were largely frgtten.
A．The rigins f the name “Black Friday” are ften disputed, thugh.
B．At that time, lss was marked in the red while earning went int the black.
C．The result was the “red t black” cncept f the hliday mentined earlier.
D．The true stry behind Black Friday, hwever, is nt as sunny as yu might have thught.
E．On that Friday, the scheme was revealed, financially ruining everyne frm Wall Street giants t farmers.
F．The term “Black Friday” has existed fr a lng time, but mst peple likely nly assciate it with financial cllapses.
【答案】1．E 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了“黑色星期五”背后的故事。
1．根据上句“The first recrded use f the term “Black Friday” was applied nt t hliday shpping but t financial crisis: specifically, the crash f the U． S． gld market n September 24, 1869． Tw Wall Street financiers wrked tgether t buy up as much as they culd f the natin’s gld, hping t drive the price sky-high and sell it fr astnishing prfits． (有记录以来，“黑色星期五”一词的首次使用不是指假日购物，而是指金融危机：具体来说，是1869年9月24日美国黄金市场的崩盘。两位华尔街金融家合作，尽可能多地购买该国的黄金，希望将价格推高，并以惊人的利润出售。)”可知，设空处承接上句，说明这样做的结果，且此结果与金融危机相关，E项：On that Friday, the scheme was revealed, financially ruining everyne frm Wall Street giants t farmers．(在那个星期五，这个计划被揭露，从华尔街巨头到农民，每个人都在经济上破产了。)合乎题意。故选E。
2．根据后句“Thugh it’s true that retail cmpanies used t recrd lsses and prfits in different clurs, this versin f Black Friday’s rigin is the fficially sanctined stry behind the traditin． (虽然零售公司过去确实用不同的颜色记录亏损和利润，但这个版本的黑色星期五起源是官方认可的传统背后的故事。)”可知，设空处为零售公司过去确实用不同的颜色记录亏损和利润，B项：At that time, lss was marked in the red while earning went int the black．(那时，亏损标记为红色，而盈利标记为黑色)合乎题意。故选B。
3．根据后文“Back in the 1950s, the plice in the city f Philadelphia used the term t describe the chas fllwing the day after Thanksgiving, when a large crwd f suburban shppers and turists flded int the city in advance f the big Army-Navy ftball game held n that Saturday every year． Shplifters wuld als take advantage f the chas, adding t the plice’s headache． (早在20世纪50年代，费城警方就用这个词来形容感恩节后第二天的混乱局面，当时大批郊区购物者和游客涌入城市，准备参加每年那个周六举行的大型陆军-海军橄榄球赛。商店扒手也会利用这种混乱，让警察更加头疼。)”可知，设空处引出“黑色星期五”的历史故事，D项：The true stry behind Black Friday, hwever, is nt as sunny as yu might have thught．(然而，黑色星期五背后的真实故事并不像你想象的那么美好)介绍“黑色星期五”的起源。故选D。
4．根据上句“By 1961, “Black Friday” had caught n, but retailers tried t find a way t reinterpret Black Friday and turd it int smething that reflected psitively, rather than negatively． (到1961年，“黑色星期五”开始流行起来，但零售商们试图找到一种方式来重新诠释黑色星期五，把它变成积极的东西，而不是消极的东西)”以及后文“Stres acrss the cuntry decided t interpret the name as taking their accunt bks frm red t black, indicating that it was the day they mved ut f their debt． (全国各地的商店决定把这个名字解释为把他们的账簿从红色变成黑色，表明这是他们还清债务的日子。)”可知， C项：The result was the “red t black” cncept f the hliday mentined earlier．(其结果就是之前提到的“从红到黑”的节日概念)承接上句，用一种新的方式诠释“黑色星期五”。故选C。
3．（2025届·上海虹口区·一模）
The Benefits f Talking t Yur Dg
It’s cmmn fr peple t chat with their dgs thrughut the day— abut what each ther is ding r hw cute r playful the pup is. It’s a gentle reminder f what’s meaningful. “When yu talk t yur dg, yu get a sense that this is why yu’ re here— n matter what happens at wrk r with yur finances, yur dg still lves yu and needs yu, and that gives yu a sense f purpse,” says Larry Yung, an expert n scial bnding at Emry University.
1 In a 2018 study, researchers fund that peple are mre willing t reveal t their dgs abut difficult emtins, such as depressin, jealusy, anxiety, and fear, than they are with their rmantic partners r friends.
The precise reasns fr this aren’t knwn but ne pssibility is that “pets are gd, nnjudgmental listeners because they dn’t interrupt r reply,” says study cauthr Daniel Mills, a specialist in human- animal relatinships at the University f Lincln. 2 There’s value in simply expressing emtins, especially trublesme nes. Research has fund that when peple put their emtins int wrds, their negative feelings becme less intense.
Anther hidden advantage: Yur dg isn’t ging t engage in a cnversatin abut what’s bthering yu, which culd keep yu thinking abut it. 3 “Dgs use emtinally cntrlling strategies,” Mills says. “Their desire t play draws yu away frm being sad r angry.”
Further supprt fr this phenmenn cmes frm a 2022 study. It was fund that by engaging in micr- breaks t pet their pup, the peple are able t relax and recver— in ways that interacting with unfurry family members desn’t.
4 “They can sense when we’re upset— and they are arguably better at reading us than sme peple are,” says Kgan. And “because we knw that ur dgs read us s well, we regulate urselves s as nt t upset ur dgs, which is helpful fr us as well.” It’s a psitive feedback lp(反馈回路).
A．A dg wn’t try t fix the prblem the way sme peple d.
B．Dgs are nt just pets but belved members f a family.
C．Dgs are fantastic at reading us.
D．Reading and understanding the needs f pets helps imprve ur verall emtinal well-being.
E．Talking t yur dg abut emtinally frustrating issues can be particularly beneficial.
F．They’re mre likely t distract yu.
【答案】1．E 2．A 3．F 4．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要阐述了与狗狗交谈的好处，包括给人带来情感上的安慰、成为倾诉困难情绪的对象、通过表达情感减轻负面感受、避免过度沉溺于烦恼以及通过与狗狗的互动实现放松和恢复等。
1．设空位于段首，为本段中心句，根据后文“In a 2018 study, researchers fund that peple are mre willing t reveal t their dgs abut difficult emtins, such as depressin, jealusy, anxiety, and fear, than they are with their rmantic partners r friends．(在2018年的一项研究中，研究人员发现，与与恋人或朋友相处相比，人们更愿意向他们的狗透露困难的情绪，如抑郁、嫉妒、焦虑和恐惧)”以及下文“There’s value in simply expressing emtins, especially trublesme nes． Research has fund that when peple put their emtins int wrds, their negative feelings becme less intense．(简单地表达情感是有价值的，尤其是那些令人烦恼的情感。研究发现，当人们把自己的情绪用语言表达出来时，他们的负面情绪就会变得不那么强烈)”可知，本段主要讲述了人们更愿意向他们的狗透露困难的情绪，当人们把自己的情绪用语言表达出来时，他们的负面情绪就会变得不那么强烈，所以E项“Talking t yur dg abut emtinally frustrating issues can be particularly beneficial．(和你的狗谈论情感上令人沮丧的问题可能特别有益)”符合此处主题。故选E项。
2．根据前文“The precise reasns fr this aren’t knwn but ne pssibility is that “pets are gd, nnjudgmental listeners because they dn’t interrupt r reply,” says study cauthr Daniel Mills, a specialist in human- animal relatinships at the University f Lincln．(其中的确切原因尚不清楚，但一种可能性是“宠物是很好的、不加评判的倾听者，因为它们不会打断或回答，”该研究的合著者、林肯大学（University f Lincln）人兽关系专家丹尼尔·米尔斯（Daniel Mills）说)”可知，宠物是很好的、不加评判的倾听者，因为它们不会打断或回答，所以A项“A dg wn’t try t fix the prblem the way sme peple d．(狗不会像有些人那样试图解决问题)”是对前文的解释，符合此处主题。故选A项。
3．根据前文“Anther hidden advantage: Yur dg isn’t ging t engage in a cnversatin abut what’s bthering yu, which culd keep yu thinking abut it．(另一个隐藏的好处是：你的狗不会和你谈论困扰你的事情，这会让你一直在想它)”以及后文““Dgs use emtinally cntrlling strategies,” Mills says． “Their desire t play draws yu away frm being sad r angry．”(“狗使用情绪控制策略，”米尔斯说。“他们对游戏的渴望会让你远离悲伤或愤怒。”)”可知，本段讲述和狗说话的另一个好处，狗不会和你谈论困扰你的事情，这会让你一直在想它，后文讲述会让你远离悲伤或愤怒，所以F项“They’re mre likely t distract yu．(他们更有可能分散你的注意力)”承接上文，引出下文，符合本段主题。故选F项。
4．设空位于段首，为本段中心句，根据后文““They can sense when we’re upset — and they are arguably better at reading us than sme peple are,” says Kgan． And “because we knw that ur dgs read us s well, we regulate urselves s as nt t upset ur dgs, which is helpful fr us as well．” It’s a psitive feedback lp(反馈回路).(科根说：“它们能感觉到我们的不安，而且可以说它们比某些人更能读懂我们。”而且“因为我们知道我们的狗很懂我们，所以我们会控制自己，不让我们的狗感到不安，这对我们也有帮助。”这是一个正反馈循环)”可知，本段讲述狗能感觉到我们的不安，而且可以说它们比某些人更能读懂我们，所以C项“Dgs are fantastic at reading us.(狗很擅长读懂我们)”符合本段主题。故选C项。

1．（2025届·上海长宁区·一模）
Machine identifies sngs frm peple’s brainwaves
Artificial intelligence has learned t identify the sngs smene is listening t frm their brain readings.
Derek Lmas at Delft University f Technlgy in the Netherlands and his clleagues asked 20 peple t listen t 12 sngs thrugh headphnes. 1 Each persn’s brainwaves were recrded using an EEG (脑电图) cap that detects electrical activity.
The EEG readings frm each persn were cut int shrt pieces and used alng with the matching music clip t train an AI t spt patterns between the tw. 2 But the sftware struggles if it is trained n EEG data frm ne persn and then attempts t identify a sng when smene else listens t it. Accuracy in such tests fell t less than ne in every ten attempts.
3 And peple tend t fcus n different elements f the music during training. Ultimately, hwever, they aim t identify aspects f EEG respnses t music that are cmmn t all humans.
4 “I think it’s really stimulating t think abut hw the cmbinatin f machine learning and high-density (高密度的) data frm EEG can be cmbined t bring insights int mving emtinal experiences, but als t figure ut what’s ging n inside yur head,” he says.
Music is ultimately “just electrical signals,” he says. “And it’s the same with the EEG.”
A．Lmas hpes that this will further ur understanding f the brain, as well as bst knwledge f hw and why humans cnsume music.
B．The AI was then tested n unseen prtins f the data, identifying sngs with a precisin f 85 per cent.
C．The experiment was cnducted t determine if AI culd replace human musicians.
D．This suggests that the AI’s ability t identify sngs highly depends n the individual’s brain activity.
E．The vlunteers did this blindflded and in a faintly lit rm t minimise the effect f their ther senses n the results.
F．The researchers believe that this is due t each persn’s preference twards a sng being unique.
【答案】1．E 2．B 3．F 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了荷兰代夫特理工大学的研究团队通过脑电图（EEG）数据训练人工智能（AI）识别人们正在听的歌曲的研究。
1．根据上文“Derek Lmas at Delft University f Technlgy in the Netherlands and his clleagues asked 20 peple t listen t 12 sngs thrugh headphnes．(荷兰代尔夫特理工大学的德里克·洛马斯和他的同事们让20个人通过耳机听12首歌)”以及后文“Each persn’s brainwaves were recrded using an EEG (脑电图) cap that detects electrical activity．(每个人的脑电波都是用检测电活动的脑电图帽记录下来的)”可知，本句需要填写实验的具体操作方式，故E选项“志愿者被蒙住眼睛，在一个光线微弱的房间里做这个实验，以尽量减少其他感官对结果的影响”符合语境，故选E。
2．根据上文“The EEG readings frm each persn were cut int shrt pieces and used alng with the matching music clip t train an AI t spt patterns between the tw．(每个人的脑电图读数被切成一小段，与匹配的音乐片段一起使用，以训练人工智能识别两者之间的模式)”以及后文“But the sftware struggles if it is trained n EEG data frm ne persn and then attempts t identify a sng when smene else listens t it． Accuracy in such tests fell t less than ne in every ten attempts．(但是，如果软件是根据一个人的脑电图数据进行训练，然后试图在其他人听这首歌时识别出这首歌，它就会陷入困境。这种测试的准确率下降到每十次中不到一次)”可知，上文描述使用脑电图数据和音乐片段训练人工智能的过程，后文but表示转折，表示准确率下降，说明前面提到的软件识别歌曲的能力很强，故B选项“然后，人工智能在数据的未可见部分上进行了测试，以85%的精度识别歌曲”符合语境，故选B。
3．根据上一段中“But the sftware struggles if it is trained n EEG data frm ne persn and then attempts t identify a sng when smene else listens t it． Accuracy in such tests fell t less than ne in every ten attempts．(但是，如果软件是根据一个人的脑电图数据进行训练，然后试图在其他人听这首歌时识别出这首歌，它就会陷入困境。这种测试的准确率下降到每十次中不到一次)”以及后文“And peple tend t fcus n different elements f the music during training． Ultimately, hwever, they aim t identify aspects f EEG respnses t music that are cmmn t all humans．(在训练中，人们倾向于关注音乐的不同元素。然而，他们最终的目标是确定脑电图对音乐的反应是所有人类共同的)”可知，上文提到了软件在识别不同人的脑电图数据时存在困难，本句主要对此给出解释，故F选项“研究人员认为，这是因为每个人对歌曲的偏好都是独一无二的”符合语境，故选F。
4．根据后文““I think it’s really stimulating t think abut hw the cmbinatin f machine learning and high-density (高密度的) data frm EEG can be cmbined t bring insights int mving emtinal experiences, but als t figure ut what’s ging n inside yur head,” he says．(他说：“我认为，想到机器学习和脑电图的高密度数据如何结合起来，不仅能洞察移动的情感体验，还能弄清楚你的大脑里在想什么，这真的很令人兴奋。”)”可知，本句为洛马斯对这项研究的看法，A选项Lmas对应后文he。故A选项“Lmas希望这将进一步加深我们对大脑的理解，并促进对人类如何以及为什么消费音乐的了解”引出下文，故选A。
2．（2024届·上海普陀区·二模）
Hanwengng Shrine
Nw we cme t Hanwengng Shrine, which is beside Hangjiang river and west f Bijia muntain. 1 In the square in frnt f the hall, an ancient bk-shaped stne is carved with tw famus sayings f Han Yu n it, meaning hard wrk is the precnditin fr success, and deep thught is the guarantee f success.
In the year f A．D．819, fr sme plitical reasn, Han Yu was exiled (流放) t Chazhu, a backland at that time. But he was nt depressed by this, and he helped lcal peple t develp educatin, agriculture, irrigatin and release slaves. 28
The shrine was built against the muntain and divided int tw parts, the frnt part and the back part. Nw we play a small game: cunt the stne steps, and later I’ll tell yu a secret. Hw many steps are there? Yes, 51 steps! Why? 2 The first time Han Yu came t Chazhu, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hspitality f lcal peple. Yu see that ld tree? Peple say the mre flwers in the tree, the mre well-educated students are. But in Qing Dynasty, this magic tree, planted by Han Yu himself, died, s peple planted this tree instead.
3 Here is ne: when Han Yu was living in Chazhu, there was a very fierce and cruel crcdile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big scial harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crcdile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, frm the next day n, the crcdile was gne. Later, the statue, made f a prtrait f Han Yu, was built and his wrds were left n the mnument t mark his achievements.
A．When Han Yu came t Chazhu, he was 51 years ld.
B．Han Yu was a Cnfucian figure, and there are many stries abut him in Chazhu.
C．Althugh Han Yu’s ideas had n bvius practical effect at the time, they had a great impact n sciety decades later.
D．Built in the Sng dynasty, the shrine is the ldest and best preserved mnument t Han Yu, ne f the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty.
E．T memrize what he had cntributed t the develpment f Chazhu, peple cnstructed this shrine and named him Hanwengng respectfully.
F．There are s many turists that, t relieve the pressure n the mnuments, the scenic spt requires that a maximum f 500 peple visit at a time.
【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要详细介绍了韩文公祠的地理位置、建筑特点、历史背景以及与韩愈相关的故事和传说。
1．根据空前“Nw we cme t Hanwengng Shrine, which is beside Hangjiang river and west f Bijia muntain．(现在我们来到韩文公祠，它位于韩江边，笔架山以西。)”以及空后“In the square in frnt f the hall, an ancient bk-shaped stne is carved with tw famus sayings f Han Yu n it, meaning hard wrk is the precnditin fr success, and deep thught is the guarantee f success．(在大厅前的广场上，一块古老的书形石头上刻着韩愈的两句名言，意思是努力是成功的先决条件，深思是成功的保证。)”可知，上下文都是对韩文公祠的介绍。选项D“Built in the Sng dynasty, the shrine is the ldest and best preserved mnument t Han Yu, ne f the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty．(该祠建于宋代，是唐代最伟大的文学家之一韩愈的最古老、保存最完好的纪念碑。)”与上下文内容一致，都是对韩文公祠的介绍。故选D。
2．根据上文内容“In the year f A．D． 819, fr sme plitical reasn, Han Yu was exiled(流放) t Chazhu, a backland at that time. But he was nt depressed by this, and he helped lcal peple t develp educatin, agriculture, irrigatin and release slaves.(公元819年，由于某种政治原因，韩愈被流放到当时的内陆地区潮州。但他并没有因此而沮丧，他帮助当地人民发展教育、农业、灌溉和释放奴隶。)”可知，上文主要介绍韩愈在潮州所做贡献的描述。选项E“T memrize what he had cntributed t the develpment f Chazhu, peple cnstructed this shrine and named him Hanwengng respectfully.(为了纪念他对潮州发展的贡献，人们建造了这座祠，尊称他为韩文公。)”自然延续上文内容，指出正是韩愈对潮州的发展做出了贡献，当地人民才建造了韩文公祠。故选E。
3．根据空前内容“Hw many steps are there? Yes, 51 steps! Why?(一共有多少个台阶？是的，51个！为什么？)”可知，上文主要提问的是韩文公祠一共多少台阶。选项A“When Han Yu came t Chazhu, he was 51 years ld．(韩愈来到潮州时，已经51岁了。)” 解释了为什么祠堂的石阶有51个台阶，同时与下文中提到的“The first time Han Yu came t Chazhu, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hspitality f lcal peple．(韩愈第一次来到潮州，就被那里美丽的风景和当地人的热情好客所打动。)”中提到的“韩愈第一次来到潮州时”相呼应，提供了一个合理的解释。故选A。
4．空处为段首句，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“Here is ne: when Han Yu was living in Chazhu, there was a very fierce and cruel crcdile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big scial harm． One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crcdile and made it public by the river． Incredibly, frm the next day n, the crcdile was gne． Later, the statue, made f a prtrait f Han Yu, was built and his wrds were left n the mnument t mark his achievements.(这里有一个故事：韩愈在潮州居住时，韩江里有一条非常凶猛残忍的鳄鱼，给社会造成了很大的危害。有一天，韩愈起草了一份声讨鳄鱼的声明，并在江边公之于众。令人难以置信的是，从第二天开始，鳄鱼就消失了。后来，人们建了一座韩愈的雕像，并将他的言辞留在了纪念碑上，以纪念他的功绩。)”可知，本段主要讲述了关于韩愈在潮州的故事。选项B“Han Yu was a Cnfucian figure, and there are many stries abut him in Chazhu.(韩愈是儒家人物，潮州有很多关于他的故事。)”为下文中关于韩愈在潮州的故事提供了一个引言，指出韩愈是一位儒家人物，并在潮州有许多关于他的故事。故选B。
3．（2024届·上海奉贤区·二模）
Rain Cllectin
What d yu like t d n a rainy day — sit inside and listen t the pitter-patter n the rf r splash utside and feel the cld drps n yur face? Whatever yu chse, rain is vitally essential in the nature.
1 . It fills rivers and lakes, slwly sinks int the earth, nurishes ur plants, and keeps the land alive and beautiful. In the past, peple btained their water frm rain, wells, r nearby rivers. Nw, many f us live in places where water is piped in, smetimes frm far away. Remving s much water frm nature and sending it t great distances harm the living things that als need that water.
As climate change heats up the planet and causes extreme weather, mre places face water shrtages. 2 . One easy place t lk fr mre water is the sky!
Humans have cllected rain since ancient times. 3 . They are tapping int this clean and rich surce f water prvided by nature. By harvesting the rain we can reduce the amunt f water we take frm rivers and ut f the grund.
Even in dry climates, there is a lt f ptential rainwater that can be effectively harvested and utilized. This rich yet ften verlked resurce has the ptential t significantly cntribute t water cnservatin effrts, especially in regins facing water shrtages. Just ne inch f rain falling n a medium-sized huse prduces ver 600 gallns f water. 4 .
Nwadays, rainwater is still used as a primary supply in many places in the wrld, like Vietnam and Hawaii. In places with piped-in water, rainwater is nt cmmnly used, but this is changing. Rainwater harvesting is getting mre ppular since it’s easy t d and helps create water security.
A．Large rfs can, hence, cllect greater amunt f water.
B．Rainwater can als be used fr funtains and pnds.
C．We all deeply depend n the nurishment f rain.
D．T secure future water supply, we need new surces.
E．Nw, many peple are returning t this practice.
F．Rainwater is clean but it gets dirty frm the rf.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．E 4．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了在水资源短缺的地区可以通过雨水收集来获得水资源。
1．上段最后一句“Whatever yu chse, rain is vitally essential in the nature．(无论你选择什么，雨在大自然中都是必不可少的)”描述雨水对于大自然的重要性，空后“It fills rivers and lakes, slwly sinks int the earth, nurishes ur plants, and keeps the land alive and beautiful．(它填满河流和湖泊，慢慢地渗入土壤，滋养我们的植物，保持土地的生机和美丽)”具体展开说明雨水的用途，C选项“我们都深深依赖雨的滋养”概括下文，符合语境。故选C。
2．空前“As climate change heats up the planet and causes extreme weather, mre places face water shrtages．(随着气候变化使地球变暖并导致极端天气，越来越多的地方面临水资源短缺)”表明缺水的现象越来越多，空后“One easy place t lk fr mre water is the sky!(一个容易找到更多水的地方是天空)”为提出了一个找到水的方案，D选项“为了保证未来的水供应，我们需要新的水源”引出下文从天空中找水资源的方法，且为第二段说明的取水方法之外的方法，new surces此处符合语境。故选D。
3．空前“Humans have cllected rain since ancient times．(自古以来，人类就开始收集雨水)”表示人们自古以来就收集雨水，空后“They are tapping int this clean and rich surce f water prvided by nature． By harvesting the rain we can reduce the amunt f water we take frm rivers and ut f the grund．(他们正在利用大自然提供的这种清洁而丰富的水源。通过收集雨水，我们可以减少从河流和地下取水的数量)”表明人们正在收集雨水取水及这样做的好处，E选项“现在，许多人又回到了这种做法”中return t与前文since ancient times呼应，this practice指代前文收集雨水的做法。故选E。
4．前文“Just ne inch f rain falling n a medium-sized huse prduces ver 600 gallns f water．(一英寸的雨水落在一座中等大小的房子上，就会产生600加仑的水)”具体举例子说明一个中等大小的房子能获得多少水，A选项“因此，大屋顶可以收集更多的水”与前一句产生对比，表示大屋子可以收集更多的水。故选A。
1．Passage（1）2023年6月高考真题
The Difference Between Hmeschling and Schling at Hme
Hmeschling is nt a new cncept, Families have chsen this as a primary surce f educatin fr decades. Whether they live in a remte urea, travel ften, r believe they can prvide a mre stable educatin fr their children, parents chse t take cntrl f their child's educatin by prviding it at hme.
(67)__________ Parents relied n wrkbks and ther printed materials t supplement their lessns, Tday, there aren't nly mre tangible resurces, but there's als help in the frm f tutring centers and hmeschling pds --- where a grup f hmeschled children get tgether t learn as a class.
While the idea f hmeschling may nt be as freign as it nce was, it's still centered arund replacing the teacher with a parent r guardian, Sme parents wh chse t hmeschl may be frmer teachers , which makes the prcess a little easier, but it still may nt be enugh in certain areas.
(68)______________When many districts were frced t cnduct schl nline , teachers(68)dve in t learn hw t navigate varius learning management systems, There are a number f nline charter schls wh are already familiar with these platfrms and use them t assign and track student wrk and prgress, Even with an asynchrnus learning mdel, Laurel Springs Schl teachers are available during ffice hurs t answer questins and may hld varius Classes fr additinal learning supprt.
Similar t hmeschling , nline schl is based arund a student's individualized learning jurney. (69 )________ This allws them time l pursue ther passins and develp a mre independent utlk by taking wnership f their educatin
T take it a few steps further, accredited nline schls, like Laurel Springs, supprt this leaning jurney with a diverse K-l2 curriculum and instructinal supprt. There are ptins fr,mre rigrus instructin thrugh Hnrs and Ap curses. The Academy at Laurel Springs Laurel delivers an exceptinal educatin fr intellectually curius schlars. ( 70 )__________ Laurel Springs is als staffed with an impeccable cunseling team, guiding Upper Schl students thrugh their learning jurney alng a path t achieve their persnal and prfessinal gals. Yu can't get all f this thrugh a hmeschl prgram, unless yu cnsult with a wide variety f ther rganizatins.
【答案】67-70 DEAB
【导读】这篇文章讨论了家庭自教育和在线学校之间的区别。家庭自教育侧重于父母代替教师进行教育，而在线学校提供更多个性化学习的机会。文章还提到在线学校提供认证课程和指导，而家庭自教育则需要额外咨询其他组织。
67.D 【解析】句意;当家庭教育运动首次被采用时，可用的资源可能有限。结合该空之后提及的 Parents relied n wrkbks and ther printed materials t supplement their lessns．可矢”,此处提及的内容与教育资源相关，D项提到了教育资源，故选D。
E【解析】句意:在线学校和家庭学校的主要区别之一是在线学校仍然雇用教师。根据该段内容可知，这里主要讲述了教师参与在线教学的一些情况，E项提及了“教师”这一角色故选E。
69.A【解析】句意:灵活的时间表允许学生随时随地学习。结合该空前提及的Similar t hmeschling, nline schl is based arund a student's individualized learning jurney.可知,此处提及了学生的个性化学习,故推知该空与学生个性化学习带来的好处相关,A项符合文意能够衔接该段内容，故选A。
70.B【解析】句意:即使是研究生也有机会利用竞争激烈的课程。根据该段相关内容可知，该段主要介绍的是经过认证的在线教育学校提供的教育课程，以及这些课程的价值，B项与评价课程价值有一定关系，故选B。
2．Passage（2）2023年1月高考真题
If yu needed anther excuse t grab anther cup f cffee, cnsider this research a blessing t d s.
A cmprehensive analysis f 12 studies lked at nearly 350,000 individuals and mre than 8 .000 cases f depressin. (67)__________ In China, researchers analyzed 15 studies with mre than 330 ,000 ttal participants. Their results shwed that fr every cup f cffee peple drank, they reduced their risk f depressin by 8 percent.
(68)______________ Harvard researchers studied 10 years’ wrth f data frm 51 ,000 wmen ,nne f whm had depressin t begin with, The results shwed that the wmen wh drank the mst cffee ( fur r mre cups a day) were 20 percent less likely t develp depressin than thse wh drank little r nne.
Yes, cffee just gt mre magical than yu thught pssible. But why is this? The secret is in the brew's anti-inflammatry prperties. Cffee cntains chlrgenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, all f which reduce the inflammatin f nerve cells that bring n depressin. Caffeine als has sme antixidant prperties, which can help sthe inflamed areas f the brain.
_________Sme side effects f a heavy caffeine intake include anxiety , , and increased bld pressure. Ir the bdy experiences these t ften, it culd actually trigger the inflammatin that may cntribute t depressin.
Once the caffeine wears ff, cffee drinkers may experience a drp in md, and thse wh are already depressed can feel thse effects mre strngly. One interesting study fund that drinking mre cffee decreased chances f suicide , until participants drank eight r mre cups a day. Then the risk increased by 58 percent.
(70)__________If yu have sme leftver, here are surprising ways t use thse spare cffee grunds.
【答案】67-70 CEAD
【导读】文章大意是，通过对多项研究的综合分析发现，咖啡与抑郁之间存在一定的关联。研究表明，喝咖啡可以降低患抑郁症的风险。一项研究在中国发现，每喝一杯咖啡，降低患抑郁症的风险就会减少8%。另外，哈佛大学的研究发现，喝咖啡的女性患抑郁症的可能性要比不喝咖啡的女性低20%。咖啡中的抗炎成分可以减轻导致抑郁症的神经细胞的炎症反应。然而，过量摄入咖啡因可能会引起一些副作用，如焦虑、头痛、躁动和血压升高。在咖啡因消退后，咖啡饮用者可能会情绪低落，而那些已经抑郁的人可能更加明显地感受到这种影响。此外，研究还发现，喝咖啡可以降低自杀的风险，但每天喝八杯或更多的咖啡则会增加自杀风险。文章最后提到了一些关于如何利用剩余咖啡渣的意外方法。
【解析】
67.C【解析]句意:研究人员发现，咖啡因，尤其是咖啡，有抑郁的作用。结合该空前后提及的A cmprehensive analysis f 12 studies lked at nearly 350,000 individuals and mre than 8,000 cases f depressin.和Their results shwed that fr every cup f cffee peple drank, they reduced their risk f depressin by 8 percent.可推知该空处的内容与“咖啡能够降低患抑郁症的风险”相关，结合选项分析，C项符合文意，故选C。
68.E【解析]句意:令人振奋的消息还不止于此。结合该段内容可知，该段依旧在讲述喝咖啡的好处。根据The results shwed that the wmen wh drank the mst cffee (fur r mre cups a day) were 20 percent less likely t develp depressin than thse wh drank little r nne.可知，咖啡对于女性降低患抑郁症的可能性也有效果，结合相关选项，E项能更好地衔接上下文，故选E。
69.A【解析]句意:在咖啡馆囤货之前，要知道人们可能会喝太多的咖啡。结合该段内容可知,该段讲述的是“咖啡带来的副作用”,且该空之后提及的Sme side effects f a heavy caffeine intake与过量饮用咖啡相关，结合选项分析，A项提及的 it is pssible t drink t much cffee能够与heavy caffeine intake对应,故选A。
70.D【解析]句意:所以，无论如何，多喝一杯咖啡，但一定要限制你的摄入量。结合上文讲述的咖啡对于“降低患抑郁症的风险”以及“过量摄入咖啡的副作用”可推知，该文章不仅仅说明喝咖啡的好处，也在
劝诫人们喝咖啡要适量。D项能够概括文章观点，故选D。
4． Passage（3）2022年7月高考真题
When Leakey and lane begin a shady f wild chimpanzees n the shre f Lake Tanganyika, British authrities resist the idea f a yung wman living amng wild animals in Africa. They finally agree t Leakey’s prpsal when Jane’s mther Vanne vlunteers t accmpany her daughter fr the first three mnths.
On July 14. 1960, Jane and Vanne arrived n the shres f Gmbe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.
_____________ The animals fed frm Jane in fear. With patience and determinatin she searched the frest every day, deliberately trying nt t get t clse t the chimpanzees t sn. Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence.
Jane bserves meat-eating fr the first time Octber 30, 196l. Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt fr meat. (68) _______________
On Nvember 4,1961, Jane bserves David Greybeard and Gliath making tls t extract termites (白蚁)
frm their munds. They wuld select a thin branch frm a tree, strip the leaves and push the branch int the termite mund. After a few secnds they wuld pull ut the termite-cvered stick and pick ff the tasty termites with their lips.
This becmes ne f Jane's mst imprtant discveries. ( 69)_________ On hearing f Jane's bservatin, Leakey famusly says: “ Nw we must redefine tl, redefine man, r accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Jane's wrk in Gmbe becmes mre widely knwn and in 1962 she is accepted at Cambridge University as a PhD candidate, ne f very few peple t be admitted withut a university degree. ( 70 )________ “It wuld have been mre scientific t give the numbers", they say.
Jane has t defend an idea that might nw seem bvius: that chimpanzees have emtins, minds and persnalities.
Jane in Africa Natinal Gegraphic decides t spnsr Jane's wrk and sends phtgrapher and filmmaker Hug van Lawick t dcument Jane's life in Gmbe. In August 1963, Jane publishes her first article in Natinal Gegraphic ,“My Life Amng Wild Chimpanzees.”
【答案】67-70 ACBF
【导读】这段文字主要讲述了简·古道尔（Jane Gdall）在坦桑尼亚Gmbe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve进行野生黑猩猩研究的经历。文章描述了她最初在与英国当局的抗议和阻力下，最终获得准许前往Gmbe进行研究的过程。接着描述了她在Gmbe观察到黑猩猩的一些重要发现，包括她首次观察到黑猩猩捕食肉食和使用工具提取白蚁的情况。文章还提到了简·古道尔在剑桥大学攻读博士学位并开始在国家地理杂志上发表文章的情况。整体来说，这段文字主要介绍了简·古道尔在非洲进行黑猩猩研究的重要历程和一些关键发现。
【详解】
67.A【解析】句意:但研究贡贝的黑猩猩并不容易。根据上文提及的相关内容可知.Leakey and Jane 开始了对黑猩猩的研究，再结合该空之后提及的相关内容可推知，此处在讲述Jane 在研究过程中遇到的问题，结合相关选项分析，A项表述的内容能够承接上下文，故选入A。
68.C【解析】句意:这些观察结果推翻了人们普遍认为黑猩猩是素食者的观点。结合该空前提及的lane bserves meal-eating fr the first time Octber 30,1961．Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt fr meat可知,此处提及了黑猩猩的饮食情况结合相关选项分析，C项提及了关于“推翻黑猩猩是素食主义者”的观点，这一表述与上文提及的黑猩猩吃肉内容相符，故选C。
69 B【解析】句意:直到那时，人们认为只有人类才能创造工具。结合上段提及的关于黑猩猩借助树枝来享用白蚁的行为，以及该空之后提及的 On hearing f Jane's bservatin, Leakey famusly says: "Nw we must redefine tl, redefine Man, r accept chimpanzees as humans.”可推知，该空处讲述的内容与“工具制造”相关,结合选项分析，B项提到了创造工具这一说法，故选B。
70.F【解析】句意:一些学者和科学家对简冷淡，并批评她给黑猩猩取了名字。结合该空前提及的内容可知，此处在讲述简所取得的成就获得的荣誉，而该空后提及的相关内容则是表达了对简做法的一种反对观点表述。结合相关选项分析，这些人应该是反对者，F项的相关表述提到了相关学者和科学家对简态度和批评观点，故选F。
5．Passage（4）2022年1月高考真题
Shuld Writers Be Paid fr Their E-bks Lent by Libraries?
When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair?
This year, the gvernment has distributed almst a $ 22 millin under these Public Lending Rights and Educatinal Lending Rights Schemes. Fr each bk in public library cllectins creatrs receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amunt that each claimant receives is ften nt very significant, with the majrity f authrs receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previus study has revealed that this remuneratin cnstitutes the secnd mst imprtant surce f incme fr creatrs frm their creative wrk..
E-bks, hwever, are nt cvered by these Lending Rights schemes. (68)____________ But e-bk lending is increasing and, accrding t the Australian Library and Infrmatin Assciatin, e-bks are likely t reach 20% f library hldings by 2020. Als, mst, if nt all, self-published titles are dne s in digital frmat nly. Such self-published titles , if lent by libraries ,wuld nt qualify fr any remuneratin.
(69) _____________ Althugh the Bk Industry Cllabrative Cuncil made such prpsal already in a reprt f 2013 , nthing has happened f yet.
One f the main reasns why e-bks are nt cvered is that e-bk lending is quite different frm print bk lending. In case f print bks, authrs and publishers are arguably lsing n custmers and revenues when libraries lan their bks fr free.Creatrs nly receive $2. 11 and publishers receive $0. 52 fr each bk in public library cllectins.
At present, in the case f -bks, many publishers chse nt t sell these bks t libraries.( 70)_______
While publishers charge libraries high prices fr e-bks, writers cmplain that these amunts d nt reach them. Publishing cntracts ften dn't specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
【答案】67-70 ABFC
【解析】
A[解析]根据文章标题以及该空前提及的 When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes 和该空后提及的 Is this fair?可推知，此处是对两种图书代阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。结合相关选项推知，上文讲述了实体书的借阅收益来源情况，此处应该说明电子书借阅收益情况，故选 A。句意. 然而，当图书馆借出电子书时，情况并非如此。
B [解析]结合该空前提及的 E-bks,hwever,are nt cvered by these Lending Rights schemes 可知，电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，再结合下段内容分析，这里对电子书之后发展收益情况有所担忧。因此结合相关选项分析，此处需要将现在情况与将来情况进行衔接，B 项表述的内容符合文意，故选 B。句意:现在这可能不是一个大问题，因为电子书在出版方面是次要的。
F [解析]结合上段提及的关于电子书将来的发展猜想，以及该空之后提及的Althugh the Bk Industry Cllabrative Cuncil made such prpsal already in a reprt f 2013, nthing has happened f yet 可知，相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。结合相关选项分析，该空处与“提出相关建议”有关，故选 F。句意:因此，作者和出版商一直在说服政府将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。
70.C [解析]结合该空前提及的 At present,in the case f e-bks,many publishers chse nt l sell these bks t libraries 和下段内容可知，此处在讲述有关于电子节出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。结合相关选项分析，与电子书收益相关只有 C项符合，故选 C。句意:此外，出版商认为读者支付更多的图书馆会带来更多的利润。
6．Passage（5）2021年6月高考真题
Fd & Health Myths
Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss hw certain fds r drinks are gd r bad fr yu, Sme televisin shws ften deal with new stries abut hw cnsuming certain substances can affect yur bdy(67)___________
One myth abut fd and health is that eggs are bad fr yur heart. Althugh they are indeed high in chlesterl(胆固醇)and fat, it's nt true that eating eggs every day will damage yur heart.(68)_________ As far as fat ges, it's the yellw part f the egg that cntains all the fat. S if yu're wrried abut the fat cntent f eggs, g ahead and just eat the whites. Yu might als chse t buy certain kinds f eggs that have less fat cntent depending n the diet f the animal. Check yur lcal supermarket fr mre infrmatin.
__________Althugh it was nce thught t have unique prperties, ther types f alchl can have the same effects. A study cnducted recently revealed that peple wh drank red wine did nt live any lnger than thse wh drank ther kinds f spirits, such as beer r white wine. it seems that the alchl itself imprves an individual's health by raising the levels f gd chlesterl and decreasing bad chlesterl. The alchl als serves t increase bld flw and assist in bld cltting (凝结).
(70)___________Cnsumers wh are especially cncerned abut their health shuld think carefully abut new infrmatin they read abut r see n televisin.
【答案】67-70 FEBD
【解析】
67F[解析]根据文章第句“Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts.(每天都有关于食品和保健品的新信息)”以及后面提到的电视和报纸提供的信息，分析选项可知此处应选 F(有了如此稳定的信息流，一些F食物和健康的流行神话就可以理解了)。
68.E[解析]根据前面的“Althugh they are indeed high in chlesterl and fat, it's nt true that eating eggs every day will damage yur heart．(虽然鸡蛋的胆固醇和脂含量确实很高，但并不是说每天吃鸡蛋就会损害你的心脏。)”，分析选项可知接下来应该描述的是吃鸡蛋不会损害心脏的原因，故选 E(这是因为身体可以通过减少胆固醇的产生来处理多余的胆固醇)。
69.B[解析]根据后面的内容“Althugh it was nce thught t have unique prperties ther types f alchl can have the same effects．A study cnducted recently revealed that peple wh drank red wine did nt live any lnger than thse wh drank ther kinds f spirits,such as beer r white wine.(尽管它一度被认为具有独特的特性但其他类型的酒精也有相同的效果。最近进行的一项研究表明，喝红酒的人并不比喝啤酒或白葡萄酒等其他烈酒的人长寿。”可知这一段与喝红酒有关，且此句说的是喝红酒可能会有好处，这样才有后面的让步状语从句。分析选项可知此处应选 B(除此之外，许多人认为喝红酒对心脏特别有好处)。
70.D[解析]根据最后一句“Cnsumers wh are especially cncerned abut their health shuld think carefully abut new infrmatin they read abut r see n televisin.(特别关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们在电视上读到或看到的新信息。)”，分析选项可知此处应选 D(在我们的社会中，关于食物和健康还有许多其他常见的神话)。
7．Passage（6）2021年1月高考真题
T Big，T Expensive and T Silly - Why Vide Game Mvies Fail
Film adaptatins f vide games have fallen n the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drp Bear. At first they lk harmless enugh , but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These mvies are plentiful. ( 67 )_________Yet despite big budgets and quality talent bth in frnt f and behind the camera , mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures.
(68)____________ The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities. Vide game mvies ften assume that the audience wants, r is interested in , the game's legend and backgrund. In fairness, this is ut f fear that fans will? criticise legend changes, alienating a key demgraphic. But games reveal legend prgressively ver tens f hurs f gameplay , whereas mvies have a small prtin f that time. This tensin risks creating bring expsitin and cmplex stry lines. Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and res (兽), the central cnflict in the game's wrld.(69)______________
Additinally, excessive adherence t the surce material extends t using silly plt device:withut spending enugh time establishing prper reasns fr their existence. In games, the these can wrk due t the “unspken but cmmnly understd lgic f ‘this is a vide game’". In a game, peple accept incnsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interactin and are the quickest rute twards allwing gamers t, say , sht hell-mnsters n Mars.
The game series became increasingly cmplex , as the player-cntrlled prtagnist (主角)parkured his way thrugh time perids like Renaissance Italy and Revlutinary America. The incredibility f the narrative wrld paled beside the fun f vaulting frm rftp t rftp in15th-century Flrence.
(70)___________ The plt--an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games---was criticized as " scattered and fractured",“ hastily explained" and “disrienting”. Vanity Fair pinted ut that "it's nt clear why any f this is happening" and Rger Ebert. cm summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers abut the cmplex methds they use t realize their prly-hidden agendas.
【答案】67-70 EAFB
【解析】67.E[解析]句意:吸引忠实影迷的潜力使这些电影具有诱人的前景。结合上提及的 At first they lk harmless enugh, but they ften leave viewers bruised and regretful 可知此处提到了电影的观众，而选项中与观众有关的是 B 和E 项，但是B项特指某一部电影，又根据下文 mst vide game mvies are cmmercial and critical failures 可知此处是对大多数这种类型的电影的相关评价，故选 E。68.A[解析]句意:那么为什么这些电影会失败呢? 结合下文中的 The answer cmes dwn t a cmplex mix f cnflicting audience demands and cmmercial realities 可推知此处需要填入一个问句，故此处填入 A 项最为合适。69.F[解析]句意:然而，一个常见的批评是，它“充满了枯燥的论述，大多是味的人物”。结合该段内容可知,此处主要讲述的是视频游戏电影失败的原因日根据 Fr example, Warcraft details the rigins f cnflict between humans and rcs兽),the central cnflict in the game's wrld 可知，此处以《魔兽争霸》举例，应该是说这部电影的不足之处，故下项比较合适。
70.B[解析]句意:相比之下，这部电影没能吸引观众。结合下文中提到的 The plt-an riginal stry which retains the key elements f the games--was criticized as“scattered and fractured”,“hastily explained”and“disrienting”可知，此处收获的都是不好的评价，即这部电影失败了，故此处应该填入 B 项。
8．Passage（6）2020年6月高考真题
Cming sn t a cinema near yu? Ticket prices shaped by demand
Chances are that if yu see just ne film this year, yu prbably saw it already. The perid between Christmas and Australia Day is typically the busiest and mst cmpetitive in ur film calendar. But even when yu arrive at a ticket cunter at a quieter time f year yu will usually pay the same price t see a film irrespective f its ppularity, quality r budget size. (67) ________
A new smart applicatin means this will sn be a reality fr sme Australian cnsumers. Melburne-based start up Chvie will launch a service ffering demand-based ticket pricing t filmgers at the end f March, with ver 100 screens acrss metrplitan and reginal venues in Victria, NSW and ACT. (68) ________
Chvie’s app will allw cnsumers t decide, within parameters set by the cinemas, what price they pay t see a film. Fr example, if yu dn’t want t pay mre than $10 t see a particular title and are prepared t cmprmise n where and when yu see it, the app will lcate a suitable sessin fr yu.
The emergence f apps such as Chvie is likely t shake up the film industry by fundamentally changing ur experience f ging t the mvies.
Dynamic (r demand) ticket pricing aims t change this.
S hw des dynamic pricing wrk?
(69) ________ This depends n a number f demand variables, such as mvie life cycle, time f day, day f the week, film title, venue, size f screen, actual bkings and s n. The number f seats in each price categry fr every film is based n demand cnditins at the time f purchase.
It wrks by using “pricing bts”, which adjust prices in real time accrding t rules set by the exhibitr and n the basis f infrmatin gathered abut cnsumer preferences. Uber’s “surge pricing” is ne example f dynamic pricing. Airline tickets are anther.
The idea is that instead f ffering custmers a limited number f ticket categries, the cinema sells each seat based n the individual custmer’s willingness t pay. Patrns can chse screenings by specifying things such as the amunt they are prepared t spend (say, under $10), the lcatin f the cinema (n mre than 10 km frm hme), the time f day (any time after 2pm) and s n. Cnversely, cinemagers shuld als be prepared t pay higher prices fr films that are clse t selling ut in ppular sessins.
(70) ________ It gives them the flexibility t respnd t unexpected fluctuatins in demand and encuraging their patrns t pre-purchase seats. And it benefits custmers by simplifying the prcess f finding cheaper cinema tickets and guaranteeing them a reserved seat.
【答案】 67—70 BCEF
【解析】
全文大意:主要在讲述需求与电影票价的关系，以及墨尔本的初创公司Chvie 研发的一个新的智能应用程序，可以为电影观众提供按需定价的门票67.B[解析]第一段主要在讲淡旺季与电影票的关系，横线前的一句话:“But ever when yu arrive at a ticket cunter at a quieter time f year yu will usually pay the same price t see a film irrespective f its ppularity, quality r budget size. ”国即你到了售票处，一年中电影院比较安静的时候，你通常会花同样的价钱去看一部电影，而不管它的受欢迎程度、质量或预算。标题中的“demand”需求，以及第段提到的关键词“ppularity,quality r budget size”所以可知此处应该是在讨论 B.imagine if yu culd instead pay less t see films that are nt in high demand? “试-下，如果你可以花更少的钱去看那些需求量不大的电影呢?”。
68.C[解析]本段主要在讲:总部位于墨尔本的初创公司 Chvie 将研发一个新的智能应用程序，可以为电影观众提供按需定价的门票，所以横线处应该是继线在讨论这个程序带来的影响，主语“A new smart applicatin”对应C选项中的“initiative”创新的这一特点，故选 C.One f the first cinema chains t take up this initiative is Dendy.Mre will fllw．Dendy 电影院是最早采取这一举措的连锁院之一。更多的电影院将会跟随。
69.E[解析]结合上下文可知，横线前面在讲述“S hw des dynamic pricing
wrk?”这个智能应用程序的动态定价是如何工作呢?，横线后:This depends n a number f' demand variables, such as mvie life cycle, time f day, day f the week, film title, venue, size f screen, actual bkings and s n. The number f seats in each price categry fr every film is based n demand cnditins at the time f purchase.这取决于许多需求变量，比如电影生活圈儿、周期、时间、星期几、电影名称、地点、屏幕大小、实际预订量等等。在购买时，每部电影每种价格类别的座位数都是根据(消费者的) 需求而定的。这里列举了很多影响消费者在购买电影价格的影响因素，所以，横线处应该填 E: Dynamic ticket pricing gives the cnsumer the ability t purchase film tickets at a wider range f prices.动态票价使消费者能够在更广泛的价格范围内购票。
70.F[解析]结合上下文可知，横线前在讲机器人程序根据实施定价规则调整价格的例子和调整定价的初衷，横线后在讲:It gives them the flexibility t respnd t unexpected fluctuatins in demand and encuraging their patrns t pr-purchase seats.它使他们能够灵活地应对，要求并鼓励他们的顾客预先购买座位 是指智能调整票价的程序，them 可推断出来说的是电影院。所以横线处是在讲这个智能程序对电影院的好处,对应F里的 Dynamic pricing benefits cinema，故选F;动态定价通过优化每场放映的价格组合使电影院受益每一部电影。
9．Passage（6）2020年1月高考真题
A. Then I tk them all ff the shelf and started again.
B. I pened ne f bks and enjyed the beautiful wrds abut fairy.
C. This sky belngs in my bk f fairy tales, I thught.
D. There were dark circles under my eyes； my hair was a tangled brwn mess.
E. I put my bk f fairy tales n the bedside table; it didn’t live with my ther bks.
F. At night, sme animals wandered arund the windw, whispering abut what they saw.
That night I culdn’t sleep.
I spent an hur r mre sitting n the flr f my bedrm in my nightgwn, unpacking my bks frm the traveling trunk and putting them n the bkshelf. I arranged them alphabetically： Luisa May Alctt, Frances Hdgsn Burnett, Lewis Carrll, Charles Dickens… (67) _________. This time I use the spines t create a rainbw f clr-blue, green, gray, black…
(68) _________ My brther, Rbert, had given it t me fr my twelfth birthday, very nearly a year ag. It was filled with the mst beautiful pictures yu culd ever imagine-page after page f enchanted frests, underwater cities, and ryal palaces. The lnger yu lked at thse pictures, the mre yu wuld see—there were pictures within the pictures, wrlds within wrlds.
My new bedrm was at the back f the huse verlking the garden and the wds beynd. I pened the heavy curtains and std at the dark windw, but all culd see was my wn reflectin lking back at me.
(69)_________ A year ag, Mama wuld have laughed and said, “Yu lk like yu’ve been dragged thrugh a hedge by a runaway pny, Hen.’’ She wuld have pulled me tward her and gently brushed at the bird’s nest until my hair shne. She wuld have kissed me gd night.
I blinked away the tears, and pulled the curtains tgether behind me t shut ut the light.
The darkness beynd the windw was vast and deep, nthing like the hazy gray f Lndn at night. (70) _________ An evil queen’s black velvet clak, embrtaerea with diamnds…
And then I saw the smke.
It was drifting up in a thin wisp frm the shadwy wds. As I squinted at it, I saw a tiny range light flickering amng the trees. A fire. Smene has lit a fire in ur frest.
【答案】67-70 AEDC
详解如下：
67．A 【解析】根据上下文，unpacking my them n thebkshelf可知作者在摆放书籍；根据本空前I arranged them alphabetically可知，作者过去按照字母顺序来排列图书，而本空后This time I use the spines t create a rainbw可知，作者这次要按照书脊颜色来分类，前后缺少逻辑连接，因此67题，应该是作者把书从书架拿下来，重新排列，故选A。
【第1、2段段意】
那晚我夜不能寐。
我穿着睡衣在卧室的地板上坐了一个多小时，从旅行箱里把书拿出来，放在书架上。我把他们按字母顺序排列:路易莎·梅·奥尔科特，弗朗西丝·霍奇森·伯内特，路易斯·卡罗尔，查尔斯·狄更斯……这次我用书脊来创建彩虹：蓝色，绿色，灰色，黑色…
68．E【解析】本句考查指代关系。由空后My brther..．had given it t me可推测，it必定在本空提到，而且是一本书，因此选项缩小到B和E；又根据本段后两句可知，作者主要是对这本书的图片着迷，所以答案确定为E，因为B选项说的是书中文字美。
【第3、4段段意】
我把我的童话书放在床头柜上;它和我其他的书不一样。，这是差不多一年前，我哥哥罗伯特送给我的十二岁生日礼物。书里满是你能想象得到的最美丽的图画--一页又一页的魔法森林、水下城市和皇家宫殿。你看这些图片的时间越长，你看到的越多--图片里有图片，世界里有世界。
我的新卧室在房子的后部，可以俯瞰花园和远处的树林。我拉开厚重的窗帘，站在黑暗的窗前，但能看到的只有我自己的影子在回望着我。
69．D【解析】本空位置位于段首，衔接上下文。根据上下文内容可知，上段末尾提到my wn reflectin lking back at me与本空后Yu lk like...可知本空应该是作者的形象描写，故选D。
【第5、6段段意】
我的眼睛下面有黑眼圈;我的头发是一团乱麻。一年前，妈妈会笑着说:“你看起来像是被一匹跑着的小马拖过树篱的，亨尼。”她会吻我道晚安的。
我眨了眨眼泪，拉上身后的窗帘挡住了光线。
70．C【解析】根据空前The and deep...与空后An evil queen's black velvet diamnds可知，深黑的夜色很容易让人想到黑天鹅绒的颜色，所以本空需要连接这两句建立联系，而且后文I saw与选项I thught刚好照应，故选C。值得注意的是F选项迷惑性较强，虽然arund the windw, whispering abut what they saw可以与前后句的beynd the windw、what they saw相对应，但是不符合写作的逻辑，从动物的想象跳跃到人的真实所见，放在此处过于唐突，缺少必要的衔接。
【第7、8、9段段意】
窗外的黑暗又大又深，一点也不像夜晚伦敦那雾蒙蒙的灰色。我想，这片天空属于我的童话书。邪恶女王的黑天鹅绒斗篷，上面绣着钻石……
然后我看到了烟。
它一缕一缕地从阴暗的树林里飘上来。当我眯起眼睛看它的时候，我看到一个小小的橙色的光在树丛中闪烁。是火。有人在我们的森林里点了火。
Passage（6）2019年6月高考真题
A. I means that different team is accessible t yu.
B. Belnging t yur favrite team stimulates yur cnfidence.
C. That identity is first and fremst.
D. The mre we fllw a team, the deeper the bnd becmes.
E. In that sense, yur favrite team can serve the same purpse as church and family: Fstering a sense f belnging.
F. This refers t the inclinatin by fans t distance themselves frm their team after a defeat.
“Our research has shwn that the N. 1 reasn peple becme fans is that it’s yur cnnectin t yur first cmmunity,” said Adam Earnhardt, chairman f the cmmunicatins department at Yungstwn State University and c-authr f “Sprts Fans, Identity and Scializatin: Explring the Fandemnium.” “I dn’t care if a Seattle fan mves t China, he r she carries with them their lve fr the sprts teams,” he said. “___ (67) ___”
___ (68) ___And when a team begins t catch fire, as with, say, the Mariners in ’ 95 r the Seahawks f recent vintage, well, it’s easy t get swept up in the wave.
“It’s phenmenal,” said Simns. “We have this ability t understand ther peple s remarkably that their victries literally becme urs. Our teststerne (睾酮) literally respnds t their victry. ___ (69) ___ They’re us, and cmpeting n a literal level as us—a little extensin f us. ”
Prfessr Rbert Cialdini at Arizna State University came up with the term BIRG—Basking In Reflected Glry—t describe the intense pride fans feel when their teams succeed. It can be used as averb, as in, “Seahawks’ fans are currently BIRGing up a strm.” The cunterpint, as cined by researches C. R. Snyder, Mar Anne Lassergard and Carl E. Frd, is the cncept f CORFing—Cutting Off Reflected Failure. ___ (70) ___We’ve all heard it in actin: We wn, but they lst.
This leads int anther cncept, that f cgnitive bias, als knwn as cnfirmatin bias, which causes fans t help explain away defeats by blaming utside factrs, such as referees. I’m sure it wuld als help explain why Seahawks fans rallied arund Richard Sherman after his pstgame interview, ratinalizing behavir that was widely criticized by many fans with n vested interest. I culd als explain the ntin f “eustress”, invented by endcrinlgist Hans Selye t refer t a cmbinatin f euphria (极度愉快的心情) and stress, such as that resulting frm watching tense sprting events. Indeed, it’s much f the appeal.
【答案】 67-70 CEDF
【解析】
67.C[解析]句意:这个身份是最重要的。根据该段上文文意可知，主要讲述了人们成为头号粉丝的原因，而最后一句说的是:他或她都带着对运动队的热爱据推测可知，故选 C。
68.E[解析]句意:从这个意义上说，你最喜欢的团队可以达到和教会和家庭-样的目的:培养一种归属感。根据文章可知，该句为该段的中心句，结合下文文意可知，主要讲述的就是，你喜欢的团队可以给你培养一种归属感，故选 E。
69.D[解析]句意:我们越是跟随一个团队，这种联系就越深。根据上下文两句的意思可以推测“我们为他们而激动，他们和我们具有联系，故选 D。
70.F[解析]句意:这是指球迷在输后倾向于与球队保持距离。根据上文可知，主要讲述了，球迷在球队赢或者输后的反应，结合下文解释可知，此处选 F。
考点一：段首题
命题规律：
段首题具有鲜明的语言特征，要么是段落标题句(主旨句)，要么就是段落主题句，七选五解题时可采用先易后难的原则，而段首的这两种题型即可作为七选五解题的突破口。
题型和考查角度：
1.段落小标题：概括段落大意，特征突出，短小且语言精炼
2.段落主题句：段落主旨概括性，与其它段落承上启下
一 段落小标题
解题策略：1. 观察其它段落标题的形式。
阅读段落内容，提炼段落中心词、高频词和中心词的近义词。
选项特征：1. 其形式应和其他小标题相同。
选项语言短小精炼。
多为名词词组、动名词短语或祈使向。
二 段落主题句
主题句分两种类型。设空处在段首通常为主旨概括句，有时也可能为承上启下(过渡)句。如果设空处位于段首，要瞻前顾后找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。
1.主旨概括句
解题策略：认真阅读后文内容，段落的第一、二句是关键信息，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句，有时也要参考最后一句，因为段落中常运用首尾呼应的原则，根据尾句进行验证。
选项特征：准确概括段落大意，避免以偏概全或偏离主题
2.承上启下(过渡)句
在段首设空的题有时也可能起承上启下的作用，此时既要熟悉上一段内容，又要去结合下一段内容。解题策略：做题时要联系上下文，把握逻辑关系，分析所选答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。
选项特征：过渡句与段落主旨相关，且与上下文语意连贯。
【真题典例】（2022年上海秋考）
On July 14. 1960, Jane and Vanne arrived n the shres f Gmbe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.
_____________ The animals fed frm Jane in fear. With patience and determinatin she researched the frest every day, deliberately trying nt t get t clse t the chimpanzees t sn. Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence.
A But studying the chimpanzees f Gmbe was nt easy.
B. Until that time, nly humans were thught t create tls.
C.These bservatins disprve the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian.
D. S she learns t be a secretary and wrks fr a time at Oxfrd University typing dcuments.
E.Hwever Jane lves the ty and names the chimpanzee Jubilee carting it with her everywhere.
F. Sme schlars and scientists give lane a cld receptin and criticize her fr giving the chimpanzees names.
【答案】67.A
【解析】句意:但研究贡贝的黑猩猩并不容易。根据上文提及的相关内容可知Jane 开始了对黑猩猩的研究，再结合该空之后提及的相关内容可推知，此处在讲述Jane 在研究过程中遇到的问题，结合相关选项分析，A项表述的内容能够承接上下文，故选入A。
考点二：段中题
命题规律：
段中设空的题目即为主题句的展开句。此种题要注意分析前后的逻辑性和内容的连贯性，注意句子之间的衔接手法，如代词、逻辑连接词等。做题时，首先要依据关键信息将选项进行排除，然后将剩下的可能答案逐一代入，达到选项和设空处的前后内容达到语意连贯及逻辑通顺，最终确定最佳选项。
解题策略：
利用结构或暗示
利用逻辑关系
一 利用结构或暗示
设空位于段中，首先阅读选项并画出关键词；然后重点阅读设空处的前一句和后一句，画出关键词，找出它们之间的逻辑关系或根据意义的连贯性得出答案；
1. 先看选项
七选五的选项较少，并且给出的都是句子。可以通过句子的完整性或者句子后面的标点符号先判断该句在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其它选项表达完全不同意思的句子，这样可以直接将该选项排除。
2. 再看空前空后
由于七选五空出的是整个句子，而这些句子与句子之间，必然有一种联系，可以通过选项中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间有一种关联性，从而选择正确的答案。
3. 注意代词或定冠词
一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它指代的句子的类型，这样可以迅速的确定备选选项。
4. 注意一些特殊疑问词
选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的词，对when的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对where的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对hw的回答，后面要有方式状语等。
注意选项和设空处是否为完整的句子
有时选项可能不是一个完整的句子，这样子可以在选项中圈定一些从句如if,when等开头的选项，再结合文章设空处前后的关联即可迅速判定正确选项。
二 利用逻辑关系
连词可以表现句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，通过不同的连词我们可以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。如一些表示转折的连词，but，Hwever，yet，thugh，nevertheless等，另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词如and，als，as well as，neither nr，either r，nt als，n the ne the ther hand等。
并列或递进关系
并列或递进关系是指后一句对前一句是一种顺承逻辑关系。常见的表示并列关系的标志性词语有first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), next/then, finally/last, first f all, fr ne thing, fr anther thing, sme ... thers ..., t begin with, t cnclude等；常见的表示递进关系的标志性词语有als, further, furthermre, likewise, similarly, mrever, in additin, what's mre, nt nly ... but als ...等。
转折或让步关系
转折或让步关系是指后一句对前一句构成逆转逻辑关系。常见表示转折或让步关系的标志性词语有but, hwever, nevertheless, still, yet, while/thugh/althugh, r/therwise, instead, n the cntrary, in cntrast, in cmparisn, by cmparisn等。
因果关系
因果关系是指后一句为前一句的结果(有时也为原因)。常见的标志性词语有s, therefre, thus, cnsequently, as a result (f), s/such ... that ..., s that, result in/frm, lead t, due t, thanks t, wing t等。
例证关系
例证关系是前后句的某句是为了证明或解释另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的标志性词语有fr example, fr instance, in fact/as a matter f fact, actually, in ther wrds, that is (t say)等。
【真题典例】（2022年上海春考）Shuld Writers Be Paid fr Their E-bks Lent by Libraries?
When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair?
A.Hwever,this is nt the case when libraries lend e-bks.
B. This may nt be a big issue nw, fr e-bks are minr in publishing.
C. Als, publishers assume get mre prfits frm libraries where readers pay them mre.
D. Publishing cntracts ften dn't specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
E. Extensin alne wuld d little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed frm bks t e-bks.
F. Fr this reasn, authrs and publishers have been talking the Gvernment int extending the Lending Rights Schemes t e-bks.
【答案】67. A
【解析】根据文章标题以及该空前提及的 When libraries lend bks t the public, authrs and publishers receive remuneratin frm the Gvernment under the Lending Rights schemes 和该空后提及的 Is this fair?可推知，此处是对两种图书代阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。结合相关选项推知，上文讲述了实体书的借阅收益来源情况，此处应该说明电子书借阅收益情况，故选 A。句意. 然而，当图书馆借出电子书时，情况并非如此。
考点三：段尾题
命题规律：
段尾设空的题多为总结本段内容，偶有起承上启下的作用。即要么是结论句，要么就是承上启下句。
题型和考查角度：
结论句：用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。
承上启下句：此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。
总结概括句
解题策略：1. 做题时一要注意设空的前一句或前两三句；
2. 要注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的词语如thus, therefre, hence, s, as a result, in a wrd, in shrt, t cnclude, t sum up等；
承上启下(过渡)句
解题策略：1.在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时要考虑与下一段开头是否有衔接，认真阅读下一段的开头几句，看是否能紧密联系起来。
2.如果第一段的段尾是空白，往往是和下一段能连贯起来。
3.通常是结论、概括性语句。要注意表示总结的信号词，如therefre, as a result, hence, thus, t sum up, t cnclude, in shrt, in a wrd等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
4.与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所 讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比、转折、排比、并列、递进等关系。根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，
【真题典例】（2021年上海秋考）
Fd & Health Myths
Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss hw certain fds r drinks are gd r bad fr yu, Sme televisin shws ften deal with new stries abut hw cnsuming certain substances can affect yur bdy(67)___________
A.Anther ppular belief is that red wine, like ther drinks, may be harmful t yu if cnsumed t much.
B.Apart frm that, many peple believe drinking red wine is especially gd fr yur heart
C.Eggs are high in chlesterl and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritius surce f energy
D.There are many ther myths cmmn is ur sciety abut fd and health.
E.This is because the bdy can deal with the extra chlesterl by reducing the amunt it prduces
F.With such a steady stream f infrmatin, it's understandable that a few ppular myths abut fd and health are flating arund.
【答案】67F
【解析】根据文章第句“Every day there is new infrmatin abut fd and health prducts.(每天都有关于食品和保健品的新信息)”以及后面提到的电视和报纸提供的信息，分析选项可知此处应选 F。有了如此稳定的信息流，一些关于食物和健康的流行神话正在四处流传是可以理解的)。
A flexible schedule allws students t wrk whenever and wherever they learn best.
B. Even pstgraduate students have the pprtunity t take advantage f a cmpetitive prgram.
C. It's clear t see hw hmeschling, even if dne primarily nline , isn't the same as nline learning.
D. There may have been limited resurces available when the hmeschling mvement was fist adpted.
E. One f the main differences between nline schl and hmeschl is that nline schls still emply teachers.
F. Many miscnceptins may cntinue t build arund the tw, including mistaking a stake f digitized wrksheets fr nline classrms.
Befre yu stck up at cafe , knw that it is pssible t drink t much cffee.
Cffee has its advantages and disadvantages accrding t different peple.
C. Researchers fund that caffeine , particularly cffee , had a prtective effect against depressin.
D. S by all means , grab that extra cup f cffee , but be sure t limit yur intake.
E.The md-bsting news desn't stp there.
F. T sum up, mre researchers shuld be dne t clarify the relatin between caffeine and depressin.
A But studying the chimpanzees f Gmbe was nt easy.
B. Until that time, nly humans were thught t create tls.
C.These bservatins disprve the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian.
D. S she learns t be a secretary and wrks fr a time at Oxfrd University typing dcuments.
E.Hwever, Jane lves the ty and names the chimpanzee Jubilee carting it with her everywhere.
F. Sme schlars and scientists give Jane a cld receptin and criticize her fr giving the chimpanzees names.
A.Hwever,this is nt the case when libraries lend e-bks.
B. This may nt be a big issue nw, fr e-bks are minr in publishing.
C. Als, publishers assume get mre prfits frm libraries where readers pay them mre.
D. Publishing cntracts ften dn't specify whether and hw much authrs receive fr e-bks sales r fr e-lending.
E. Extensin alne wuld d little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed frm bks t e-bks.
F. Fr this reasn, authrs and publishers have been talking the Gvernment int extending the Lending Rights Schemes t e-bks.
A.Anther ppular belief is that red wine, like ther drinks, may be harmful t yu if cnsumed t much.
B.Apart frm that, many peple believe drinking red wine is especially gd fr yur heart
C.Eggs are high in chlesterl and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritius surce f energy
D.There are many ther myths cmmn is ur sciety abut fd and health.
E.This is because the bdy can deal with the extra chlesterl by reducing the amunt it prduces
F.With such a steady stream f infrmatin, it's understandable that a few ppular myths abut fd and health are flating arund.
A. S why d these mvies fail?
B.The film , in cntrast, failed t bring its audience alng fr the ride.
C.Game adaptatins’ issues seem nt t be due t a lack f resurces.D， But the return n investment is nt encuraging, with a number failing
t recup ptential t appeal t a devted fan base makes these mvies an attractive prspect.
F. Hwever, a cmmn criticism was that it was “ full f bring expsitin and mstly uninteresting characters”.
A. The higher the price f film ticket is, the mre ppular it is amng yungsters.
B. Imagine if yu culd instead pay less t see films that are nt in high demand?
C. One f the first cinema chains t take up this initiative is Dendy. Mre will fllw.
D. Dynamic ticket pricing relies n the quality and trend f the film, varying frm ne t anther.
E. Dynamic ticket pricing gives the cnsumer the ability t purchase film tickets at a wider range f prices.
F. Dynamic pricing benefits cinemas by ptimizing the price mix fr every screening f every film.