专题18 六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解（下）-高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

这是一份专题18 六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解（下）-高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用），文件包含专题18六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解下解析版docx、专题18六选四句子还原之“三原则”快读巧解下原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共43页， 欢迎下载使用。
目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 结构衔接题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 逻辑衔接题4
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 词汇衔接题 PAGEREF _Tc148898655 \h 5
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场8
题型简介
六选四阅读文章一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。
命题类型
观点句：常处于段落开头，用来明确提出该段落的核心主张，引领后续的论证阐述，为全段定下论述基调，例如 “In additin t ecnmic benefits, there is anther crucial aspect t cnsider.”，旗帜鲜明开启新论述方向。
细节支撑句：为已提出的论点补充事实依据、具体案例、统计数据、名人名言等内容，让抽象论点变得鲜活可感，增强说服力。比如论点是 “运动有益身心”，论据句可能列举长期运动人群的健康数据。
过渡衔接句：位于段落之间或段落内部，起到承上启下的关键作用，既总结上文关键要点，又自然流畅地开启下文新话题，确保论证层层递进、环环相扣，就像 “Hwever, the situatin is far frm perfect, and new prblems have emerged.”，在转折间推进论述。
总结句：常出现在段末，对全段论述内容进行扼要概括，再次强调论点，加深读者印象，或者对后续论证走向做含蓄铺垫，如 “In shrt, we need t take immediate actin t address this issue.” 。
解题思路
速览全文抓主旨：快速通读文章，尤其留意文章标题、首段以及每段首尾句，迅速提炼核心论点，明确文章围绕什么主题、秉持什么立场在展开议论，为后续解题锚定大方向。
分析空处位置定功能：若空缺处在段首，优先考虑论点句，要能提纲挈领；位于段中，大概率是衔接过渡或补充论据；要是在段尾，多为总结收尾，或是抛出引出下段的悬念话题。
找关键词匹配：仔细研读空缺处上下文，圈出关键实词，比对选项，找出与之匹配的词汇，像同义词、反义词、同类词，借助语义关联锁定潜在答案，例如上文提及 “envirnmental prtectin”，选项含 “green initiatives” 就值得关注。
依循逻辑关系选：关注文中逻辑连接词，如表示并列的 “and”“als” ，转折的 “but”“hwever”，因果的 “s”“therefre” 等，据此判断选项与上下文逻辑是否契合，使文章论证行云流水。
代入通读核查：把选好的句子依次填入文中，完整通读一遍，检查文章整体语义连贯、逻辑通顺与否，如有语义跳跃、衔接生硬的地方，需重新审视选项。
考向一 结构衔接题
句子衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。可按这几个原则判断空格与选项是否匹配。
1、结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断
1）若空格句出现在段首，则通常是段落主题句。
该句往往是对下面整个段落内容的概括和总结，反映整个段落的主旨和大意。读后文内容，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。关注每段首尾句，了解大意知主题。
（2025年浦东新区一模）
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Orangutan treats his wund with a medicinal plant
(50)________________ Perhaps he accidentally tuched a wund while feeding n a plant and experienced its analgesic(镇痛的) effects, causing him t repeat the behavir. It is als pssible that Rakus previusly learned the behavir frm ther rangutans, since yung rangutans rely n scial learning t acquire the skills necessary fr adult life.
(2024杨浦一模)
(70) _______________________ But the mre yu learn t cntrl yur memry, the better yu’ll be at mining yur past, and shaping yur future, t be yur best self nw.
2）若空格句在段尾，则多属总结本段内容的总结句或引出下一段内容的过渡句。
A：在选项中看能否找到对前文整段的总结句。如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefre, as a result, thus, hence, in shrt, t sum up, t cnclude, in a wrd等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
B：与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。分析与前文是转折或是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题。
（2025年徐汇一模）
The pwer f placeb (安慰剂)
The pwer f the placeb effect pens up an exciting pprtunity t explre new avenues. Thugh we may nt fully grasp hw the placeb effects wrk, ne thing is clear: ur minds have an amazing ability t shape nt nly ur thughts but als ur physical health. ____50____
(2024黄埔一模)
“Yu g t cllege right ut f high schl. That’s the rule, right?” says Nikki Ivey, a sales trainer and cnsultant utside Jacksnville, Fla. Hwever, it’s nt the case fr her. Actually, she gt her undergraduate degree at 28. __67__
(2024虹口一模)
Mst f us d multitasking almst daily. But it’s time t change that. Yur attentin is already being pulled in millins f directins daily, s yu really dn’t need t add multitasking t the list. Let’s take the smartphne fr example. On average yu check yur phne 110 times a day — that means yu’re spending 23 days every year glued t yur smartphne! Hw prductive d yu think that makes yu? ___47___.
But it’s hard t let g f these habits because yu’ve cnditined yur brain t send misleading signals t yur bdy. Research has shwn that when yu multitask “successfully”, yu activate the reward mechanism in yur brain that releases dpamine, the happy hrmne.
3）若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。
段中设空主要考查上下文的逻辑关系。有时会出现衔接词汇或短语结构, 这些词汇和短语结构在文章中起到提示逻辑关系的作用,是解题时需要重点关注的部分。考生应对常用的逻辑关系了然于心。
（2025年普陀区一模）
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Little Miss Mzart
An 11-year-ld British cmpser earned cmparisns with Mzart after her pera pened in Vienna t enthusiastic applause. Alma Deutscher, wh lived in Surrey with her parents, was already wrld-famus as a
vilinist and pianist befre her first full-length pera made its first perfrmance n the Austrian stage.
Cnductr Simn Rattle declared he was "abslutely bwled ver"when he first saw her perfrm, but it was Stephen Fry wh first predicted that Deutscher culd be this generatin's Mzart, after watching a vide f her perfrming nline. ______ 50______ She said, "I lve Mzart very much. He's prbably my favurite cmpser, but I dn't really like it when peple call me Little Miss Mzart' because I dn't like being called 'little'. I'm very big, and secndly, if I just wrte everything Mzart wrte again it wuld be bring. "
(2024长宁一模)
But what happens next? We all hpe the prisner will benefit frm sciety’s retributin. A spell (一阵子) in prisn will refrm him and make him a better persn. We all hpe he’ll refrm and becme like us. We all hpe that when he is eventually released, he will be a gd character. 68 But, let’s face it. The reality is usually very different. The prisner may be released n parle (假释)befre the end f his sentence. He will try t re-enter sciety. But then he ften becmes a victim himself, unable t find wrk and is rejected by sciety.
考向二 逻辑衔接题
2、逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断
1）因果关系 (Eg: As a result/ thus/therefre/s (such)…)
因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
2） 转折关系 (Eg: Hwever/nevertheless/nnetheless/thugh/yet/in spite f/n the cntrary /in cntrast /by cntrast/ in )
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。
3）并列关系 (Eg: first/secnd/third/t begin with/t cnclude)
并列关系主要指前后的句子间是平等的关系，可以互换位置。
4）递进关系 (Eg: als/ furthermre/ similarly/ mrever/ in additin/what’s mre）
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
5） 例证关系 (Eg: such as /fr examples/One f the examples is …)
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。
（2025年杨浦一模）
Disliking Vegetables Can Rub ff n Others
A research team set abut investigating hw the facial expressins that peple make as they eat affect a persn watching them. They asked mre than 200 wmen t watch vides f ther adults eating raw brccli. The peple in the vides wuld have different expressins while eating. They wuld smile, lk neutral r lk sickened by what they were tasting. The study fund that watching peple react with strng dislike t the brccli reduced hw much the wmen liked it. ___48___
Humans learn which behaviurs will benefit them, including eating, by watching the reactins f thers. ___49___ Scientists think that peple might avid fd that appears sickening because it culd help t prtect them frm eating smething that tastes bad r culd be dangerus.
（2025年静安一模）
The persn prcrastinating usually des s despite knwing that the task is imprtant r valuable t them r thers, and that putting it ff culd be risky t them r thers. Big prjects may bring verpwering feelings which are likely t lead t prcrastinatin. ____48____ Answering an rdinary email frm wrk, fr example, may bring instant discmfrt, s the urge t escape such negative emtin defeats ne’s duty t cmplete the daily task.
(2024徐汇一模)
In Ls Angeles in 2015, nly 33 percent f yuths lived within walking distance f a park, accrding t the L.A. Neighbrhd Land Trust. Lwer-incme neighbrhds tend t have the fewest public play spaces, despite ften having a high ppulatin density. ___70___
考向三 词汇衔接题
3、词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断
1）代词
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；ne指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或thse指代前句的复数名词。
2）词汇复现/同义词/反义词
英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。
3）同一范畴词（上下义词）
上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。
（2025年静安一模）
The cming f a new year marks a fresh start and mtivates many peple t break bad habits. Sme are easier t shake than thers. Hwever, the tendency t prcrastinate is amng the stickiest. Whether it’s finishing a piece f wrk, sending an email r ging fr a run, sme tasks can becme uncnquerable. The easiest way t deal with these tasks is t put them ff until later r never at all. It’s prcrastinatin. It is a specific frm f delay that is bth unnecessary and vluntary. ____47____ At its heart, prcrastinatin is abut avidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s ften the emtins attached t an activity that cause peple t pause. Handling the first lines f a cllege essay may bring up feelings f self-dubt, fr example. When yu’re faced with a brad questin r tpic t write abut, the lack f clear instructins can prduce a fear f nt getting it right r f what might happen if yu get it wrng.
（2025年奉贤一模）
Ratting n Crimes
___50___ They will be armed with custm-made vests (马甲) . With their frnt paws, they will be able t pull a small ball attached t the chest f their vest, which gives ut a beeping sund. This way rats will be able t alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats culd becme illegal hunters' wrst enemy.
(2024闵行一模)
____48____ One respndent believes there is n true emtinal bnding withut smelling a lved ne. Infants recgnize their mthers’ durs sn after birth. Individuals were able t distinguish by the smell alne clthing wrn by their partners frm similar clthing wrn by ther peple.
A
【来源】上海市同济大学第一附属中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月考试英语试题
Fear is gd; in emergencies, it enables us t fight r flee. But ften we get scared at the wrng time - when we step nt the field fr a big sccer game r up t the micrphne at a large twn meeting. Prfessinal athletes and actrs say sme nervusness help them cncentrate better. But, when perfrmance anxiety is t pwerful, it undermines ur effrts; a vilinist cannt find the crrect ntes, a manager in a meeting frgets all the talking pints. 17 .
The human anxiety reactin begins almst autmatically and includes clear physilgical symptms; a racing heart, sweating, stmach pains. Sme peple have truble breathing r feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw int themselves r shck thers arund them with aggressive utbursts. If the need t perfrm is a regular requirement, they may suffer frm nightmares r fall int depressin. 18 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able t apply lgical intelligence n standard tests than calmer clleagues
19 Yet psychlgist Duglas H. Pwell f Harvard Medical Schl is cnvinced that severe stage fright is a phenmenn unt itself, given that it appears in nly certain well-defined situatins. Sciphbes (社恐的人) , in cntrast, suffer merely when thers are present. Whereas peple with scial phbias fear the negative feelings f thers, thse swith perfrmance anxiety are their wn harshest critics. They are perfectinists and wuld rather cancel an appearance — r avid it —than nt meet their wn standards and, by extensin, nt be able t demnstrate hw gd they are.
This destructive style f thinking ften arises frm a lack f self-esteem. 20 Previus bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a schl play r a single failed test can smetimes aruse such strng feelings f shame in yungsters that as adults they will avid any remtely similar undertaking.
A．Sme therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptms f fear.
B．Survival may nt hang in the balance, but scial, prfessinal r financial success can seem t be in grave danger.
C．All these symptms eat away at the very resurces needed t rise t the ccasin: steady hands, clear memry and a cl head.
D．The individual begins by imagining failure, wrks himself r herself int a state and then criticizes his r her wn abilities.
E．At Harvard, Pwell fund that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises frm cmpletely cntrllable precnditins.
F．Because perfrmance anxiety arises when ther peple are present, many psychlgists believe that the cnditin is a sub-categry f scial anxiety.
B
【来源】上海市进才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期9月阶段性测试英语试卷
Why We Hate the Feeling f Failure and Hw It Affects Us
Lss aversin is the idea that a ptential lss has greater weight in a persn's mind than the pssible gain. Peple seek t avid failure and the negative feelings they expect will cme frm such a lss.
21 . Marketers want t understand the emtins surrunding lss s they can wrd advertisements in a way that prmpts cnsumers t feel they need t buy a prduct t avid negative feelings.
Mre recently, scial scientists have turned their at tent n t hw lss aversin can hinder peple frm perfrming in their daily lives. 22 .
Sprts and athletic perfrmance was ne f the first areas f fcus. A study in May 2023 lked at hw adult athletes were hindered by a fear f failure. It fund that athletes wh feared failure tended t apprach an athletic event and appraise(评估) it fr ptential lsses.
Lsses weren't just related t the final numbers n the screbard. Rather, sme athletes apprached a practice r a game and saw it as a ptential t perfrm prly and lse standing with their cach, teammates r fellw athletes. 23 Schlars are als cnsidering hw a fear f failure impacts academics. In a 2015 article, researchers cnducted a meta-analysis f 33 studies that measured the relatinship between prcrastinatin and academic perfrmance.
Nt surprisingly, prcrastinatin was shwn t decrease academic perfrmance. 24 .Rather, this type f I'll-get t-it later mentality was a lss aversin strategy. When a student didn't feel cnfident r cmpetent in cmpleting a task, whether it was writing an essay r studying fr an exam, they prcrastinated t delay feeling like a failure.
While ur fear f lss may impact ur mindset and whether r nt we pursue smething new, if we let that fear take hld, then we’ve already lst. There fr, dn’t let fear f failure keep yu frm trying smething new.
A．Researchers have examined hw fear f failure can lead t-prcrastinatin.
B．The lss was seen as humiliating and smething the athlete feared r wanted t avid.
C．Research has fund this fear f failure drives peple t stp pursuing their passins.
D．Hwever, the study fund that it wasn't due t students priritizing their scial life r Netflix queue.
E．Dubt has killed their dreams than failure ever will
F．Lss a versin has lng been used t study cnsumer psychlgy.
C
【来源】上海市2022-2023学年高三下学期“六校联合教研”质量调研英语试卷
Shuld yu listen t music when yu wrk?
D yu like t listen t music when yu wrk?
Pse this questin at a party, and yu’ l prbably get sme plarizing respnses. Sme will say they lve it, claiming that it imprves their perfrmance; thers will say they find it distracting and cannt wrk effectively with music playing in the backgrund.
Interestingly enugh, ur research has fund that bth f these perspectives can be true. 25
In a recent study, we brught participants int ur lab t perfrm a variety f tasks. They included an easy task-searching thrugh wrdlists and crssing ut wrds cntaining the letter “a” and a mre difficult task-memrizing wrd pairs and recalling the partner t each wrd. Sme participants cmpleted all f the tasks in silence, whereas thers cmpleted the tasks with instrumental music that was either lud r sft, and either simple r cmplex, the latter meaning music with mre instrumental tracks. Several key findings emerged frm ur study.
We fund that participants wh listened t simple music r n music perfrmed abut the same n the easy task. 26
Cnversely participants perfrmed wrse n the mre difficult task when they listened t any music, regardless f cmplexity r vlume, cmpared t thse wh didn’t listen t any music.
What shuld we make f these findings?
We suggest that peple have limited mental resurces frm which bth music and tasks can draw. 27 But we als can becme verstimulated and distracted when these resurces are verwhelmed.
Nt surprisingly, we typically need t use fewer f ur mental resurces when we perfrm easy tasks, whereas demanding tasks require mre brainpwer. Hwever, because we might be less engaged during easier tasks, there’s a greater risk f drifting ff. Music might give us the extra bst we need t plw thrugh the mntny(单调). 28 Listening t music can becme verkill.
S ptimal perfrmance shuld ccur when we strike a “sweet spt,” which may depend n the type f music and the type f task.
A．It just depends n what srt f wrk yu’re ding.
B．Hwever, difficult tasks already demand a lt f ur resurces.
C．Hwever, participants wh listened t cmplex music perfrmed best n the easy task.
D．Our research findings suggest that the effects f music may als depend n ur persnalities.
E．We can becme bred and ur minds may wander when these resurces are underutilized.
F．It can actually be helpful t put n sme music when yu wrk n smething easy and repetitive.
A
【来源】上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试卷
Mdern cmputer technlgy has made a new kind f human relatinship pssible: nline friendship. 1 Are nline friendships as beneficial as face-t-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages f having virtual friends? Can peple frm strng bnds nline? Tday these questins are the subject f lively debate.
Sme peple believe that the Internet is the best way t make new friends. It’s cnvenient, it’s fast, and it allws making cntact with different kinds f peple frm all ver the wrld. When yu use scial netwrking, websites and chat rms, yu can easily find peple with interests and hbbies similar t yurs. Infrmatin updates and phts add t the experience. Making friends n the Internet is especially gd fr shy peple wh feel uncmfrtable in scial situatins. It’s ften easier t share thughts and feelings nline. 2 They can make peple feel less lnely and help them slve prblems.
Althugh the Internet can encurage friendship, it has a majr disadvantage. 3 Online friends nly tell yu what they want yu t knw. They smetimes exaggerate their gd qualities and hide the less psitive nes, s yu can’t be sure f what they really like. That is why yu shuld nt give persnal infrmatin t anyne nline unless yu’re ttally sure f wh that persn is.
Can nline friendship be as meaningful as face-t-face nes? There are different pints f view. Researchers at the University f Suthern Califrnia surveyed 2,000 husehlds in the United States. The results shwed that mre than 40 percent f participants feel “as strngly abut their nline buddies” as they d abut their “ffline” friends. 4 In cntrast, there are many peple wh believe that it’s nt pssible t have deep relatinships with nline friends, A yung Indian sftware engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy, says, “it’s gd t feel cnnected with many peple, but all my e-buddies are nt necessarily my clse friends.” They say that it’s hard t develp feelings f trust and cnnectin when yu dn’t share experiences in persn.
Peple cntinue t express different pinins abut nline friendship. Hwever, mst f them wuld agree that virtual friendships must nt replace face-t-face friendships. As ne life cach says, “a scial netwrking site shuld nly be the ‘add n’ in any relatinship.”
A．In additin, virtual friends can ffer emtinal supprt.
B．When yu’re nt face t face, it’s much easier t deceive peple.
C．Many peple wuld agree.
D．Researchers als fund that it’s nt unusual fr nline friends t becme face-t-face friend.
E．Online friends may be f help in many ways.
F．Online friends, r virtual friends, are peple wh have becme acquainted with each ther thrugh the Internet.
B
【来源】上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三英语3月检测英语试题
Unlike s-called basic emtins such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in cnjunctin with a child’s grwing grasp f scial and mral nrms. Children aren’t brn knwing hw t say “I’m srry”, rather, they learn ver time that such statements appease (安抚) parents and friends and their wn cnsciences. This is why researchers generally regard s-called mral guilt, in the right amunt, t be a gd thing.
5 It evkes Freud’s ideas and religius hang-ups. Mre imprtant, guilt is deeply uncmfrtable — it’s the emtinal equivalent f wearing a jacket weighted with stnes. Wh wuld inflict it upn a child? Yet this understanding is utdated. “There has been a kind f revival r a rethinking abut what guilt is and what rle guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part f a larger recgnitin that emtins aren’t binary feelings that may be advantageus in ne cntext and may be harmful in anther.
And guilt, by prmpting us t think mre deeply abut ur gdness, can encurage humans t crrect errrs and fix relatinships. 6 It is a kind f scial glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an pprtunity. Wrk by Tina Malti, a psychlgy prfessr at the University f Trnt, suggests that guilt may cmpensate fr an emtinal deficiency. In a number f studies, Malti and thers have shwn that guilt and sympathy (and its clse cusin empathy) may represent different pathways t cperatin and sharing. Sme kids wh are lw in sympathy may make up fr that shrtfall by experiencing mre guilt, which can cntrl their impulses. 7
In a 2014 study, fr example, Malti and a clleague lked at 244 children, aged 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-bservatins, they rated each child’s verall sympathy level and his r her tendency t feel negative emtins (like guilt and sadness) after mral transgressins (违背) . Then the kids were handed stickers and chclate cins, and given a chance t share them with an annymus child. 8 The guilt-prne nes shared mre. Hwever, they may nt magically have becme mre sympathetic t the ther child’s deprivatin.
“That’s gd news.” Malti says, “We can be pr-scial because f the empathetic prclivity (倾向) , r because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
A．And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute fr lw guilt.
B．The main reasn why guilt wrks cmes dwn t simple psychlgy and cnditining we receive as children.
C．Fr the lw-sympathy kids, hw much they shared appeared t turn n hw likely they were t feel guilty.
D．Guilt is an incredibly pwerful emtin which has slip by unnticed fr lng.
E．In the ppular imaginatin, f curse, guilt still gets a bad reputatin.
F．Guilt, in ther wrds, can help hld a cperative species tgether.
C
【来源】上海市晋元高级中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
What My Year Abrad Taught Me Abut Cultural Differences
Imagine ging t study abrad. Yu walk int the lcal shp and bam!, Glliwgs (黑面木偶) everywhere. I’m talking salespeple dressed as Glliwgs. Surprised, yu g t the junk fd sectin as that’s the nly thing that will give yur bdy the sugar rush it needs t shck yur bdy ut f the state f bewilderment (困惑). And there they were: Glliwg ckies.
I’m using the wrd “Glliwgs” because t a British persn abrad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is knwn as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussin abut whether r nt it’s racist. 9 Zwarte Piet is understd by mst in the Netherlands t be Santa’s helper whse black face was due t his delivering presents thrugh the chimney.
Wrking as a trainee with the Eurpean Cmmissin, I met peple frm all ver the wrld, nt just Eurpe. Wrking alngside my German, Spanish and Italian clleagues, I learned sme valuable lessns. 10 Yu shuldn’t wait t say “excuse me,” r wait fr a gap in the cnversatin t give yur pinin, because yu’ll walk ut at the end f the meeting wndering hw three hurs have passed withut yu managing t say anything. I learned hw t stp my clleagues and interject (插话) my thughts.
Anther lessn was the value f the cffee break. Cffee breaks in Brussels were nt just time t get cffee. It was a chance t develp new ideas with clleagues in a mre infrmal setting. At first I declined the invitatin t attend, but after a while I began t ntice that almst everyne went n these trips t the cffee machine and decided t jin them. 11
Graduates and students wh have wrked abrad gain an understanding f what it means t be truly Eurpean and hw this can benefit yu at wrk. Nt nly d yu bring hme experiences, skills and practices frm ther cuntries, but yu als seek t take yur wrk further afield (向远方).
12 Remember the Glliwg ckies? All I really wanted were sme Mr. Kipling’s cakes but they’re nearly impssible t find abrad. When I finished my trainee ship with the Cmmissin, I came hme and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending bxes f British snacks t Britns all ver the wrld. And t think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.
A．Yu might be amazed by the quantity f wrk and innvative cncepts that can emerge during infrmal cffee breaks.
B．This marked my initial experience in cmprehending diverse cultures.
C．As British peple, we need t stay lw-prfile in what we d.
D．S, hw did I apply these acquired abilities?
E．As individuals frm Britain, we must prduce mre influence in ur pursuits.
F．This was my first lessn in understanding British cultures.
D
【来源】上海市华东师范大学附属东昌中学2023-2024学年高三上学期10月测评英语试题
Hw t Thrive in a vide age
The pandemic embedded vide int the wrkplace. Wrkers wh had never previusly been n camera suddenly spent every hur f the day getting used t the sight f themselves and their clleagues n screen. 13
There is n ging back. Blgs have becme vlgs. Meetings are nw recrded as a matter s that peple can fail t watch them back later. Sme firms rutinely ask applicants t recrd answers t certain questins n vide, s that peple can’t see hw well prspective recruits cmmunicate.
Since vide has becme mre central t wrk, it pays t be gd at it. 14 . Wrkers can imprve under their wn steam, but cmpanies can help, t.
T see what the right set-up lks like, just bserve the range f images n yur next, vide-cnferencing call. It will prbably be a cmplete mishmash (大杂烩). Sme peple will be bathed in the warm glw f a ring light; thers will be emerging frm the shadws like the Emperr Palpatine. Obviusly, there is a limit t hw level the playing-field-between hme ffices can be, when living envirnments between emplyees differ s greatly. 15 : peple wh regularly make presentatins r see clients have greater claim n fancier equipment.
Advice n hw t present well n vide is nt that different t advice n presenting in general. But there are sme specific pitfalls with vide. One is where t lk. Staring int the camera is unnatural. Sme advice pinning a pht f smene yu respect right by the lens. But lking at the camera is harder if yu are referring t ntes n the screen at the same time. Teleprmpter (提词器) sftware maybe the right answer.
Perhaps the least recgnised skill in the vide age is listening well. 16 — being able t turn yur camera ff when yur time is being ryally wasted may be the pandemic’s greatest gift t prductivity. Yet ne f the dwnsides is hw distracting it can be: as well as checking yurself ut and fllwing the nline chat, yu can cmment n smene’s new wallpaper while watching their neighbur shvel ndles int their muth. It takes real effrt t stay fcused in such circumstances.
A．Being a star in the vide age means having the right set-up, speaking well and listening well
B．whether prviding decent hme-wrking equipment r giving feedback n hw peple appear n screen, emplyers can help everyne imprve their vide game
C．Whether yu are n camera r in the rm, it is always easier t listen when there is smething wrth hearing
D．Executives realized that they culd send vide messages t their wrkfrces rather thanhaving t assemble in twn halls
E．Hwever, nt everyne needs t lk like an A-lister
F．After all, ne great benefit f the virtual meeting is that yu can get actual wrk dne in it
A. Three days later, they saw an interesting chain f events.
B. And he selectively treated his wund and nt any ther bdy parts.
C. Rakus may have bserved his mther demnstrating hw t treat wunds.
D. Laumer and clleagues d nt knw hw r where this behavir riginated.
E. The findings may prvide insights int the evlutin f this behavir amng humans.
F. It’s the first reprt f suspected wund treatment by a wild animal using a plant with knwn medicinal prperties.
A. There’ll still be times when ld thughts cause sadness, r yu’re anxius abut what’s next.
B. The usefulness f nstalgia seems t vary with age.
C. Tday we have a much mre psitive attitude t nstalgia.
D. Yu’ll get faster at finding it, and add extra layers f detail each time.
E. The answer lies in cnnecting with yur past and future selves.
F. But there’s als a grwing bdy f research int time travel “the ther way”.
A. D I even want them? On whse clck?
B. Why shuld yu challenge that secret timeline f milestnes in yur head?
C. This time, quitting her jb led t her first album, televisin appearances and sld-ut shws.
D. Instead f feeling pressure t hit life events n smene else’s timeline, maybe it’s fine t make ur wn.
E. Peple are feeling like they’re falling behind, when in fact they’re prbably ding exactly what they shuld.
F. She spent years feeling like an utsider and failure as she watched her peers rise in schl and wrk, figuring she’d never catch up.
A. Fcus n the ne thing yu are ding.
B. Habits like these which encurage yu t multitask make yu mentally exhausted and unprductive.
C. Make sure that yu als take breaks in yur mntasking, because that' s what helps yur brain t stay fcused.
D. S it’s a win-win fr everyne!
E. The little infrmatin we d take in when we' re multitasking is mre difficult t remember at a later stage.
F. Yu feel s gd that yu believe yu’re being effective and further encurages yur multitasking habit.
A. Hwever, it is nt a cmparisn that the 11-year-ld is particularly keen n.
B. Interestingly, it was ften during unexpected mments that a beautiful meldy suddenly came t her.
C. Deutscher's mst ambitius wrk has enabled the audience t see her talent.
D. Instead f the glass slipper f the fairytale, the prince lks fr a lst meldy he cannt quite remember.
E. The wrk reinvented the Cinderella fairytale t be set in an pera huse ruled by a mean stepmther.
F. She never gt nervus n stage, as she was just happy that peple wanted t listen t her music.
A. It will nt be lng befre he’s back in prisn again.
B. We’re all relieved that the criminal is being punished fr his misdeeds.
C. Cmmunity service is likely t turn prisners int better persns.
D. Offenders are tried and sentenced accrding t the legal system.
E. The threat f anther spell in jail will stp him frm breaking the law again.
F. Put the mney int supprting deprived areas which are the grunds fr crime.
A. A previus study fund that children between the ages f fur and six years ld were mre likely t eat brccli if they’d seen vide clips f adults enjying it.
B. Hwever, a psitive facial expressin didn’t make them like brccli mre.
C. In fact, the impact f bserving thers eat extends beynd simply dining manners.
D. This is knwn as scial mdelling, and it is a strng influence n peple’s eating habits.
E. A new study has fund that ther peple’s likes and dislikes culd play a part.
F. This phenmenn, ften referred t as scial influence, highlights hw ur eating behavirs are nt shaped by
A. But that desn’t mean yu’re stuck and that’s wh yu are.
B. Prcrastinatin becmes an easy and ‘dirty’ way f reactin when yur handling resurces are maxed ut.
C. Chances are that yu will find yurself supprted by prcrastinatin all alng.
D. It isn’t caused by the persn’s need t priritize ther tasks r by an unexpected emergency.
E. Yu will becme increasingly frustrated with yurself fr nt getting the task dne.
F. Hwever, the threat can als cme frm smething tiny.
A. Mving mre may nt prevent a child frm becming verweight, but studies shw clearly that it helps bth physical and mental health.
B. And althugh rural areas have mre undevelped utdr space, they ften lack playgrunds, tracks and exercise facilities
C. A lack f safe places fr them t play utside the hme als cntributes t kids besity.
D. It als suggested prescribing weight-lss drugs t children 12 and lder and surgery t teens 13 and lder.
E. Increased screen time and changing nrms arund letting kids play utdrs are unsupervised.
F. They have significant side effects fr bth kids and adults.
A. But that desn’t mean yu’re stuck and that’s wh yu are.
B. Prcrastinatin becmes an easy and ‘dirty’ way f reactin when yur handling resurces are maxed ut.
C. Chances are that yu will find yurself supprted by prcrastinatin all alng.
D. It isn’t caused by the persn’s need t priritize ther tasks r by an unexpected emergency.
E. Yu will becme increasingly frustrated with yurself fr nt getting the task dne.
F. Hwever, the threat can als cme frm smething tiny.
A. Previusly, they've trained packs f her rats t detect dangerus bacteria.
B. Then they were intrduced t cmmn scents used t mask illegal wildlife trade.
C. This effrt aims t prvide a lw-cst detectin system t prevent illegal hunting.
D. Hwever, there are cncerns that the rats might be distracted by sme cmmn scents.
E. Existing screening tls are expensive and time intensive, necessitating a new apprach.
F. Fr this purpse, these trained rats will be expected t wrk in likely htspts fr illegal wildlife trade.
A. Odurs are als essential signals in scial bnding.
B. Besides, durs are granted different cultural values.
C. Human’s perceptin f smell facilitates the spread f human culture.
D. Our nses can perceive durs present in extremely small quantities.
E. Many respndents nted many f their lfactry likes and dislikes were based n emtinal links.
F. Sme respndents’ preference fr a particular dur was influenced by emtinal assciatins.