高考英语二轮讲义-阅读表达（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读表达（教师版），共42页。学案主要包含了高中真题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

阅读表达是2021年出现的新题型,要求学生在理解文本的基础上,根据题目要求回答四个问题,旨在考查学生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。
该题型历年所选取的语篇类型不同:2021年和2023年为说明文,2022、2024年为记叙文。四个问题的题型也不同:前两题是细节题;第三题是判断题,要求学生先找出叙述有误的部分(可以是分句、短语或单词)并画线,然后引用文本内容进行改错。第四题属于创新和评价型问题,要求学生基于文本的话题建构思路、表达自己的观点或基于文本中涉及的概念进行创新写作等。
一．备考策略
1. 广泛阅读,锻炼获取、分析和概括信息的能力,用英语思维进行表达
学生平时要锻炼多层次的阅读能力和思考能力,在获取文章信息的基础上,进行分析和概括。同时,要重视积累英语写作词汇、语法知识和地道的英语表达法,多进行写作练习。
试题设置的难度不是一成不变的,但如果英语阅读能力和写作能力提升了,阅读表达题可以迎刃而解。例如,做第三题时,学生通常可以引用原文内容进行改错。但这道题的难度有可能加大,不能从文本中直接找到答案,这就需要学生对文本进行分析和概括。
2. 提高解题能力,轻松应对考试
(1)平行阅读找题眼:一般来讲,前三道题的答案出处在文中的位置顺序与题目顺序一致,因此学生在寻找答案时,可带着问题阅读,按题目顺序定位答案出处。
(2)答案与问题范围对应:做第三题时,不可多答。有的考生出于安全考虑,抄了原文中不属于答案的部分,导致失分。
(3)阅读表达的最后一题是创新写作题,做这道题时,注意以下几点:
①关注问题的要求。观察题目中是否有“Apart frm what is mentined in the pas- sage...”这样的表达。如果有,再使用文章中的内容进行作答是无效的。此外,要根据所给单词的单、复数,推断要求回答的点。如果看到benefit(s),作答一点或多点都可以;如果看到benefits,作答内容就要多于一点,由于有词数限制,建议写两条。本题的评分标准和应用文类似,都是主要从内容和语言两方面评分。
②言简意赅,减少冗余。转换表达方式可以解决词数超限的问题。必要时,可以用单词代替短语,用非谓语动词代替从句等。
(4)使用规范和准确的语言。只要是写在答题纸上的句子,拼写和语法错误都会导致失分。
(5)检查并规避错误。学生作答结束后,可以针对以下几方面进行快速核查:作答内容和词数是否符合题目要求;拼写、语法和标点是否准确。
二．题型特点要知晓
例(2023北京海淀二模)
They say t find ut what yu really want, g back t when yu were a child.When I was a kid, I really wanted t be a painter②, but I was never great at it. I was discuraged, because in art classes my paintings were never the mst beautiful. In the third grade, we were given a prject t create a prtrait. I used the skills and tips we were all
taught in class. After we were dne, we presented ur prtraits. We std in frnt f the class and explained ur techniques. I remember lking at ther prtraits thinking, “We were given the same skills, why d theirs lk s prfessinal and mine lks s amateur①?”
But I still really enjyed painting because it's a frgiving art.② If I dn't like what I've put n paper, I can paint ver it. I can mix clrs and make new nes. Als, I can release sme creative juices, use what has inspired me and allw that t pur ut f me in a way I may nt have imagined.
But because I have always wanted t paint beautiful pictures, I just decided t change what beauty lked like. I changed what beauty meant t me.③
Thrughut schl, they taught us abut Picass, Van Ggh and da Vinci, and I never saw myself r my art in their wrks. These artists were always painting whatever was in frnt f them and arund them. But that's nt what I saw arund me.
Then I learned abut Basquiat, wh inspired me t paint abstract pictures.② I paint when I'm mved, and I am ften mved by what's natural: emtins, nature, and ther frms f art. I am als very mved by pain. When there is pain in the wrld r in my heart, it can be unbearable. I had a cnversatin with an activist in St. Luis named Spk, and I explained t her this feeling and she tld me, “Pain is energy. Yu have t learn hw t channel that energy int smething prductive.” S smetimes I channel that pain int art, int a painting.②
Even if the picture desn't turn ut aesthetically(美学地) pleasing by sciety's standards, it's still beautiful that I was able t create smething. My paintings may nt be a Basquiat, but they're mine, s I lve them anyway.
1. What did the authr find after the prtrait presentatin?
2. What factrs mtivated the authr t keep his passin fr the arts?
3. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
The authr has always wanted t paint beautiful pictures, s he tried t meet sciety's standards.
三．方法技巧
阅读表达的第四题要求学生在对信息进行分析和总结的基础上,输出新的信息,难度高于前三道题,因此,我们总结了不同类型的提问及其解题方法。
1.基于事件进行深入分析
2022年北京高考英语阅读表达的最后一题是“Amng Tm's qualities, which ne(s) d yu think will be imprtant fr us? Why? (In abut 40 wrds)”,在此之后,北京各区高三模拟题中数次出现该设问方式。解决此类问题需要从现象看本质,从文本的记叙性文字中推断出人物的品质。解答该类型题目时注意两点:首先,答题时注意人物的品质和文本细节之间的逻辑关系,不可臆造。其次,平时要积累描述优秀的个人品质的单词,包括但不局限于:persistence、resilience、creativity、sense f respnsibility、curisity和 humility等。
例1(2022北京海淀期末)
Q:Which quality f da Vinci's d yu appreciate mst? Hw can it benefit yu in yur life?(In abut 40 wrds)
审题 本题分两部分。关键词是quality和benefit。后者是基于前者展开,因此第一问的构思非常重要。
语篇 Lenard da Vinci was a genius: wildly imaginative, passinately curius and creative acrss multiple disciplines—painting, architecture, aernautics, and engineering. Yet ddly the wrd “genius” minimizes him by making it seem as if he were tuched by lightning. His early bigrapher made this mistake: “Smetimes, in a supernatural fashin,a single persn is gifted by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that it seems that his every act is divine (天赐的).” In fact, the self-taught Lenard's genius was shaped by his wn will and ambitin. It did nt cme frm being the divine recipient, like Newtn r Einstein.
Part f what made Lenard a genius, what set him apart frm peple wh are merely extrardinarily smart, was creativity. His talent fr cmbining bservatin with fantasy allwed him t make unexpected leaps that related things seen t things unseen.
Lenard was als a very human genius. He made mistakes. He left a trail f unfinished prjects, flying machines that never flew, tanks that never rlled. “Tell me if ever I did a thing... Tell me if anything was ever made.”
His flawed humanity makes Lenard mre accessible. Even thugh we may never be able t match his talents, we can learn frm him and try t be mre like him. His life ffers a wealth f lessns.
Seek knwledge fr its wn sake. Nt all knwledge needs t be useful. Smetimes it shuld be pursued fr pure pleasure. Lenard did nt need t knw hw heart valves wrk t paint the Mna Lisa, nr did he need t figure ut hw fssils gt t the tp f muntains t prduce the Virgin f the Rcks. By allwing himself t be driven by pure curisity, he gt t explre mre hrizns and see mre cnnectins.
Keep a childlike sense f wnder. At a certain pint in life, mst f us quit puzzling ver everyday phenmena. We might savr the beauty f a blue sky, but we n lnger bther t wnder why it is that clr. Lenard did.
Be curius, bserve things, see things unseen, respect facts, be pen t mystery... We can ever learn enugh frm Lenard.
答题 回答第一问时,学生要基于文章的内容写出达·芬奇的优秀品质,该品质需要准确、恰当;题干中的quality是单数,因此只写一项。回答第二问时,学生要基于第一问所答的内容写出该品质的益处,这是基于第一问的延伸。
参考范文
The quality I appreciate mst is his curisity/being curius. It inspires me t acquire knwledge and btain a deeper insight int the subjects. Besides, it helps develp my creative thinking because it enables me t see things in a different way.
点评 分数区间:4—5分。范文结构清晰。第一句表明最欣赏的品质是好奇心。此处要注意有关品质的形容词和名词形式的使用,不要出现语法错误。在回答第二问时使用了平行结构,一方面与获取知识有关,另一方面与创造力有关,内容全面。恰当地使用了代词I和me,符合题目要求。
2.基于文内论述进行平行延伸
本类问题典型的设问方式是“In additin t/Apart frm what is mentined in the passage, what d yu think ”等。本类问题要求学生在阅读文本后写出与文中提到的内容平行、但又不重复的要素。学生可积累些典型的解题思路,例如对于要求写益处(benefits)的题,可以从以下三个方面进行表述:身体的(physical)、精神的(mental)和社会的(scial)。
例2(2022北京海淀一模)
Q:Besides the fresh start effect, in what ther ways d yu mtivate yurself in yur life? (In abut 40 wrds)
审题 首先,问题中出现了Besides the fresh start effect,那么回答中不能出现the fresh start effect这种方式。其次问题中用了ways,说明学生要写出不止一条激励方式。考虑到本题的词数限制,建议学生写两条。
语篇 Yu might nt have heard f the “fresh start effect”, but if yu've ever made a New Year's reslutin, yu're familiar with it. It refers t the human tendency t take actin twards achieving a gal after a special ccasin r key date has passed.
The fresh start effect is simple. Mst peple want t imprve themselves in sme way. When we hit imprtant milestnes, we're ften likely t reflect: Are we where we thught we'd be by a certain age? Was this year a successful year, r did we waste it? Annual landmarks like birthdays, r the start f a new year, signify a new time perid and an pprtunity t leave slip-ups behind and t set new gals fr better behavir.
Research shws that anticipatin f a new beginning is a key mtivatr fr the fresh start effect. Fr example, peple aged 29, 39, 49 etc. were 48% mre likely t run a marathn fr the first time. When they were appraching a new decade, they were mre likely t search fr meaning in their lives and try t imprve themselves. The reasn is simple. When we see ur past self as separate frm ur current self, we feel it easier t intrduce new gals and take actin.
What's interesting abut the fresh start effect is that we dn't need t wait fr big mile-stnes t take advantage f this sudden dse f mtivatin. Studies shw that the first day f each mnth and even each week can als inspire us. These days, knwn as “tempral landmarks”, encurage us t step back and evaluate ur current situatin. And when we d this, we gain the mtivatin t be better: we becme mre driven and mre prductive.
That is why peple are mre likely t start diets r exercise plans n Mnday, rather than the next day.
Fresh starts are exciting pprtunities t learn frm yur mistakes and mve frward. S if yu're currently experiencing lss f mtivatin, questining the meaning f yur wrk, r just feel like yu're stuck in a rut, why dn't yu use the fresh start effect in yur wn life?
答题 答案应从两方面进行构思。构思过程中要对两个方面进行区分,避免出现内容重叠、逻辑不清等情况。在写出一条具体的激励自己的方式后,应对该方式进行解释说明。
参考范文
I cnstantly remind myself f my ultimate gal t mtivate myself, in which way I can visualize my success. Besides, I wuld celebrate every milestne alng the way. The sense f achievement will give me mre pwer t mve frward.
点评 分数区间4—5分。范文行文流畅、结构清晰且内容充实。从做事过程中提醒自己最终目标(ultimate gal)和庆祝每个里程碑(milestne)两方面展开说明,逻辑清晰,内容合理、全面。
3.基于现象表达个人观点
本类题型常见的设问方式为“D yu agree with the idea Why r why nt?”等。
解答这类问题时,首先要对问题中提到的现象或者事物有清晰的了解,在此基础上发表观点。由于本题的词数限制,不建议写“It depends.”这样模棱两可的答案。相比之下,如果学生回答“是”或者“不是”,更容易在不超过要求词数的前提下,从多方面阐述理由。其次,可以结合文章中作者的观点,在“是”或者“不是”中作出选择。这类问题并没有禁止学生利用文章中提到的论据。因此,选择和作者同样的观点既表明自己理解了内容,又可以利用文章中的某些论据,可以提高得分效率。
例3(2023北京海淀期末)
Q:D yu prefer t have a “shallw” cnversatin r a “deep” discussin with strangers? And give yur reasns.(In abut 40 wrds)
审题 学生首先要关注问题中的关键词,即a “shallw” cnversatin和a “deep” discussin。利用关键词在文中准确定位,清楚了解两个关键词的含义。同时应画出文中提到的带有对其中一种交流方式的倾向性的表达(如文章的前两句),结合自己的思考,给出两个理由。
语篇 Engaging in meaningful cnversatins with thers strengthens scial bnds and bsts well-being far mre than small talk des. Yet many peple fear r even actively avid intimate (亲密的) cnversatins, especially with thse they dn't knw well. Why are we s unwilling t engage in an activity that culd benefit us s acutely? Accrding t new research, it may be due t miscalculated expectatins, and changing them culd fster deeper cnnectins.
In a series f studies published in the Jurnal f Persnality and Scial Psychlgy,participants either engaged in “shallw” cnversatins (speaking, fr example, abut their sleep schedule r hw ften they get haircuts) r “deep” discussins (cvering embarrassing mments r what they're grateful fr). Befre chatting, they predicted hw awkward and uncmfrtable the cnversatin wuld be, hw clse they wuld feel t their cnversatin partner afterward, and hw much they wuld enjy the interactin. Participants wh cnsistently verestimated the awkwardness f the cnversatins als greatly underestimated hw much they'd enjy the mre intimate cnversatins, as well as hw clse they'd feel t their partner.
The nticeable difference between participants' expectatins and their actual experience seemed rted in the assumptin that cnversatin partners wuldn't care abut the details f their lives. “We underestimate, essentially, hw scial thers are,” explains study authr Nichlas Epley, a psychlgist at the University f Chicag.
Such an assumptin culd be a barrier t frming deeper cnnectins with thers, Epley believes. Yet participants appeared able t curse-crrect. When they were tld ahead f time that it's cmmn t underestimate hw much strangers care abut each ther, they vluntarily steered the talks int deeper directins, ptentially reaping the benefits f ding s.
A single reminder likely isn't enugh t permanently change miscalculated assumptins, Epley warns. But making the effrt t engage in just a few psitive interactins culd help smene mentally reset. “After having a meaningful cnversatin, peple usually want t have anther ne,” he says. “But yu can learn nly frm experiences that yu have,” he adds. “If yu think it will be unpleasant t talk t smene and therefre never try, yu'll never find ut that yu were wrng.”
答题 首先在文中找到两个概念的具体内涵:“shallw” cnversatins (speaking, fr example, abut their sleep schedule r hw ften they get haircuts) r “deep” discussins (cvering embarrassing mments r what they're grateful fr)。根据文章整体思路,建议选择a “deep” discussin。在解释部分建议提供两个理由,从不同方面支撑自己的观点。
参考范文
I prefer t have a deep discussin with strangers because engaging in a meaningful cnversatin helps me t enlarge my scial circle. Clse relatinships between friends cme frm in-depth cmmunicatin. Als, it can be beneficial t my mental health, cnsidering nt nly the delight f sharing but als the emtinal bnds.
点评 分数区间4—5分。范文语言流畅、逻辑清晰。明确表达观点后从“人际关系”和“个人心理健康”两方面说明理由,两个理由用Als衔接,上下文语义连贯,在保证衔接得当的同时也方便阅卷老师找到要点。在内容上,提出每个理由后,都进行了扩展,内容充实。
4.学习新的概念并进行迁移
阅读表达题的文章多为说明文,有时作者会提到一个新的概念或原理,从它的定义、使用范围、影响等方面进行说明。出题者往往在最后一题中针对新的概念或原理进行提问,希望学生在理解文章的基础上继续思考,考查学生学习和迁移知识的能力。
解答这类问题时,可以参考以下步骤:先分析概念或原理,再列出与所分析的概念或原理相关的要素,必要时对各要素之间的关系进行分析,最后根据所列出的要素(及各要素之间的关系)作答。
例4(2022北京丰台期末)
Q:In additin t the benefits mentined in this passage, what d yu think are sme ther benefits f fraging?(In abut 40 wrds)
审题 本题涉及文中介绍的新概念——fraging(觅食)。题目中有In additin t the benefits mentined in this passage,因此在答案中不能提及文中提到的益处。
语篇 When 16-year-ld Vilet Brill lks ut her windw, she desn't see nly grass and trees—she sees a great meal. Her father, famus plant expert Steve “Wildman” Brill, carried her alng n his fraging(觅食)turs frm the time she was a little girl.In the past decade r s, a renewed interest in fraging fr edible(可食用的)plants has begun t appear—an interest that has truly blssmed recently.
“I think we've had a lt f time t get utdrs, and lk arund,” says Adele Nzedar, authr f Fraging with Kids. “There is rapid grwth in fraging in the past year.”
Kids are natural-brn fragers. Take them ut int the wds and they'll happily gather fallen leaves, r rt arund in the undergrwth fr hidden treasures. Fraging is definitely a gateway t nature.① Kids learn quickly that it's nt just a bunch f green stuff utside. All thse plants have a purpse.
And by encuraging a lve f nature, fraging als encurages a lve f the envirnment②.“Having a strng cnnectin t the land means yu're mre likely t prtect it,” says David
Hamiltn, authr f Family Fraging. “And yu can't get much mre cnnected t the land than eating frm it.”
Plus, fraging brings gd news fr parents f picky eaters: When kids search fr and pick their wn fd, they're mre likely t be invested in it. Fraging fr wild edibles encurages kids t try new, nutritius fds③—especially kids wh tend t turn their nses up at the vegetables n their plates.
Fr instance, Hamiltn remembers taking a grup f bys camping and asking them t gather enugh lamb's-quarters fr dinner. They came back with three days' wrth f the greens, which he turned int pest(意大利青酱).
They abslutely lved it,” he says. “There's smething empwering abut finding
yur wn fd, especially fr kids.”
答题 首先明确fraging的概念;然后分析fraging的益处(见文中的①、②和③),注意这些益处不能出现在答案中。结合文章内容可知,fraging活动涉及三个要素:家长、孩子和自然。那么可以基于这三个要素构思要点及结构。
参考范文
Fraging has many ther benefits. Fr example, it strengthens the bnds between parents and their kids. In the prcess f fraging and wrking tgether, they can get t knw each ther better. What's mre, kids will cherish their fd, which leads t less fd waste.
点评 分数区间4—5分。范文采用了总—分结构。从两个方面阐述fraging的其他益处:先从“家长—孩子”的角度,说明了增进亲子关系的益处;再从“孩子—自然”的角度说明了有助于孩子们珍惜食物的益处。用What's mre连接两点益处,文章结构紧凑、内容连贯。
5.描述事件或特殊经历
例5(2020北京海淀期中)
Q: Wh is the “Bessie” in yur life? Hw des he r she help yu t pursue yur dream?(In abut 40 wrds)
审题 题目的关键信息为Bessie和help yu t pursue yur dream。学生应首先关注文中的Bessie如何帮助作者追求梦想:她用自己不寻常的人生经历鼓励了处于低谷的作者,告诉她无论在多艰难的环境中也要坚持到底,不放弃心中的梦想。本文为记叙文,在阅读的过程中学生可以梳理出事件的起因(经济状况不允许作者追求她的建筑师梦想)、经过(黑人女歌手Bessie用她的个人经历激励了作者)和结果(作者决定继续勇敢追求梦想)。
I started drawing huses at six. Unlike mst girls, my dream was t build a backyard clubhuse—a dream that was unrealistic given that we lived in an apartment. By high schl I cntinued drawing and my dream bradened—t becme an architect. My lder brther tld me that tk a university educatin. But my family culdn't affrd that kind f educatin. Still, I fanned the flames f hpe.
I gt a part-time jb at Bayside Bwl and started saving mney. My bank accunt, hwever, was grwing quite slwly. When I lked at cllege catalgs, I culdn't imagine hw I wuld ever get there. I decided t shrink (缩小) my dream t a mre realistic size.
Sn after that, a newcmer started frequenting Bayside Bwl. She arrived alne and always carried a pink bag with a ball inside. Her dark, wrinkled skin and curly gray hair made her stand ut amng ur yunger custmers. She talked t me whenever I cleaned near her lane. I learned her name was Bessie. She had been a singer fr as lng as she culd remember. In her 20s she had tried t get a jb as a restaurant singer. “I was a yung black wman, and in the early 1950s drs didn't exactly pen wide fr me. Zilch!” she said.
I admired her ability t pick up the splits, but I als appreciated her advice. “Life's like bwling,” she wuld say. “Set yur eyes n yur target and fllw thrugh.” Indeed, Bessie hadn't let the “zilch” stp her. She had saved up and enrlled in the Brightwd Music Academy. It turned ut this lady with the pink bwling bag was the Bessie Richards, a recrding artist f the 1960s.
Bessie mved n t live with her sister, but befre leaving, she left me with a $50 tip fr helping her at the lanes, a reminder t ignre the “zilch” in my life, and sme lines f petry she had cpied frm a bk. Bessie said, “Read this when the ging gets tugh.It'll help yu fllw thrugh and reach fr yur gal.” These are the lines:
Hld fast t dreams
Fr if dreams die
Life is a brken-winged bird
That cannt fly.
Hld fast t dreams
Fr when dreams g
Life is a barren field
Frzen with snw.
A year has passed since I last bwled with Bessie, and I've resumed my drawing. I'm wrking and saving mney, taking drawing classes, and applying fr internships (实习期的工作). Whenever I'm discuraged, I reread thse lines f petry.
There'll be n barren field f frzen snw nr zilch fr me. Inspired by Bessie and the pem, I plan t cntinue t dream.
答题 在答题时要结合生活经历,将整个经历的来龙去脉叙述清楚,同时要关注时态
的准确性,描述过去发生的事件时主要采用一般过去时、过去完成时等时态。
参考范文
My classmate Li. Thugh eager t jin the schl basketball team, I hesitated because I was nt sure whether I culd manage my time.(起因) Li shared his experience with me, encuraged me t pursue my dream and ffered practical advice.(经过) Inspired, I determined t give it a sht.(结果)
点评 分数区间:4—5分。范文紧扣主题,联系生活经历;时态准确,词汇、句式丰富;事件描述完整:有明确的起因(想加入篮球队但担心时间管理问题)、具体的经过(Li分享经验、鼓励作者继续追求梦想、提供实用的建议)和最后的结果(作者下定决心勇敢尝试)。本文生动阐述了同班同学Li对于作者追逐篮球梦想的帮助,很好地完成了写作任务。
（建议用时：40分钟）
一、高中真题
【2024北京卷】
Grwing up, I idealised independence. I always wanted my wn effrts t be enugh. When I decided t pursue a pstgraduate degree, I wanted t develp a nvel research prgramme and quickly establish myself as an independent scientist. But I was unrealistically ptimistic abut what I culd achieve.
As I began designing experiments, my cmmittee members warned me abut the challenges I wuld face. But my need fr independence drve me t push frward with my research plan. As a result, the first fur years f my pstgraduate career were defined by a series f failures.
During my secnd year, I failed my cmprehensive exam because my prpsal was unclear. During my third year, I discvered that after treating thusands f seeds, I btained just ne plant I culd use fr experiments. By my furth year, my desperatin t succeed vershadwed my desire fr independence.
My adviser and I devised (想出) a smewhat unusual slutin: I wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating (合作的) lab t btain specialised training. I wrked extensively with ther students, cnstantly asked questins, and helped with nging prjects t learn everything I culd. Finally, I cnducted an elegant experiment that wuld nt have been pssible withut the help f the members in the lab.
My adviser saw this experience as a grundbreaking success, emphasising the cllabrating skills I acquired. A few mnths later, when I repeated the experiment in my hme lab, I prduced mre publishable data. By learning when t ask fr help, I eventually fund myself n the way t becming an independent scientist.
40. In the beginning, what drve the authr t push frward with the research plan?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
41. What was the slutin by the adviser and the authr after thse repeated failures?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
> The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
43. Frm this stry, what can yu learn abut “independence”? (In abut 40 wrds)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. The need t be recgnized as an independent scientist.
41. The authr wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating lab t btain specialised training.
42. The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced. It is because the authr had acquired the cllabrating skills by wrking with thers there s that the adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success.
43. In the stry’ success in becming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved thrugh cllabratin, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face f setbacks. Frm the stry, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passinately, true independence ften invlves recgnizing the value f cllabratin and learning than t seek help. (答案言之有理即可)
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在追求科学研究的独立过程中遇到的挑战、失败、学习和成长的故事。
40.考查细节理解。根据第二段“As I began designing experiments, my cmmittee members warned me abut the challenges I wuld face. But my need fr independence drve me t push frward with my research plan. (当我开始设计实验时，我的委员会成员警告我，我将面临的挑战。但是我对独立的需求驱使我推进我的研究计划)”可知，一开始，是作者对独立的需求驱使作者推进这个研究计划。故答案为：The need t be recgnized as an independent scientist.
41.考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“My adviser and I devised (想出) a smewhat unusual slutin: I wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating (合作的) lab t btain specialised training. (我的导师和我想出了一个有点不同寻常的解决方案：我将在一个合作实验室里待上三个月，接受专门培训)”可知，在反复的失败之后，导师和作者的解决方案是，作者将花三个月的时间在合作实验室接受专门培训。故答案为：The authr wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating lab t btain specialised training.
42.考查细节理解。根据最后一段“My adviser saw this experience as a grundbreaking success, emphasising the cllabrating skills I acquired. A few mnths later, when I repeated the experiment in my hme lab, I prduced mre publishable data.(我的导师认为这段经历是一次开创性的成功，强调了我获得的合作技能。几个月后，当我在家里的实验室里重复这个实验时，我得到了更多可发表的数据)”可知，导师认为作者在实验室的经历是一次开创性的成功，这是因为作者通过与他人合作获得了合作技能，而不是因为产生了可发表的数据。故答案：The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced.
It is because the authr had acquired the cllabrating skills by wrking with thers there s that the adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success.
43.开放性问题。答案言之有理即可。通读全文可知，作者成为一名独立科学家的成功最终是通过合作、适应性学习和面对挫折的韧性来实现的。从这个故事中，我们了解到，虽然独立最初是理想化的，并被热情地追求，但真正的独立往往包括认识到合作的价值，并学会何时寻求帮助。故答案为：In the stry, success in becming an independent scientist was ultimately achieved thrugh cllabratin, adaptive learning, and resilience in the face f setbacks. Frm the stry, we learn that while independence is initially idealised and pursued passinately, true independence ften invlves recgnizing the value f cllabratin and learning when t seek help.
【2023北京卷】
Habit frmatin is the prcess by which behaviurs becme autmatic. Peple develp cuntless habits as they explre the wrld, whether they are aware f them r nt. Understanding hw habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits.
Habits are built thrugh learning and repetitin. A persn is thught t develp a habit in the curse f pursuing gals by beginning t assciate certain cues(刺激) with behaviural respnses that help meet the gal. Over time, thughts f the behaviur and ultimately the behaviur itself are likely t be triggered(触发) by these cues.
A “habit lp(环)” is a way f describing several related elements that prduce habits. These elements are called the cue, the rutine, and the reward. Fr example, stress culd serve as a cue that ne respnds t by eating, which prduces the reward﹣the reductin f stress. While a rutine invlves repeated behaviur, it’s nt necessarily perfrmed in respnse t a deep﹣rted urge, as a habit is.
Old habits can be difficult t shake, and healthy habits are ften harder t develp. But thrugh repetitin, it’s pssible t frm new habits. The amunt f time needed t build a habit will depend n multiple factrs, including the individual and the intended behaviur. While yu are able t pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many mnths t build a healthy habit. Take sme time t think abut what leads t bad habits and re﹣evaluate what yu get ut f them (r dn’t). Cnsider and keep in mind why yu want t make a change, including hw the change reflects yur values.
40．Hw are habits built?

41．In what way is a rutine different frm a habit?

42．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shrter time.

43．What benefit(s) have yu gt frm ne f yur gd habits?(In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】40．Habits are built thrugh learning and repetitin. 41．A rutine invlves repeated behaviur while a habit is a deep﹣rted urge. 42．Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shrter time. Because building a healthy habit takes many mnths. 43．I have a gd habit f ging t bed early and getting up early. Therefre, I can study energetically every mrning, which makes me study efficiently. Als, I am very healthy.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。习惯的形成是行为自动形成的过程。人们在探索世界的过程中养成了无数的习惯，不管他们是否意识到这些习惯。文章主要说明了习惯是如何形成的以及对人的影响。
40．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“Habits are built thrugh learning and repetitin.(习惯是通过学习和重复建立起来的)”可知，习惯是通过学习和重复建立起来的。故填Habits are built thrugh learning and repetitin.。
41．考查细节理解。根据第三段中“While a rutine invlves repeated behaviur, it’s nt necessarily perfrmed in respnse t a deep﹣rted urge, as a habit is.(虽然一个常规包括重复的行为，但它不一定是为了应对深度﹣根深蒂固的冲动，就像习惯一样)”可知，常规不同于习惯在于：常规是重复的行为，而习惯是深度﹣根深蒂固的冲动，故填A rutine invlves repeated behaviur while a habit is a deep﹣rted urge.。
42．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“While yu are able t pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many mnths t build a healthy habit.(虽然你可以在几周内养成一个新的习惯，但是要养成一个健康的习惯却需要好几个月的时间)”可知，养成一个新的习惯需要好几周，而要养成一个健康的习惯却需要好几个月的时间。所以句子“Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shrter time.”中“a shrter time”错误，应该为many mnths，故填Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shrter time. Because building a healthy habit takes many mnths.。
43．开放试题，言之有理即可。题干问“你的一个好习惯给你带来了什么好处？（大约40个字）”，答案可以是：我有早睡早起的好习惯。因此，我可以每天早上精力充沛地学习，这使我学习效率高。而且，我很健康。故填I have a gd habit f ging t bed early and getting up early. Therefre, I can study energetically every mrning, which makes me study efficiently. Als, I am very healthy.。
【2022北京卷】
Tm, a 15-year-ld inventr and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his wn schl the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had t be a better prtable drink slutin and decided t innvate frm smething he saw in his wn hme: fruit infused (浸泡) water.
Tm watched his mum make healthy fruit infusins but then struggle fr a take-alng ptin. Frm bserving his mum and frm his desire t give kids better drink ptins, he came up with his riginal mdel fr the Fun Bttle. “I wanted t cme up with a healthy, natural way fr peple t drink when n the g. A big part f my missin is t get peple f all ages ff sugary drinks,” Tm explains.
The bttle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allws the great tastes and natural sugars f the varius fruits and vegetables yu chse t cme thrugh the water, withut any f the seeds r skins flwing thrugh.
Tm is prud f his design and excited t be selling the Fun Bttle n his website and in stres, but this 15-year-ld is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers. It helps t prvide healthy alternatives t sugary drinks; and als Tm dnates part f the prfits t the Organisatin fr a Healthier Generatin (OHG).
Tm has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innvatr remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give ther entrepreneurial yuth, he says, “Prepare and have yur family’s supprt. It is imprtant t knw frm the beginning that there are a lt f highs and lws, and there is n such thing as vernight success.”
40. What did Tm witness at his wn schl?
41. Where did Tm get the idea fr the riginal mdel fr the Fun Bttle?
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement then underline it and explain why.
Tm is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers because he nt nly prvides healthy alternatives t sugary drinks but als dnates all the prfits t the OHG.
43. Amng Tm’s qualities, which ne(s) d yu think will be imprtant fr us? Why?(In abut 40 wrds)
【答案】
40. Tm witnessed the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids at his wn schl.
41. Tm gt the idea frm bserving his mum make healthy fruit infusins but then struggle fr a take-alng ptin.
42. Tm is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers because he nt nly prvides healthy alternatives t sugary drinks but als dnates all the prfits t the OHG.
Tm dnates part f the prfits t the OHG.
43. I think the quality f perspicacity will be imprtant, because this insight can help us cnstantly find ur wn shrtcmings in ur lives, which in turn can help us imprve urselves.(31)
【解题导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。
40.【解析】
考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tm, a 15-year-ld inventr and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his wn schl the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tm witnessed the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids at his wn schl.
41.【解析】
考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tm watched his mum make healthy fruit infusins ”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“ Frm bserving his mum and frm his desire t give kids better drink ptins, he came up with his riginal mdel fr the Fun Bttle. ”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的Fun Bttle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了Fun Bttle的原始模型。故答案为Tm gt the idea frm bserving his mum make healthy fruit infusins but then struggle fr a take-alng ptin.
42.【解析】
考查细节理解。根据第四段中“but this 15-year-ld is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers. It helps t prvide healthy alternatives t sugary drinks; and als Tm dnates part f the prfits t the Organisatin fr a Healthier Generatin (OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是Fun Bttle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“all the prfits”，应修改为“part f the prfits”，故答案为Tm is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers because he nt nly prvides healthy alternatives t sugary drinks but als dnates all the prfits t the OHG. Tm dnates part f the prfits t the OHG.
43.【解析】
开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tm, a 15-year-ld inventr and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his wn schl the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““I wanted t cme up with a healthy, natural way fr peple t drink when n the g. A big part f my missin is t get peple f all ages ff sugary drinks,” Tm explains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：I think the quality f perspicacity im is prtant, because this insight can help us cnstantly find ur wn shrtcmings in ur lives, which in turn can help us imprve urselves.(31)
二．高考模拟试题
一
（2024·北京大兴·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
“I knw I shuld d it, but exercising makes me feel miserable. I’m ut f breath, ht and sweaty, and it just hurts. ” Des this sund familiar? Yu’re nt alne.
Abut 97 percent f us think that getting enugh exercise is imprtant fr health. One study f 3, 500 adults wh used a fitness tracker fund that less than 4 percent actually met the gal f 150 minutes f mderate activity per week.
Aside frm health, what are yur mtivatins fr exercising? A 2024 study f 489 yung Spanish adults fund that men exercise t imprve their self-image, while wmen are mre likely t be mtivated by weight lss r reducing bdy fat. The findings suggest that there’s a relatinship between intrinsic mtivatin and level f physical activity, but hw d yu get intrinsically mtivated if exercise makes yu feel miserable?
Here are a few suggestins t help yu vercme yur bad feelings abut exercise:
First, recgnize that mst habitual exercisers experience sme discmfrt with their wrkut. The trick fr yu is t limit the discmfrt while exercising. Yur exercise shuld be physically challenging, but if yu’re really struggling, dial it dwn. Ease up, g slwer, use less weight, take a break, r stp sner; whatever it takes s that yu can feel the effrt yu’re making but yu’re nt verwhelmed by it. Yu’re nt being a quitter as lng as yu cmplete the exercise and d it again the next time.
Secnd, pair exercise with smething that yu enjy. Get earbuds s yu can listen t music r a favrite pdcast. Yu can als give yurself a reward fr finishing the wrkut. Fr example, yu culd nly watch a favrite prgram n days that yu’ve exercised.
Third, d the activity with a friend. If yu set a rutine exercise schedule with yur friend, yu’ll g, even if yu dn’t feel like ding s. Yu wuldn’t want t disappint yur friend, wuld yu?
Maybe instead f hating exercise, yu can dislike it less and take pride in ding it and enjying its effects.
1．Hw many f the peple invlved in the study actually get enugh exercise?

2．What d the findings f 2024 study suggest?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Even the mst habitual exercisers experience sme discmfrt with their wrkut, s the mre physically challenging, the mre effective yur exercise wuld be.
4．What ther ways can make yu dislike exercise less? Why? (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．Less than 4 percent f the peple invlved in the study actually get enugh exercise. 2．The findings suggest that there’s a relatinship between intrinsic mtivatin and level f physical activity. 3．Even the mst habitual exercisers experience sme discmfrt with their wrkut, s the mre physically challenging, the mre effective yur exercise wuld be. While it’s true that habitual exercisers may experience sme discmfrt, it’s nt accurate t say that the mre physically challenging the exercise, the mre effective it necessarily is. Exercise effectiveness depends n factrs such as individual fitness gals, prper frm, and aviding verexertin, which can lead t injury r burnut. 4．Engage in activities yu genuinely enjy. Additinally, practice mindfulness during exercise, fcusing n hw it psitively impacts yur mental and physical health. These methds wrk because they enhance enjyment, a sense f accmplishment, and persnal cnnectin t the activity.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章提供了关于如何克服对运动的负面感受、提高内在动机以及引用研究结果来讨论人们运动动机的信息。通过提出实用的建议，如调整运动强度、结合个人兴趣、以及与朋友一起锻炼等策略，来帮助读者建立对运动的积极态度。
1．考查细节理解。由文章第二段中“One study f 3, 500 adults wh used a fitness tracker fund that less than 4 percent actually met the gal f 150 minutes f mderate activity per week. (一项针对3500名使用健身追踪器的成年人的研究发现，只有不到4%的人真正达到了每周150分钟适度运动的目标。)”可知，在参与这项研究的人中，只有不到4%的人真正得到了足够的锻炼。故答案为：Less than 4 percent f the peple invlved in the study actually get enugh exercise.
2．考查细节理解。由文章第三段中“A 2024 study f 489 yung Spanish adults fund that men exercise t imprve their self-image, while wmen are mre likely t be mtivated by weight lss r reducing bdy fat. The findings suggest that there’s a relatinship between intrinsic mtivatin and level f physical activity, but hw d yu get intrinsically mtivated if exercise makes yu feel miserable? (2024年对489名西班牙年轻人进行的一项研究发现，男性锻炼是为了改善自我形象，而女性锻炼的动机更可能是减肥或减少体脂。研究结果表明，内在动机和体育活动水平之间存在联系，但如果运动让你感到痛苦，你如何获得内在动机呢？)”可知，研究结果表明，内在动机和体育活动水平之间存在关系。故答案为：The findings suggest that there’s a relatinship between intrinsic mtivatin and level f physical activity.
3．考查细节理解。由文章第五段中“First, recgnize that mst habitual exercisers experience sme discmfrt with their wrkut. The trick fr yu is t limit the discmfrt while exercising. Yur exercise shuld be physically challenging, but if yu’re really struggling, dial it dwn. Ease up, g slwer, use less weight, take a break, r stp sner; whatever it takes s that yu can feel the effrt yu’re making but yu’re nt verwhelmed by it. Yu’re nt being a quitter as lng as yu cmplete the exercise and d it again the next time. (首先，要认识到大多数习惯性锻炼者在锻炼过程中都会遇到一些不适。对你来说，诀窍是在锻炼时限制不适。你的锻炼应该是对身体的挑战，但如果你真的很挣扎，那就减少运动量。放松，慢一点，少用点重量，休息一下，或者早点停下来；只要你能感受到你所付出的努力，但不会被它压垮，你就会付出任何代价。只要你完成了练习，下次再做一次，你就不是一个放弃者。)”可知，虽然习惯性锻炼者确实会感到一些不适，但说锻炼对身体的挑战越大，就越有效并不准确。锻炼的有效性取决于个人健身目标、适当的形式和避免过度用力等因素，这些因素可能会导致受伤或倦怠。故答案为： Even the mst habitual exercisers experience sme discmfrt with their wrkut, s the mre physically challenging, the mre effective yur exercise wuld be. While it’s true that habitual exercisers may experience sme discmfrt, it’s nt accurate t say that the mre physically challenging the exercise, the mre effective it necessarily is. Exercise effectiveness depends n factrs such as individual fitness gals, prper frm, and aviding verexertin, which can lead t injury r burnut.
4．考查语言表达。参加你真正喜欢的活动。此外，在锻炼中练习专注力，关注它如何对你的身心健康产生积极影响。这些方法之所以有效，是因为它们增加了乐趣、成就感和个人与活动的联系。故答案为： Engage in activities yu genuinely enjy. Additinally, practice mindfulness during exercise, fcusing n hw it psitively impacts yur mental and physical health. These methds wrk because they enhance enjyment, a sense f accmplishment, and persnal cnnectin t the activity.
二
（2021·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Fr millins f Facebk users, chsing which pht t use fr an nline prfile is an imprtant decisin. Accrding t a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the phts we select may reflect individual preferences, but they als appear t reflect mre deeply rted, uncnscius cultural differences. Previus research has shwn that culture can affect nt nly language and custm, but als hw we experience the wrld and prcess infrmatin. Western cultures, fr example, cnditin peple t think f themselves as highly independent entities （实体）, whereas East Asian cultures stress cllectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, c-directr f the Center at UT Dallas, and frmer graduate student Dr. Chih-Ma Huang f the University f Illinis, were curius abut whether these patterns f cultural influence extend t cyberspace. In a paper published in the Internatinal Jurnal f Psychlgy, they examined the prfile phtgraphs f mre than 500 active Facebk users frm the United States and East Asia. Overall, they fund that prfile phts f Americans are mre likely t fcus n the individual's face, while the prfiles f East Asians tend t less emphasize the face and include mre backgrund features. Americans als shw greater smile intensity cmpared t East Asian Facebk users.
The findings shw marked cultural differences in the fcus f attentin amng East Asian and American Facebk users. Mrever, they ech previus research n cultural influences n visual perceptin（感知）, attentin, and reasning in the ffline wrld.
"We believe these findings relate t a cultural bias t be mre individualistic and independent in the US and mre cmmunal and interdependent in Asia," said Park.
The research als fund that cultural influences ver ur self-presentatin nline can shift ver time and frm place t place. In ne f the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States bth shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry.
"Facebk cnstitutes an extended scial cntext in which persnal prfiles mirrr varius individual characteristics, private thughts, and scial behavirs," nted Huang. "As such, the study presents a new apprach t investigate cgnitin and behavirs acrss cultures by using Facebk as a data cllectin platfrm."
1．What may an nline prfile pht reflect?

2．Accrding t the research, hw are American and East Asian Facebk users different in chsing their prfile phts?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
In ne f the study samples, Americans studying in Japan shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry because they want t maintain a gd relatinship with their Japanese friends.

Describe the prfile pht yu use fr yur scial media such as WeChat r Weib. Why d yu chse it

【答案】1．It may reflect individual preferences and mre deeply rted, uncnscius cultural differences. 2．Facebk users in America are mre likely t use prfile phts that fcus n their faces, while the phts f East Asians tend t less emphasize the face and include mre backgrund features. Americans als shw greater smile intensity cmpared t East Asian Facebk users. 3．In ne f the study samples, Americans studying in Japan shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry because they want t maintain a gd relatinship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry because the culture f their hst cuntry has an influence n their self-presentatin nline. 4．pssible versin 1: I use a picture f a cffee mug as my prfile pht. I use it because it is my favrite cffee mug and I want everyne t admire it. Besides, I am careful abut privacy and dn’t want t display my face t strangers nline.
pssible versin 2: I use a picture f myself as my prfile pht, and in the picture I am smiling cnfidently. I used it because I want peple t feel that I am a cnfident persn and I am trustwrthy.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Accrding t a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the phts we select may reflect individual preferences, but they als appear t reflect mre deeply rted, uncnscius cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，一张网上的个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and mre deeply rted, uncnscius cultural differences.
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Overall, they fund that prfile phts f Americans are mre likely t fcus n the individual's face, while the prfiles f East Asians tend t less emphasize the face and include mre backgrund features. Americans als shw greater smile intensity cmpared t East Asian Facebk users. (总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebk用户在美国更有可能使用档案照片，关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往比较强调的脸，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebk users in America are mre likely t use prfile phts that fcus n their faces, while the phts f East Asians tend t less emphasize the face and include mre backgrund features. Americans als shw greater smile intensity cmpared t East Asian Facebk users.
3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“In ne f the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States bth shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry. (在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In ne f the study samples, Americans studying in Japan shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry because they want t maintain a gd relatinship with their Japanese friends. Americans studying in Japan shwed a tendency t adjust their prfile phts t the general preferences f their hst cuntry because the culture f their hst cuntry has an influence n their self-presentatin nline.
4．开放题。考生言之有理则可。参考答案为：pssible versin 1: I use a picture f a cffee mug as my prfile pht. I use it because it is my favrite cffee mug and I want everyne t admire it. Besides, I am careful abut privacy and dn’t want t display my face t strangers nline.
pssible versin 2: I use a picture f myself as my prfile pht, and in the picture I am smiling cnfidently. I used it because I want peple t feel that I am a cnfident persn and I am trustwrthy.
三
（2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题后要求回答问题。
Fashin’s Melt Dwn
Thrwaway culture is trashing the planet—but ne yung chemical engineer has her wn way t turn it ver.
Fast fashin has changed the way we dress. We buy mre clthes, mre ften–but we wear them less. Alina Bassi, funder f Kleiderly, wants t give ur clthing waste anther chance at a useful life.
Bassi has always cared abut the threat f climate change, but she actually started her career in the il industry. After a few years, she landed at bi-bean, a startup that turned waste cffee grunds int prducts that culd be burnt fr heat and fuel. After a year, Bassi was keen t branch ut—used cffee grunds are nt the biggest threat facing the planet. Instead, she pured her effrts int tackling a much bigger glbal plluter: the fashin industry.
Accrding t the Ellen MacArthur Fundatin, we prduce 100 billin items f clthing per year, and this is set t duble by 2050. But they dn’t last lng enugh t ffset(抵消) the carbn cst f prducing the material, creating the clthes, and then shipping them t custmers. “It makes n sense that we have such a high carbn ftprint fr smething s shrt-lived.” Bassi says.
Using the principles f a circular ecnmy, Bassi has develped a lw-energy, multi-stage prcess t turn clthing fibres int an alternative t il-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, s that yur ld T-shirts and jeans will becme different prducts instead f clthes, such as clthing hangers, r even furniture.
Fashin cmpanies have sme ther ways t reduce fashin waste, frm creating clthes designed t last, t recycling the fabric t make mre clthing. But “a prblem this big needs multiple slutins,” Bassi says. “We think abut the multiple lives f a prduct and hw we can keep reusing it instead f letting it fall int landfills r incineratrs (焚化炉),” she says.
1．Why did Bassi switch her fcus t the fashin industry?

2．Hw did she tackle the prblems caused by the fashin industry?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
● Kleiderly can change ld jackets and trusers int a new material, which can be used t make mre clthing.

4．Please briefly present yur wn slutin(s) t the thrwaway prblem in daily life. (abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．Because it’s a much bigger glbal plluter. 2．Using the principles f a circular ecnmy, Bassi develped a lw-energy, multi-stage prcess t turn clthing fibres int an alternative t il-based plastic.
Bassi used the principles f a circular ecnmy and develped a lw-energy, multi-stage prcess t turn clthing fibres int an alternative t il-based plastic. 3．Kleiderly can change ld jackets and trusers int a new material, which can be used t make mre clthing.
Accrding t the passage, the new material can be used t make different prducts. 4．I think an effective slutin is t reduce the use f dispsable items, such as using reusable water bttles, purchasing reusable shpping bags, and reducing the use f single-use items like plastic bags and straws.
【导语】本文是新闻报道。讲述了一次性文化正在破坏这个星球，但一位年轻的化学工程师Bassi有她自己的方法来扭转这一局面。
1．考查推理判断。根据第四段“Accrding t the Ellen MacArthur Fundatin, we prduce 100 billin items f clthing per year, and this is set t duble by 2050. But they dn’t last lng enugh t ffset(抵消) the carbn cst f prducing the material, creating the clthes, and then shipping them t custmers. “It makes n sense that we have such a high carbn ftprint fr smething s shrt-lived.” Bassi says.(根据艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会的数据，我们每年生产1000亿件衣服，到2050年，这一数字将翻一番。但它们持续的时间不够长，不足以抵消生产材料、制作衣服、然后运送给客户的碳成本。“如此短暂的事物产生如此高的碳足迹是没有道理的。”Bassi说。)”可知，Bassi把她的注意力转向了时尚行业是因为，衣服已成为更大的全球污染源。故回答：Because it’s a much bigger glbal plluter.
2．考查细节理解。根据第五段“Using the principles f a circular ecnmy, Bassi has develped a lw-energy, multi-stage prcess t turn clthing fibres int an alternative t il-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, s that yur ld T-shirts and jeans will becme different prducts instead f clthes, such as clthing hangers, r even furniture.(Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具)”可知，Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。故回答：Using the principles f a circular ecnmy, Bassi develped a lw-energy, multi-stage prcess t turn clthing fibres int an alternative t il-based plastic.
3．考查细节理解。根据第五段“This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, s that yur ld T-shirts and jeans will becme different prducts instead f clthes, such as clthing hangers, r even furniture.(这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具)”可知，“Kleiderly can change ld jackets and trusers int a new material, which can be used t make mre clthing.”这句中，“mre clthing”表述错误，因为根据文中内容可知，你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是更多衣服。故回答：Accrding t the passage, the new material can be used t make different prducts.
4．开放性试题。我认为一个有效的方法是减少使用一次性用品，例如使用可重复使用的水瓶，购买可重复使用的购物袋，并减少使用塑料袋和吸管等一次性物品。故回答：I think an effective slutin is t reduce the use f dispsable items, such as using reusable water bttles, purchasing reusable shpping bags, and reducing the use f single-use items like plastic bags and straws.
四
（2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。
Fr years, psychlgists have knwn hw t measure the intelligence f individuals, but nly recently have they begun t investigate the issue f grup intelligence. This ntin stems frm the bservatin that sme grups seem t wrk fantastically acrss tasks, even tasks that are nt very similar. Early investigatins suggest that grup intelligence is nt the sum f the intelligence f the individuals in it. S what is the secret t their success?
Researchers at Ggle have tackled this questin. They cllected thusands f data pints n hundreds f grups and cmbed thrugh them trying t find patterns. Are the members f effective grups friends utside f wrk? D grups whse members have similar persnalities r backgrunds wrk tgether best? They put frward many theries but fund n patters t supprt them.
In fact, wh was in the grup apparently did nt seem t make a difference; instead, the difference between mre and less effective grups seemed t lie in the interactin amng the members. In effective grups, members spke fr a rughly equal amunt f time—nt at every meeting r interactin, but acrss the curse f a prject. Additinally, in effective grups, members face ne anther directly when they speak, using energetic and enthusiastic gestures. Mrever, side cnversatins between individual members during meetings, far frm being a distractin, actually increased the grup’s prductivity. The psitive behavirs uncvered in the study ccur exclusively in face-t-face interactin.
One might argue that mst f these findings are extremely bvius, and needless t say, gd managers have prbably always understd the principles. Hwever, understanding grup intelligence can help business and ther rganizatins make the fundamental changes necessary t imprve grup perfrmance. The reasn is that ur scial and prfessinal lives are nt always structured in ways that facilitate the kind f interactin that apparently underlines effective grup perfrmance.
1．What is the finding f previus studies n grup intelligence?

2．Why is it imprtant fr peple t understand grup intelligence?

3．Decide which part f the fllwing statement is wrng. Underline it and explain why.
▶Althugh side cnversatins distract members during meetings, they can help t bst the grup’s efficiency.

4．Apart frm what is mentined in the passage, what ther way(s) can we use t imprve grup intelligence?(In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．Previus studies fund that grup intelligence is nt the sum f the intelligence f the individuals in it. 2．Because understanding grup intelligence can help business and ther rganizatins make the fundamental changes necessary t imprve grup perfrmance. 3．Althugh side cnversatins distract members during meetings, they can help t bst the grup’s efficiency. The underlined part is wrng, because side cnversatins wn’t distract members. 4．There are ther ways t imprve grup intelligence, such as fstering mutual respect between grup members, encuraging members t value each ther’s cntributins, pinins and setting clear and achievable gals.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍关于影响群体智力的因素的研究和研究的意义。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Early investigatins suggest that grup intelligence is nt the sum f the intelligence f the individuals in it.(早期的研究表明，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和)”可知，先前的研究发现，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和。故答案为Previus studies fund that grup intelligence is nt the sum f the intelligence f the individuals in it.
2．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“Hwever, understanding grup intelligence can help business and ther rganizatins make the fundamental changes necessary t imprve grup perfrmance.(然而，了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本改变，以提高群体绩效)”可知，理解群体智力很重要是因为理解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本改变，以提高群体绩效。故答案为Because understanding grup intelligence can help business and ther rganizatins make the fundamental changes necessary t imprve grup perfrmance.
3．考查推理判断。根据第三段中“Mrever, side cnversatins between individual members during meetings, far frm being a distractin, actually increased the grup’s prductivity.(此外，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话非但不会分散注意力，反而提高了团队的生产力。)”可知，句中“distract members”错误，因为个别成员之间的谈话不会分散注意力。故答案为Althugh side cnversatins distract members during meetings, they can help t bst the grup’s efficiency. The underlined part is wrng, because side cnversatins wn’t distract members.
4．开放性问题。答案符合逻辑即可，注意字数。例如：可以提高团队智力的方法有很多，比如培养团队成员之间的相互尊重，鼓励成员重视彼此的贡献和意见，以及设定明确和可实现的目标。故答案为There are ther ways t imprve grup intelligence, such as fstering mutual respect between grup members, encuraging members t value each ther’s cntributins, pinins and setting clear and achievable gals.
五
（2023·北京·三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
“I can’t” might actually mean “I dn’t want t,” “I’m afraid,” “I’m cnfused,” r even “I dn’t knw hw.” And after parsing ut hidden meanings fr the hundredth time, I can understand why my childhd gymnastics cach had put a gym-wide ban n the phrase.
Anyne wh used it, even the ther caches, had t d 50 push-ups befre trying cnversatin again. It wasn’t that he wanted peple t d things beynd their skill r safety level. The plicy was against the wrds themselves. He felt they were a shield t hide behind instead f admitting mre useful and actinable hesitatins. “I’m afraid.” “I’ve never dne it by myself.” “I need t rest a few minutes befre I try.” “I’m embarrassed t try in frnt f ther peple.” “I dn’t want t, because...”.
Academic experiences can fllw the same pattern. Answering unexpected questins r trying a new prtcl in frnt f an audience can be crippling, Hmewrk prblems can cmpund and seem t get wrse with each try instead f better. We end up uttering “I can’t,” because smetimes it’s easier than “I am s frustrated and exhausted that I want t cry,” “This makes me feel s dumb,” r even “I need help.”
As an asthmatic, my mst vivid memries cme frm the annual hazing ritual knwn as the gym-class mile run. Fr me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid f having an asthma attack in frnt f all f my classmates,” and “It’s s embarrassing t run and be laps behind my peers; I wuld rather shield my eg frm the hit by intentinally walking the whle thing, s please leave me alne.” My heart still starts t race just thinking f the number f times my self-preserving. “I can’t” was met with a dismissive “Of curse, yu can.”
But letting urselves fall back n the “I can’t” can d mre damage than just hiding ur deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the peple arund us, start t believe it. I knw there are things I have stpped trying because, well, I just can’t. S why try? The number f laps I have avided with well-timed bathrm breaks is staggering. I can’t g back and tell my childhd self that the mile run wasn’t wrth the anticipatry anxiety. But I can remember hw badly I wished even ne classmate had acknwledged that I had barely missed the schl recrd in sit-and- reach instead f teasing me abut laps the next day. I can remember that “I can’t” can s ften mean smething else. And I can take the time t try t ask the right questins, s that I can say smething mre useful in respnse than “Of curse yu can.”
1．What were peple suppsed t d if they said “I can’t” in my childhd gymnastics?

2．What des “I can’t” actually mean when I said that in the gym-class mile run?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
There are things I have stpped trying because f the fact that I am nt able t d that.

4．Describe ne f yur experiences f dealing with “I can’t”. (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．50 push-ups 2．“I’m afraid f having an asthma attack in frnt f all f my classmates,” and “It’s s embarrassing t run and be laps behind my peers; I wuld rather shield my eg frm the hit by intentinally walking the whle thing, s please leave me alne.” 3．There are things I have stpped trying because f the fact that I am nt able t d that.
Accrding t the passage, there are things I have stpped trying because I started t believe I can’t after letting urselves fall back n the “I can’t”. 4．I remember struggling with a difficult math prblem and feeling verwhelmed. I wanted t give up, but instead f saying “I can’t,” I tld my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me thrugh the prblem, helping me t understand it better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。有时候，当人们说“我不能”时，他们并不是说他们没有能力做某事，而是他们害怕、困惑或不知道如何做。作者提醒人们，说“我不能”比承认自己需要帮助、害怕或沮丧要容易得多。说“我不能”的时候，其实我们想说的是别的，所以我们应该试着使用更有帮助的词语，这样我们才能得到我们需要的帮助。
1．考查细节理解。根据第段二中“Anyne wh used it, even the ther caches, had t d 50 push-ups befre trying cnversatin again.(任何使用它的人，即使是其他教练，在尝试再次交谈之前都必须做50个俯卧撑)”可知，在我小时候的体操训练中，如果有人说“我不能”，他会被罚做50个俯卧撑。故答案为50 push-ups。
2．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“Fr me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid f having an asthma attack in frnt f all f my classmates,” and “It’s s embarrassing t run and be laps behind my peers; I wuld rather shield my eg frm the hit by intentinally walking the whle thing, s please leave me alne.”(对我来说，“我不能”实际上意味着“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”)”可知，我在体育课上说“我不能”的意思是：“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”故答案为“I’m afraid f having an asthma attack in frnt f all f my classmates,” and “It’s s embarrassing t run and be laps behind my peers; I wuld rather shield my eg frm the hit by intentinally walking the whle thing, s please leave me alne.”
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中“But letting urselves fall back n the “I can’t” can d mre damage than just hiding ur deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the peple arund us, start t believe it. I knw there are things I have stpped trying because, well, I just can’t.(但是，让我们求助于“我不能”比隐藏我们更深层次的感受会造成更大的伤害。最终，我们和我们周围的人开始相信这一点。我知道有些事情我已经不再尝试了，因为，嗯，我就是不能。)”可知，作者停止尝试是因为自己相信“我不能”，而不是真正“没有能力去做”。所以句中“the fact that I am nt able t d that.”表述错误。故答案为There are things I have stpped trying because f the fact that I am nt able t d that. Accrding t the passage, there are things I have stpped trying because I started t believe I can’t after letting urselves fall back n the “I can’t”.
4．开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制即可。故答案为I remember struggling with a difficult math prblem and feeling verwhelmed. I wanted t give up, but instead f saying “I can’t,” I tld my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me thrugh the prblem, helping me t understand it better.
六
（2024·北京朝阳·模拟预测）阅读表达
I had a great interest in researching the tpic f hw t imprve yur sense f directin, because my wn sense f directin is abslutely terrible. Take ging t the tilet in a restaurant, fr example. I can find my way there easily enugh because there are signs pinting me in the right directin. But getting back t my table is anther stry. After all, there are n helpful signs saying, “This is where yu were sitting less than five minutes ag”.
Hwever, rather than accept the situatin f myself frequently walking int cupbards and backtracking dwn dead ends, I’m determined t give my sense f directin a much-needed imprvement.
Nwadays, f curse, it’s easy t rely n GPS (全球卫星定位系统) t find yur way. But if yu really want t imprve yur sense f directin, it’s a gd idea t cunt n yurself.
Studying a map and memrizing the way befre yu set ut des have its benefits—nt least because the amunt f mental energy it requires means it’s mre likely t stick in yur mind. Lking at electrnic maps n a big screen—r even studying a paper map—als allws yu t get a sense f that all-imprtant bigger picture and hw everywhere fits tgether.
Paying full attentin is key, t. It’s imprtant t ntice what’s arund yu—in all directins. Instead f staring straight ahead, make sure yu lk up, dwn and behind yu as well. This will cme in particularly useful when yu’re n the return jurney—even if it’s just finding yur way back frm the tilet in a restaurant.
Try t relax when yu’re n unfamiliar grund. It’s all t easy t be anxius and afraid if yu imagine yu may be lst—but this sudden feeling f anxiety will nly prevent yu frm calmly wrking ut which way t g. Besides, getting lst is ne f the best ways t discver new places and add mre detail t that ever-grwing mental map—bth f which will help yu becme “directin smarter” in the lng term.
Finally, yur sense f directin is a use-it-r-lse-it skill. If yu nly stick t the ways yu already knw, it’s never ging t get any better. S, nw’s the time t start explring!
1．What prblem des the writer have accrding t the passage?

2．Accrding t the passage, what can we d t imprve the sense f directin?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, and then underline it and explain why.
T becme “directin smarter”, we need t stay calm instead f being anxius, s we must avid getting lst in all circumstances.

4．In additin t the ways mentined in the passage, what else can yu d t find yur ways in a new place? (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．The sense f directin is abslutely terrible. 2．Study the map befre departure, fcus fully, try t relax, get lst, increase mental maps, and explre mre 3．T becme “directin smarter”, we need t stay calm instead f being anxius, s we must avid getting lst in all circumstances. Because getting lst will help yu becme “directin smarter” in the lng term. 4．Using the Sun: during the day, the sun generally pints suth at nn. Using Stars: at night, the Nrth Star is lcated due nrth and is the best sign t search fr the nrth.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们如何培养自己的方向感。
1．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“I had a great interest in researching the tpic f hw t imprve yur sense f directin, because my wn sense f directin is abslutely terrible (我非常有兴趣研究如何提高你的方向感，因为我自己的方向感绝对很糟糕)”可知，作者的问题是方向感很差，故答案为The sense f directin is abslutely terrible.
2．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“Studying a map and memrizing the way befre yu set ut des have its benefits (在出发前研究地图并记住路线确实有好处)”、第五段“Paying full attentin is key t. (全神贯注也是关键。)”、第六段“Try t relax when yu’re n unfamiliar grund. (当你在陌生的地方时，试着放松。)”、第六段“Besides, getting lst is ne f the best ways t discver new places and add mre detail t that ever-grwing mental map—bth f which will help yu becme “directin smarter” in the lng term. (此外，迷路是发现新地方和为不断增长的心理地图添加更多细节的最佳方式之一—从长远来看，这两种方式都将帮助你变得“更聪明”。)”、最后一段“Finally, yur sense f directin is a use-it-r-lse-it skill. If yu nly stick t the ways yu already knw, it’s never ging t get any better. S, nw’s the time t start explring! (最后，你的方向感是一种要么使用要么失去的技能。如果你只坚持你已经知道的方式，它永远不会变得更好。现在是时候开始探索了。)”可知，提高方向感的方法有：出发前研究地图、全神贯注、试着放松、迷路和增加心里地图以及多多探索，故答案为Study the map befre departure, fcus fully, try t relax, get lst, increase mental maps, and explre mre。
3．考查细节理解。根据文章第六段“Besides, getting lst is ne f the best ways t discver new places and add mre detail t that ever-grwing mental map—bth f which will help yu becme “directin smarter” in the lng term. (此外，迷路是发现新地方和为不断增长的心理地图添加更多细节的最佳方式之一—从长远来看，这两种方式都将帮助你变得“更聪明”。)”可知，迷路帮助你变得“更聪明”，故答案为T becme “directin smarter”, we need t stay calm instead f being anxius, s we must avid getting lst in all circumstances. Because getting lst will help yu becme “directin smarter” in the lng term.
4．考查开放回答。只要能够科学的指出辨明方向的方法即可，故答案为Using the Sun: during the day, the sun generally pints suth at nn. Using Stars: at night, the Nrth Star is lcated due nrth and is the best sign t search fr the nrth.
七
【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】As a kid, I dreamed f becming a marine bilgist and I lived ut this fantasy by setting up aquariums(鱼缸) at hme. Then, at 20, I was intrduced t phtgrapher David Liittschwager, wh hired me t help him with a magazine assignment n marine life.
David’s assignment was t dcument the amazing bidiversity fund in the cean. My rle was t cllect species fr him t phtgraph. Every night, I wuld cast a flating lamp. Like mths drawn t a flame, mysterius creatures wuld emerge frm the depths in search f this light. I’d then set up aquariums t huse them as they waited fr David t take their sht.
Thse evenings made me feel as if I were n anther planet. I had never imagined such strange life-frms culd exist in ur ceans. But I didn’t grasp the true magic f what was in frnt f me until I saw the phtgraphs David tk.
The biggest surprise was his image f a baby flunder. I caught this fish by accident. Only later did I ntice its tw tiny eyeballs staring back at me. But David’s phtgraph f this flunder revealed a universe f detail that even my eager eyes had missed. His macr lens magnified its ribs. The lightning-fast expsure frze its mtin. A precisely aimed light released the rainbw hidden in its skin. And the black backgrund remved all distractins t fcus ur attentin n the quiet beauty at hand.
Years after that prject, I was snrkeling(潜水) n a shallw reef. Out f the darkness, anther baby flunder emerged and settled n my mask. This time I knew what t lk fr. Befre wrking fr David, I had assumed the gal f phtgraphy was simply t reprduce an bservatin s that thers culd share the same experience. It had never ccurred t me that phtgraphy culd expand ur visual perceptin and therefre teach us t see the wrld anew.
1．What was the authr’s respnsibility in David’s assignment?

2．Why was David’s image f a baby flunder the biggest surprise t the authr?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
▶Encuntering a baby flunder while snrkeling deepened the authr’s understanding that phtgraphy culd reprduce an bservatin.

4．What can help yu see the wrld anew?(In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．The authr’s respnsibility was t cllect species fr David t phtgraph. 2．Because it revealed a universe f detail that the authr had missed and shwed the magic f phtgraphy.
3.Encuntering a baby flunder while snrkeling deepened the authr’s understanding that phtgraphy culd reprduce an bservatin./Encuntering a baby flunder while snrkeling deepened the authr’s understanding that phtgraphy culd expand ur visual perceptin and teach us t see the wrld anew.
4．Seeing the wrld thrugh different perspectives, experiencing new cultures, learning abut diverse ideas and beliefs, engaging in meaningful cnversatins, traveling t new places, and being pen t change and grwth can all help yu see the wrld anew.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。这篇文章主要讲作者回忆自己年轻时协助摄影师David Liittschwager拍摄海洋生物的经历，通过David拍摄的鱼的照片，意识到摄影可以扩展视觉感知，让人重新看待世界，后来作者潜水时再次遇到小鱼，有了新的认知。
1．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的“My rle was t cllect species fr him t phtgraph.(我的职责是收集物种供他拍摄)”可知，作者的职责是为大卫收集物种供他拍摄。故答案为The authr’s respnsibility was t cllect species fr David t phtgraph.
2．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段的“But David’s phtgraph f this flunder revealed a universe f detail that even my eager eyes had missed. His macr lens magnified its ribs. The lightning-fast expsure frze its mtin. A precisely aimed light released the rainbw hidden in its skin. And the black backgrund remved all distractins t fcus ur attentin n the quiet beauty at hand.(但大卫对这条比目鱼的照片揭示了一个宇宙的细节，甚至是我热切的眼睛都错过了。他的微距镜头放大了它的肋骨。闪电般的曝光冻结了它的运动。一束精确瞄准的光释放了隐藏在它皮肤里的彩虹。黑色的背景消除了所有的干扰，使我们的注意力集中在眼前的宁静之美)”可知，大卫拍摄的照片揭示了作者错过的许多细节，展现了摄影的魅力，这让作者感到惊喜。故答案为Because it revealed a universe f detail that the authr had missed and shwed the magic f phtgraphy.
3．考查细节理解。从最后一段的“Years after that prject, I was snrkeling n a shallw reef. Out f the darkness, anther baby flunder emerged and settled n my mask. This time I knew what t lk fr. Befre wrking fr David, I had assumed the gal f phtgraphy was simply t reprduce an bservatin s that thers culd share the same experience. It had never ccurred t me that phtgraphy culd expand ur visual perceptin and therefre teach us t see the wrld anew.(在那个项目几年后，我在一个浅滩上浮潜。黑暗中，另一条小比目鱼出现在我的面具上。这次我知道该找什么了。在为大卫工作之前，我一直认为摄影的目的仅仅是再现观察结果，这样其他人就可以分享同样的经历。我从来没有想过摄影可以扩展我们的视觉感知，从而教会我们重新看待世界)”可知，作者意识到摄影可以扩展我们的视觉感知，让我们重新看待世界，而不只是简单地再现一个观察结果。故答案为Encuntering a baby flunder while snrkeling deepened the authr’s understanding that phtgraphy culd reprduce an bservatin./Encuntering a baby flunder while snrkeling deepened the authr’s understanding that phtgraphy culd expand ur visual perceptin and teach us t see the wrld anew.
4．开放题。要求考生谈谈“什么能帮助你重新看待世界？”考生言之有理即可，例如“通过不同的视角看待世界，体验新的文化，了解不同的想法和信仰，进行有意义的对话，去新的地方旅行，对变化和成长持开放态度，这些都可以帮助你重新看待世界”。故答案为Seeing the wrld thrugh different perspectives, experiencing new cultures, learning abut diverse ideas and beliefs, engaging in meaningful cnversatins, traveling t new places, and being pen t change and grwth can all help yu see the wrld anew.
八
【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】Anxiety is nt deadly, because being able t feel anxius shws that ur fight-r-flight system is peratinal, which is an indicatr f brain and sensry health. Once we accept that being anxius is a nrmal part f life, we can use it t ur benefit.
Anxiety can help build ur emtinal strength. If we want t build emtinal strength, we need t face sme degree f mental stress. Of curse, unpleasant and abuse tend t cause mre harm than gd, but the experience f ccasinal anxiety, stress, and tensin substantially increases ur emtinal curage.
Anxiety can increase yur emtinal cnnectin. Clinical science has identified that sharing ur anxieties with ur lved nes is ne f the mst effective strategies t build cnnectin. When my patients learn t pen up and share their anxieties with their partners, they almst always reprt a greater sense f emtinal cnnectin.
Anxiety can help us rebalance. When we feel genuinely anxius because f stress, it’s ur bdy’s way f telling us t rebalance. Nbdy is truly limitless. When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als less stressed and anxius.
Anxiety can be a healthy, helpful emtin that is a cnstructive aspect f human life. When it cmes t ccasinal experience f anxiety, it can emtinally help bst ur curage. It can als build up emtinal cnnect in when we express ur sensitive feelings t thers. And in the frm f stress, it can serve as an internal indicatr t remain balanced and healthy. Nw it’s high time we started putting it t gd use．
1．Why is anxiety nt deadly?

2．When can anxiety increase ur emtinal cnnectin?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why?
When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als mre stressed and anxius．

4．As a student, hw d yu make use f test anxiety t help yu be better prepared fr exams? (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．Because being able t feel anxius shws that ur fight-r-flight system is peratinal, which is an indicatr f brain and sensry health.
2.When we share ur anxieties with ur lved nes.
3．When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als mre stressed and anxius.
Because accrding t the passage, when we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge less stressed and anxius.
4．I can use test anxiety t mtivate myself t study harder and be better prepared fr exams by reminding myself f the imprtance f ding well and the cnsequences f nt being prepared.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章就“焦虑”这一话题展开了论述，分析了焦虑的积极作用和如何利用焦虑。
1．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“Anxiety is nt deadly, because being able t feel anxius shws that ur fight-r-flight system is peratinal, which is an indicatr f brain and sensry health.(焦虑并不是致命的，因为能够感到焦虑表明我们的战斗或逃跑系统在运作，这是大脑和感官健康的一个指标。)”可知，作者认为焦虑并不是致命的，因为能够感到焦虑表明我们的战斗或逃跑系统在运作，这是大脑和感官健康的一个指标。故答案为Because being able t feel anxius shws that ur fight-r-flight system is peratinal, which is an indicatr f brain and sensry health.
2．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Clinical science has identified that sharing ur anxieties with ur lved nes is ne f the mst effective strategies t build cnnectin. When my patients learn t pen up and share their anxieties with their partners, they almst always reprt a greater sense f emtinal cnnectin.(临床科学已经确定，与我们所爱的人分享我们的焦虑是建立联系的最有效策略之一。当我的病人学会敞开心扉，与伴侣分享他们的焦虑时，他们几乎总是报告一种更大的情感联系。)”可知，研究表明当我们与自己所爱的人分享焦虑时就可以建立更大的情感联系。故答案为When we share ur anxieties with ur lved nes.
3．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als less stressed and anxius.(当我们注意到我们的内在暗示并承认我们的弱点时，我们会变得更加专注和健康，也会减少压力和焦虑。)”可知，当我们注意到我们的内在暗示并承认我们的弱点时，我们会变得更加专注和健康，也会减少压力和焦虑。由此可知，原句：When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als mre stressed and anxius.中的“and als mre stressed and anxius”表述错误，应该是“and als less stressed and anxius.”。故答案为When we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge mre fcused and healthier verall and als mre stressed and anxius.
Because accrding t the passage, when we pay attentin t ur internal cues and acknwledge ur weaknesses, we emerge less stressed and anxius.
4．开放题。要求考生谈谈自己将会如何利用考试焦虑来帮助自己更好地准备考试，考生言之有理即可。故参考答案为I can use test anxiety t mtivate myself t study harder and be better prepared fr exams by reminding myself f the imprtance f ding well and the cnsequences f nt being prepared.
九
【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】If yu are a psychlgy enthusiast, yu have prbably heard f the famus marshmallw test (棉花糖实验). In this task, kids are given a marshmallw, and are tld that they can eat that marshmallw nw, r wait a little while, and have tw marshmallws instead. Sme kids eat the marshmallw immediately, but mst try their best t wait fr tw.
When the researchers fllwed up with thse kids later in life, children wh waited lnger had better life utcmes: mre academic success, better scial behavir, and even markers f better health. They believe thse children wh keep waiting are the nes with the mst self-cntrl-a key factr in success, and that’s why they are s successful later.
But what if the behavir in the marshmallw test has mre t d with cultural nrms than self-cntrl?
A 2022 study tested the idea that children may decide hw lng t wait fr rewards based n what they are accustmed t waiting fr in their culture. Fr example, in the United States, there is n widespread mealtime custm f waiting until everyne is served. In Japan, hwever, there is.
Because f this difference in nrms, the researchers hypthesized that Japanese children wuld wait lnger in the marshmallw test than the American children. This is exactly what they fund later in experiments.
But this isn’t cnclusive evidence; after all, maybe Japanese children actually have better self-cntrl, r maybe they differ frm American children in ther ways that culd explain the result.
In the U. S., gifts are usually given n special ccasins and children usually have t wait befre they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, hwever, gift-giving happens mre ften, and children usually pen presents immediately.
Given these cultural differences, scientists expected that if they ran the test with gifts instead f marshmallws, American kids wuld wait lnger. Once again, their hypthesis was crrect.
This is a pwerful result because it demnstrates the imprtance f culture and habit in shaping behavir. If a child waits nly few minutes befre giving up n tw marshmallws but much lnger t unwrap a gift, can we really say that child lacks self-cntrl? I dn’t think s. I think it just means that they are adjusting well t their scial settings.
1．Accrding t the researchers, why d children wh wait lnger have better life utcmes?

2．What was the purpse f the 2022 study?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
When scientists ran the test with gifts, American kids behaved the same as they did in the test with marshmallws.

4．Besides the cases mentined in the passage, please give ne r tw examples t shw hw culture shapes yur behavir. (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．Because they believe thse children are the nes with the mst self-cntrl. 2．T test if the behavir in the marshmallw test has mre t d with cultural nrms than self-cntrl.
3．When scientists ran the test with gifts, American kids behaved the same as they did in the test with marshmallws.
When scientists ran the test with gifts instead f marshmallws, American kids waited lnger than Japanese kids.
4．In sme cultures, individuals tend t value cllectivism ver individualism, leading t behavirs such as priritizing grup harmny and cperatin. In cntrast, in cultures that priritize individualism, behavirs like independence and self-reliance are mre prevalent.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现那些能够延迟满足的孩子在后续的生活中表现更好，包括更好的学业成绩、更好的社交行为以及更健康的生活指标。
1．考查细节理解。根据第二段的“When the researchers fllwed up with thse kids later in life, children wh waited lnger had better life utcmes: mre academic success, better scial behavir, and even markers f better health. They believe thse children wh keep waiting are the nes with the mst self-cntrl-a key factr in success, and that’s why they are s successful later. (当研究人员对这些孩子以后的生活进行跟踪调查时，等待时间较长的孩子有更好的生活结果：学业上更成功，社会行为更好，甚至身体更健康。他们相信那些坚持等待的孩子是最有自制力的——这是成功的关键因素，这就是为什么他们后来会如此成功。)”可知，根据研究人员的说法，等待时间更长的孩子会有更好的生活结果是因为那些孩子是最有自制力的，故答案为Because they believe thse children are the nes with the mst self-cntrl.
2．考查细节理解。根据第三段的“But what if the behavir in the marshmallw test has mre t d with cultural nrms than self-cntrl? (但是，如果棉花糖测试中的行为更多地与文化规范有关，而不是自我控制呢？) ”和第四段的“A 2022 study tested the idea that children may decide hw lng t wait fr rewards based n what they are accustmed t waiting fr in their culture. (2022年的一项研究验证了这样一种观点，即儿童可能会根据他们在自己的文化中习惯等待的时间来决定等待奖励的时间。)”可知，2022年研究的目的是测试棉花糖测试中的行为是否更多地与文化规范而非自我控制有关，故答案为T test if the behavir in the marshmallw test has mre t d with cultural nrms than self-cntrl.
3．考查细节理解。根据第七段的“In the U. S., gifts are usually given n special ccasins and children usually have t wait befre they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, hwever, gift-giving happens mre ften, and children usually pen presents immediately. (在美国，礼物通常是在特殊的场合送的，孩子们通常要等一等才能打开礼物。然而，在日本，送礼的频率更高，孩子们通常会立即打开礼物。)”可知，“美国孩子的行为与他们在棉花糖测试中的行为相同。”这一说法是错误的，因为文章提到，当测试是用礼物而不是棉花糖进行时，美国孩子实际上等待的时间更长。因此，美国孩子的行为在这两种情况下是不同的。当科学家们用礼物代替棉花糖进行测试时，美国孩子比日本孩子等的时间长，故答案为When scientists ran the test with gifts instead f marshmallws, American kids waited lnger than Japanese kids.
4．开放性试题。举例说明文化塑造行为，例如：在一些文化中，个人倾向于重视集体主义而非个人主义，这导致了诸如优先考虑群体和谐与合作等行为。相比之下，在重视个人主义的文化中，独立和自力更生等行为更为普遍，故答案为In sme cultures, individuals tend t value cllectivism ver individualism, leading t behavirs such as priritizing grup harmny and cperatin. In cntrast, in cultures that priritize individualism, behavirs like independence and self-reliance are mre prevalent.
十
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】As the saying ges, “time waits fr n man”. Time is always against us, and we just can’t stp it. Maybe that’s why sme f us are always running late fr appintments. But if timekeeping is nt what yu’re gd at, dn’t stress. There might be a gd reasn fr yur lack f punctuality.
Peple’s attitudes t being n time vary. Sme clck-watch and make sure they’re bang n time fr a meeting. It is, after all, rude t be late, and if yu can make it n time, why can’t everyne else? But if, like me, yu want t make every secnd cunt, yu might try t squeeze as much as yu can int the time yu have available. Hwever, when yur schedule desn’t run t plan, yur punctuality inevitably slips.
Peple wh lack prmptness have been described as “time benders”. Authr Grace Pacie tld the BBC that “they’re the peple wh dn’t want t be late, but they have a strange resistance t being early, and they dn’t allw enugh time.” They assume their jurney t an appintment will always g smthly, and the train will always be n time!
Perceptins f unpunctual peple are almst always negative — even if smetimes wrng. Experts say: Being cnsistently late might nt be yur fault. It culd be yur type. The punctually-challenged ften share persnality characteristics, such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking. It is als pssible peple are late s nt t be cnspicuus and t avid the anxius wait fr thers t turn up.
Maybe we latecmers shuld make mre f an effrt and fllw the advice I heard t nt “try” t be n time but “decide” t be n time.
1．What des “time benders” refer t?

2．What are the persnality characteristics f time benders?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Accrding t Grace Pacie, time benders dn’t care abut being late s they dn’t allw enugh time.

4．What d yu usually d t be n time? (In abut 40 wrds)

【答案】1．It refers t peple wh lack prmptness./Peple wh lack prmptness have been described as “time benders”.
2.The characteristics such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking./They ften share persnality characteristics, such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking.
3．Accrding t Grace Pacie, time benders dn’t care abut being late s they dn’t allw enugh time.
Accrding t Grace Pacie, time benders dn’t want t be late, but they have a strange resistance t being early, s they dn’t allw enugh time.
4．My methd t be n time is making a clear schedule s that I can prepare in advance. Besides, I am used t allwing enugh time in case smething unexpected happens. Smetimes t get up early, I will set an alarm and check it befre bedtime.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了也许迟到不是我们的错，并介绍了我们为什么会迟到。
1．考查词句猜测。根据第三段“Peple wh lack prmptness have been described as “time benders”.(做事不及时的人被称为‘不守时的人’。)”可知，“不守时的人”是做事不及时的人。故答案为It refers t peple wh lack prmptness./Peple wh lack prmptness have been described as “time benders”.
2．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“The punctually-challenged ften share persnality characteristics, such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking.(不守时的人通常有共同的性格特征，比如乐观、自制力低、焦虑或喜欢寻求刺激。)”可知，“不守时的人”的性格特征是乐观、自我控制水平低、焦虑或寻求刺激的倾向。故答案为The characteristics such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking./They ften share persnality characteristics, such as ptimism, lw levels f self-cntrl, anxiety, r a penchant fr thrill-seeking.
3．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Authr Grace Pacie tld the BBC that “they’re the peple wh dn’t want t be late, but they have a strange resistance t being early, and they dn’t allw enugh time.(作家Grace Pacie告诉BBC：‘他们是不想迟到的人，但他们对早到有一种奇怪的抗拒，他们不给自己足够的时间。’)”可知，不守时的人也不想迟到，但是他们对早到有一种奇怪的抗拒，所以他们不给自己足够的时间，“dn’t care abut being late”是错误的，故答案为Accrding t Grace Pacie, time benders dn’t care abut being late s they dn’t allw enugh time. Accrding t Grace Pacie, time benders dn’t want t be late, but they have a strange resistance t being early, s they dn’t allw enugh time.
4．考查推理判断。根据我自己的经验，我准时的方法是制定一个明确的时间表，这样我就可以提前做好准备。此外，我习惯留出足够的时间，以防意外发生。有时为了早起，我会设置闹钟并在睡觉前检查它。故答案为My methd t be n time is making a clear schedule s that I can prepare in advance. Besides, I am used t allwing enugh time in case smething unexpected happens. Smetimes t get up early, I will set an alarm and check it befre bedtime.
年份
主题
语境
体裁
词数
话题
考点分布
细节表达
推断
表达
主旨表达
猜词表达
2024
人与自我
记叙文
268
追求科学研究的独立过程中成长的故事
3
0
0
0
2023
人与社会
记叙文
280
习惯是如何形成的以及对人的影响。
3
0
0
0
2022
人与社会
记叙文
286
发明一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料
3
0
0
0
2021
人与社会
说明文
322
解决争执减情绪负担
3
0
0
0
试题类型
细节题
原文定位
见文章中的①部分
思路点拨
Others'/Other kids' prtraits lked s prfessinal and/but his lked s amateur.
(还原原文所指内容) (修改原文时态) (修改原文代词mine)
答案
Others'/Other kids' prtraits lked s prfessinal and/but his lked s amateur.
试题类型
细节题
原文定位
见文章中的②部分
思路点拨
(1)因为题目中问的是factrs,所以至少要列出两条;
(2)修改人称、时态及表达。
答案
①His childhd dream.
②His belief that paining is a frgiving art.
③The inspiratin he gt frm Basquiat.
④The fact that he culd channel pain int art.
试题类型
判断题
原文定位
见文章中的③部分
思路点拨
Step 1:
分析题目:The authr has always wanted t paint beautiful pictures, s he tried t meet sciety's standards.
意群1 意群2 意群3
该句子可以划分为三个意群。鉴于本题有连词,因此猜测s后面的意群出错的概率大些。
Step 2:
审读文本:根据第四段“But because I have always wanted t paint beautiful pictures, I just
decided t change what beauty lked like. I changed what beauty meant t me.”可知猜测准确。
Step 3:
确定画线部分:s he tried t meet sciety's standards
Step 4:
做出解释:将画线部分的错误信息改正。
答案
The authr has always wanted t paint beautiful pictures, s he tried t meet sciety's standards.
S he just decided t change what beauty lked like, and he changed what beauty meant t him.
Or: S he changed what beauty lked like.
Or: S he changed what beauty meant t him.