高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解七选五（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解七选五（教师版），共35页。学案主要包含了2024北京卷，2023北京卷，2022年北京卷，解题导语等内容，欢迎下载使用。

北京高考信息还原(七选五)试题所选文本的题材贴近学生生活,语篇类型以说明文为主,也有议论文。
从考点上看,通常考查学生对说明文和议论文的结构、整体内容以及上下文逻辑意 义的理解和掌握。根据设空处在段落中的位置可分为段首题、段中题和段尾题。设空处在段首,通常考查段落主题句或过渡句;设空处在段中,通常考查过渡句或细节句;设空 处在段尾,通常考查细节句、过渡句或总结句。
纵观历年真题,段中题最多、段尾题最少。其中,2021年和2022年均未考查段尾题。也就是说,对细节句和过渡句考查得最多,对主旨句和总结句考查得相对少些。
一．备考策略
1. 了解篇章的结构特点以及干扰项的特点
(1)通常说明文第一段会交代说明对象,中间几段常用并列或递进的方式围绕说明对象展开说明,最后一段是总结。其段落写作方式是段落首句为主题句,尾句为总结句,中
间分别是解释说明、举例论证、数据论证等。了解文章的写作方式可以帮助学生从
命题者视角审题,进而答题更快、更准。
(2)干扰项通常具有以下特点:主旨概括句常过于宽泛、以偏概全或偏离主题;过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性细节句与语境脱节,虽用了与前后句相同的关键词,
表述内容却偏离主题。
2. 积累信号词,培养举一反三的能力
学生阅读文章时要归纳文中使上下文逻辑连贯的词汇(详见方法透析)。
3. 培养句间、段间逻辑连贯的意识和能力
学生可以将一篇文章以句子为单位打乱顺序并还原。在这个过程中,学生要关注到 句间和段间的逻辑关系,这样逻辑连贯意识和能力可得到培养和提升。
4. 运用瞻前顾后、牢记主旨的策略
(1)设空处前和设空处后的2—3个句子都要读到,与选项比对核心词、比对句子结构。
(2)有时某个选项句子放进空格,前后是说得通的,却和全文的主旨相悖,是要排除的干扰项。
二．方法技巧
1.依据词汇线索
(1)找准代词所指代的对象,定位选项
例1(2023北京海淀期末)Peple with healthy self-esteem dn't need t bast abut themselves t thers. Peple with lw self-esteem may tell yu hw much everyne lves them,what a great jb they d at wrk, and hw amazing they are at pretty much everything under the sun even thugh they really wnder if it's true. Peple may see them as bnxius r “full f themselves”. They are nt shy abut sharing ideas, including cnstructive criticisms f thers. They als take care f themselves withut secnd-guessing r aplgizing. They are the peple wh we say seem “sure f themselves”.
E. Self-esteem refers t a persn's verall sense f his r her value r wrth.
F. Peple with a healthy level f self-esteem present themselves with casual cnfidence.
G. With sme practice and persistence, yu will win this internal struggle t see yur self-wrth.
解析 设空处在段中。读空格前后的内容并判断逻辑关系:空格前两句主要围绕低自尊的人展开论述;空格后两句主要讲述与They相关的正面信息。由此可判断出低自尊的人与后文中的They形成对比。找准指代对象并确定选项:选项E、F和G的主语分别是Self-esteem、Peple with a healthy level f self-esteem和yu,选项F的主语与空格后两句的主语They及所描述的特点和行为具有一致性。
答案 F
例2(2023北京海淀期末)Hwever, in serius cases f lw r even nn-existent self-esteem, yu may want t call in a prfessinal r a specialist. Prfessinals ding psychtherapy d nt pass judgement r give crrectins. It is the best way t get at the rts f yur real self-esteem prblems.
B. Yu have the pwer t shape a new self-perceptin.
C. This encurages yu t speak penly withut wrry.
D. The real test f character is whether they can learn frm their mistakes.
解析 设空处在段中。设空处前一句指出,从事心理治疗的专业医师并不进行评判(pass judgement)或者纠正错误。选项C的内容与设空处前一句有潜在的因果关系,同时This指代前一句话中的内容。
答案 C
(2)根据数词/字复现或同现原则,缩小答案范围
例3 The Olympic Games have expanded frm 241 t mre than 10,000 cmpetitrs since the riginal reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games. Althugh enthusiasts f many activities hpe t see their avcatins(业余爱好) becme Olympic sprts, nly a few receive ne f the wanted chances in the Olympic prgram. Hw Are Sprts Chsen fr the Olympics?
A. Dzens f additins have been made in the Olympic prgram since 1896 with almst 100 events being added since 1980 alne.
B. Once a sprt is recgnized, it then mves t Internatinal Sprts Federatins status.
C. A sprt may gain recgnitin but nt becme a cmpeting event at the Olympic Games.
解析 设空处在段中。设空处前一句中的1896对答案有提示。作者在写作过程中如果用到数词/字,为了达到一定的写作效果,有时会多个数词/字连用,因此学生可以观察空格前后是否还有数词/字,尤其是同类的或者是相似的数词/字。本题中,学生可以先定位选项A,选项A指出,从1896年以来,奥林匹克项目增加很多比赛项目,仅1980年以来就增加了几乎100个。1896与上文中的1896呼应,“Dzens f additins have been made
in the Olympic prgram”与下文中的“their avcatins becme Olympic sprts”呼应。
答案 A
(3)注意以不同形式复现的词汇,如同义词、近义词、同源词(词根相同,但词性不同的词)和反义词
例4(2022北京海淀期中) “We have vides f peple being interviewed fr jbs and we will manipulate the names f thse candidates befre thers evaluate them,” she says.
“What's in a name?” William Shakespeare asked us in Rme and Juliet. “That which we call a rse by any ther name wuld smell as sweet.” Well, perhaps nt.
E. Such terms shw sund icnicity, r a similarity between a wrd's frm and meaning.
F. There is n evidence that the Kates f the wrld are mre extrverted than the Annes.
G. Pexman will als examine hw peple's names culd affect their chances f being chsen after an interview.
解析 设空处在段首。设空处后一句中的核心词是being interviewed(正在被面试)。选项G中复现了interview(n. 面试)。由选项G可知,Pexman将探讨人们的名字能够如何影响面试后(after an interview)被录取的机会,与设空处后的句子语义连贯。
答案 G
(4)利用主语一致原则,减少干扰项
例5(2022北京海淀期末)If yu're starting t think yu may have lw self-esteem, yu can wrk n the way yu talk t yurself. When yu turn ff negative self-talk, yu can pen the flr t psitive reinfrcement and access the curage t shw different sides f yurself. It isn't ging t feel gd at first, thugh. Keep ging until it becmes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirrr may help.
E. Self-esteem refers t a persn's verall sense f his r her value r wrth.
F. Peple with a healthy level f self-esteem present themselves with casual cnfidence.
G. With sme practice and persistence, yu will win this internal struggle t see yur self-wrth.
解析 设空处在段尾。本段前两句话的主语都是yu,设空处前一句省略了主语yu。一般情况下,作者在写作过程中,为了确保写作的紧凑感和连贯性,不会轻易更换主语。因此,主语一致原则是一个非常好用的信息还原技巧。在本题中,学生可先锁定选项G,G项主语是yu,句中的sme practice and persistence与前文中的wrk n the way yu talk t yurself、turn ff negative self-talk和Keep ging逻辑连贯,都围绕低自尊者提升自我价值感展开论述。
答案 G
2.巧用上下文的逻辑和衔接关系
(1)并列关系
例6Every animal sleeps, but the reasn fr this has remained fggy. When lab rats are nt allwed t sleep, they die within a mnth.
A. We shuld als try t sleep well the night befre.
B. It's as if the brain is preserving its mst imprtant memries.
C. Similarly, when peple g fr a few days withut sleeping, they get sick.
解析 设空处在段尾。首句指出“每种动物都要睡觉,但原因仍然是个谜”。接下来是具体例子,当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时,它们在一个月内就会死亡。选项C指出,同样,如果人类连续几天不睡觉,就会生病,其中的Similarly意思是“同样地”,表示前后内容是并列关系。
答案 C
(2)转折关系
例7 Prfessr Jerald has made a scientific study f lying. Accrding t him, wmen are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”. Hwever, this is nly ne side f the stry. They make a prmise which they have n intentin f carrying ut. This is the kind f lie pliticians and businessmen are suppsed t be particularly skilled at: the lie frm which the liar hpes t prfit r gain in sme way.
A. A wman tells anther wman she likes her dress when she thinks it lks terrible.
B. Other researchers say that men are mre likely t tell serius lies.
C. Is it anything we say which we knw is untrue?
解析 设空处在段中。由设空处前的“Hwever, this is nly ne side f the stry.”可知,这句话前后的句子是转折关系,且设空处讲的是另外一种情况。选项B中的men和tell serius lies与前文中的wmen和a “white lie”形成对比。选项A的内容是Hw-ever前面所述内容的一个具体事例,不符合上下文转折的逻辑关系。
答案 B
(3)例证关系
例8Nw we have the mst direct evidence yet that he is right. The synapses in the mice taken at the end f a perid f sleep were 18 per cent smaller than thse taken befre sleep, shwing that the cnnectins between neurns weaken while sleeping.
E. That's why students d better in tests if they get a chance t sleep after learning.
F. “Sleep is the price we pay fr learning,”says Giuli Tnni, wh develped the idea.
G. Tnni's team measured the size f these cnnectins,r synapses,in the brains f 12 mice.
解析 设空处在段中。该段首句指出,现在我们还有最直接的证据证明他是对的,推测接下来应该具体描述该证据。此外,设空处后面一句话解释了实验的结果。综合来看,设空处应指出实验的内容,只有G项符合语境。
答案 G
(4)因果关系
例9 The large clr decisins in yur rms cncern the walls, ceilings, and flrs. Whether yu're lking at wallpaper r paint, the time, effrt and relative expense put int it are significant.
D. Small clr chices are the nes we're mst familiar with.
E. It's nt really a gd idea t use t many small clr pieces.
F. S it pays t be sure, because yu want t get it right the first time.
G. Clr chices in this range are a step up frm the small nes in tw majr ways.
解析 设空处在段尾。根据设空处前的“the time, effrt and relative expense put int it are significant”可知,大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很多,这与选项F构成因果关系。
答案 F
3.利用相同句式定位答案
例10Much f the wrk in tday's wrld is cmpleted in teams. Mst peple believe the best way t build a great team is t gather a grup f the mst talented individuals. Sprts team wners spend millins f dllars attracting tp talent. Is their mney well spent?
A. It's nt a simple matter t determine the nature f talent.
B. Cmpanies spend millins hiring tp business peple.
C. The grup interactin and its effect drew the researchers' attentin.
解析 设空处在段中。设空处前两句介绍了多数人认为的组建优秀团队的最好方
法及体育团队的老板们(Sprts team wners)花数百万美元(spend millins f dllars)吸引顶尖人才(attracting tp talent)的事例。选项B主要讲公司(Cmpanies)组建优秀团队的做法——花数百万美元(spend millins)雇用顶尖商业人士(hiring tp business peple), 符合本段主要内容;在句式上,与设空处前一句相同。
答案 B
4.放大阅读“焦点”、锁定有效关键词、厘清段落结构
例11(2021北京海淀期中)
What's in a name?
Sme wrds sund like what they mean. And they culd influence everything frm fictinal depictins f aliens t yur first impressin n a jb applicatin. But mst wrds have n apparent cnnectin t what they signify. As the linguist Steven Pinker puts it, we call a dg “dg” because everyne else des. And that's hw it has t be .
B. Peple tend t expect ne t have specific traits based n hw ne's name sunds.
C. The English language has develped a rule f names reflecting peple's gd qualities.
D. It wuld verwhelm ur senses if every wrd we speak came with a deeper meaning.
解析 设空处在段尾。从结构上看,如果学生能够在宏观角度上审题,注意到本段两个位置的关键词语,即Sme wrds和mst wrds,就可以根据D选项中的every wrd快速确定答案,这三个关键词语使本段结构非常紧凑。从内容上看,根据标题和设空处前的内容可知,作者在讨论名字的意义。由D选项可知,如果我们说的每个词都有更深的含义,我们就会感到困惑。D项可以承接上文。
答案 D
注意 有时候学生在答题的过程中,由于逐词逐句地阅读而忽略了明显的提示词。因此,学生在阅读的过程中要灵活收放视角,及时看到命题者在命题过程中留下的答题依据或提示词。
（建议用时：40分钟）
高考真题
一
【2024北京卷】If yu want t develp maximum credibility (可信性), is it better t be a hedgehg (刺猬) r a fx? Accrding t Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehg knws ne thing very well, and the fx knws a lt f things.
Is there a clear advantage f ne style ver the ther? Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in ding s. Accrding t Jim Hart, the “hedgehg cncept” is ne f the factrs that lead cmpanies t greatness. They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. ___36___ The hedgehg cncept makes perfect sense fr cmpanies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track recrds f thse flks n the Sunday talk shws wh make predictins abut what will happen. He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins.
The advantage that. fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. ___38___ They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. They als have a clearer estimatin f what they knw and dn’t knw.
S, which is better? The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. ___39___ The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. The mst effective way t g thrugh life is t try t be that rare mixture knwn as fxy hedgehg.
A. In ther wrds, there are clear advantages fr each.
B. They are mre likely t remember peple’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage f clarity and cnfidence.
D. But there can be a dwnside t cncentratin n ne big thing.
E. Hwever, hedgehgs remain pen t thers’ reactins and inputs.
F. When smething is cntradictry t their view, they dn’t treat it as exceptinal.
G. They cme dwn squarely n ne side r the ther and fully supprt their psitin.
【答案】35. G 36. C 37. D 38. F 39. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式的两类人对于个人和企业建立信誉度的优劣势。
35.根据上文“Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes.(拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案)” 可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案，G项中They 指代上文中的Hedgehg，G项“他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场”说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人往往有明确的立场，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。
36.根据上文“They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. (他们专注于一件事并把它做得很好。他们知道自己擅长什么)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备优点，他们可以专注于一件事并知道自己擅长什么。C项“因此，他们的优势是（头脑）清楚和自信”进一步说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的优点，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。
37.根据下文“He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins. (他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了)”可知，此处介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的缺点。D项“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能会有不利的一面” 引出下文，介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备缺点，符合语境。故选D。
38.根据上文“The advantage that fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. (“狐狸”型思维方式的人的优势在于，他们更有可能从更广泛的来源中寻找新信息，并且对不确定性和新信息感到舒适)”和下文“They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. (他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外)”可知，此处介绍拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人处理事情的方式。F项“当某件事与他们的观点相矛盾时，他们不会把它当作例外”承上启下，符合语境。故选F。
39.根据上文“The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. (这个问题可以用“像狐狸的刺猬”风格来回答)”和下文“The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. (成为拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人还是拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人的选择是一种错误的权衡)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人和拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人各有优势。A项“换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势”承上启下，符合语境。故选A。
二
【2023北京卷】It’s a jyful and stressful time f year in the United States fr students and their families as they make decisins abut where t attend cllege. Families ften turn t rankings systems t help make a decisin. 35
When I talk t families as a schlar f higher educatin, they’re ften surprised that teaching excellence is nt cunted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that curses in lwer-ranked universities, n average, scred higher n teaching than curses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence f teaching excellence frm the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is ne f the mst imprtant predictrs f a wide range f cllege utcmes.
Rankings, hwever, are nly ne reasn why a lw value is placed n teaching in higher educatin. Administratrs ften dn’t view teaching excellence as a way t increase enrlment (注册) r funding. 38 Research shws that the mre time instructrs spend n teaching, the lwer their salary. What is the result? Many instructrs cntinue t teach using traditinal lectures, which lead t lwer success rates.
39 Nevertheless, nt much will change until schls with high-quality teaching are rewarded with mre resurces, higher rankings and increased enrlments. In the lng term, universities, rganisatins that rank schls, and thers shuld wrk t make teaching a valued, cre part f the missin.
What shuld students and their families d? They shuld give strng cnsideratin t universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even thugh the schls may be ranked lwer.
A．Higher educatin has achieved its true ptential.
B．Therefre, it’s nt highly valued in hiring r prmtin.
C．Quality teaching has been an imprtant reputatin-building factr.
D．Hwever, the rankings ignre a critical factr: the quality f teaching.
E．Effrts t imprve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even mre surprised at hw teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities ften shift emphasis frm teaching t ther ranking factrs.
【答案】35．D 36．F 37．G 38．B 39．E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何选择高校提供了一些建议。
35．根据空前内容“It’s a jyful and stressful time f year in the United States fr students and their families as they make decisins abut where t attend cllege. Families ften turn t rankings systems t help make a decisin.(对于美国的学生和他们的家人来说，这是一年中既快乐又紧张的时刻，因为他们要决定去哪里上大学。家庭经常求助于排名系统来帮助做决定。)”可知，美国的学生和家人们在决定去哪儿上大学时，经常求助于排名系统。而根据下文第三段“Emerging research suggests that curses in lwer-ranked universities, n average, scred higher n teaching than curses in higher-ranked universities. (最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”可推断出，本文主要讲述的是排名方面出现的问题。选项D“Hwever, the rankings ignre a critical factr: the quality f teaching.(然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量。)”延续上文内容，指出大学排名存在的问题；而根据下文内容也可以推断，排名中存在的问题是教学质量被忽略。故选D。
36．根据空前内容“When I talk t families as a schlar f higher educatin, they’re ften surprised that teaching excellence is nt cunted in rankings.(作为一名研究高等教育的学者，当我与一些家庭交谈时，他们常常惊讶地发现，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名。)”可知，大学排名中优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名让人们觉得很惊讶。选项F“They’re even mre surprised at hw teaching is undervalued by universities.(更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然低估了教学的价值。)”延续上文内容，指的都是大学排名忽略教学质量。其中“mre surprised”和上文的“surprised”保持一致。故选F。
37．空前内容“Emerging research suggests that curses in lwer-ranked universities, n average, scred higher n teaching than curses in higher-ranked universities.(最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”以及空后内容“The absence f teaching excellence frm the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is ne f the mst imprtant predictrs f a wide range f cllege utcmes.(考虑到高质量教学与学生成功之间的联系，排名中没有优秀教学令人惊讶。优质教学是衡量大学成绩的最重要因素之一。)”讲述的都是大学排名中没有考虑到教学。选项G“In fact, universities ften shift emphasis frm teaching t ther ranking factrs.(事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上。)”与上下文内容相一致，故选G。
38．根据空前内容“Rankings, hwever, are nly ne reasn why a lw value is placed n teaching in higher educatin. Administratrs ften dn’t view teaching excellence as a way t increase enrlment (注册) r funding.(然而，排名只是高等教育中对教学重视程度较低的一个原因。管理者通常不会将卓越的教学视为增加入学率或资金的一种方式。)”可知，上文分析了教学不被纳入排名的原因，该空应该讲其后果。选项B“Therefre, it’s nt highly valued in hiring r prmtin.(因此，它在招聘或晋升中不受重视。)”是上文内容的延续，正因为管理人员通常不把卓越的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的一种方式，所以教学在招聘和晋升中不受重视。故选B。
39．根据下文内容“Nevertheless, nt much will change until schls with high-quality teaching are rewarded with mre resurces, higher rankings and increased enrlments. In the lng term, universities, rganisatins that rank schls, and thers shuld wrk t make teaching a valued, cre part f the missin.(尽管如此，在拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多资源、更高排名和增加入学人数之前，不会有太大变化。从长远来看，大学、学校排名组织和其他机构应该努力使教学成为使命的一个有价值的核心部分。)”可知，此处算是站在大学的角度，提出如何把教学当成他们的首要核心任务。根据“Nevertheless”可知，空处内容和下文内容存在转折关系。选项E“Effrts t imprve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.(在最近，努力改进教学水平的现象已经出现了。)”与下文形成转折，旨在说明，促使教学成为核心任务的艰巨性和重要性。故选E。
三
【2022年北京卷】Health and fitness help a persn live a gd and healthy life. Often due t varius pressures, we tend t ignre ur health. ____35____ It is the fitness level f ur bdy that helps us fight these diseases.
____36____ We need t be fit t have a healthy bdy. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted twards maintaining the fitness f ur bdy. Health is the state f ur bdy at a given time. We may nt have any disease but still have a weak bdy, which is ready t be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This des nt definitely mean that we are nt healthy. It means the fitness level is nt in accrdance with ur age and the climatic cnditins we live in.
It is imprtant fr everyne t devte sme time t health and fitness. ____38____ Fr instance, we must exercise daily regardless f ur age and wrking style. There are different levels f exercises fr different age grups and we must d them accrding t ur wn health and age.
Additinally, it is imprtant t relax ur bdy. We shuld have at least six t eight hurs f sleep every day. It helps in imprving ur immune (免疫) system and prtects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new gals f health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality f life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated t each ther.
C. It als helps in keeping us calm and relaxes ur mind.
D. Fr instance, we may have a tendency t catch a cld easily.
E. If we keep ur bdy fit, we can enjy life in a better manner.
F. There are sme activities which everyne shuld d in ur life.
G. This makes ur bdy suffer and we will catch ther diseases.
【答案】35. G 36. B 37. D 38. F 39. C
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是健康和健身之间密不可分的关系以及我们应该通过哪些健身的方式来让自己有一个健康的身体。
35.根据空前“Health and fitness help a persn live a gd and healthy life. Often due t varius pressures, we tend t ignre ur health.(健康和健身帮助一个人过上良好和健康的生活。由于各种各样的压力，我们往往会忽视自己的健康。)”可知因为各种压力，我们的健康容易被忽视，根据空后“It is the fitness level f ur bdy that helps us fight these diseases.(正是我们身体的健康水平帮助我们对抗这些疾病。)”可知身体的健康可以让我们应对各种疾病，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲忽视健康对我们的身体及生活的影响。G项“This makes ur bdy suffer and we will catch ther diseases.(这使我们的身体遭受痛苦，而且我们会感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G项中的ther diseases与空后的these diseases相互照应，符合上下文语境。故选G项。
36.根据空后“We need t be fit t have a healthy bdy. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted twards maintaining the fitness f ur bdy.(为了拥有一个健康的身体我们需要健康。同样，如果我们是健康的，我们自然会被保持健康的身体所吸引。)”可知健康的身体与健身是密不可分的，空处位于句首，应是本段的主旨句，B项“Health and fitness are interrelated t each ther.(健康和健身是相互关联的。)”概括全段的主要内容，符合上下文语境。故选B项。
37.根据空前“Health is the state f ur bdy at a given time. We may nt have any disease but still have a weak bdy, which is ready t be targeted by viruses.(健康是在特定时间内我们身体的状态。我们可能没有任何疾病，但身体仍然虚弱，随时会被病毒攻击。)”可知我们的身体虽然没有生病，但也很虚弱，随时会生病，根据空后“This des nt definitely mean that we are nt healthy.(这并不一定意味着我们不健康。)”可知生病并不一定表明我们是不健康的。空处承上启下，所以空处应该举例说明我们的身体在虚弱的情况下会生病这样一种状况，D项“Fr instance, we may have a tendency t catch a cld easily.(例如，我们可能很容易感冒。)”举例说明我们的身体会在虚弱的情况下生病，承接上文，引出下文，而且空后的This指代D项的we may have a tendency t catch a cld easily这种情况，符合上下文语境。故选D项。
38.根据空前“It is imprtant fr everyne t devte sme time t health and fitness.(对每个人来说，花些时间在健康和健身方面是很重要的。)”可知我们应该花时间去健身，根据空后“Fr instance, we must exercise daily regardless f ur age and wrking style.(例如，我们必须每天锻炼，不管我们的年龄和工作方式。)”可知我们应该每天坚持锻炼，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是我们应该通过哪些活动来进行锻炼，F项“There are sme activities which everyne shuld d in ur life.(在我们的生活中有一些活动是每个人都应该做的。)”承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。
39.根据空前“We shuld have at least six t eight hurs f sleep every day. It helps in imprving ur immune (免疫) system and prtects us against diseases.(我们每天至少应该有6到8个小时的睡眠。它有助于改善我们的免疫系统，保护我们抵抗疾病。)”可知我们应该保障充足的睡眠，根据空后“This, in turn, gives us new gals f health and fitness.(这反过来又给了我们健康和健身的新目标。)”可知充足的睡眠会对我们的健康和健身目标很有好处，空处承上启下，所以空处应该继续讲充足的睡眠的好处，C项“It als helps in keeping us calm and relaxes ur mind.(它也帮助我们保持冷静和放松我们的大脑。)”进一步讲了充足的睡眠对于我们的好处，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选C项。
高考模拟试题
一
（2024·北京·三模）Everyne carries a shield（屏障）. Our shields prtect what we dn’t want thers t see, frm ur embarrassing secrets t ur unpredictable feelings. 1 But the prblem is that shields can becme heavy burdens — easy t put n yet difficult t remve — with terrible effects.
Since shields encurage us t hide negative parts f urselves, we can start t believe that we aren’t wrth shwing. We might fear hw ur friends will judge ur struggles r hw ur families will view ur ambitins. 2
Hwever, we have t remember that we aren’t perfect, nr shuld we expect t be. We need t find and cure the wunds underneath ur shields, but that means we have t let dwn ur guard. We may even have prblems we haven’t admitted t urselves. 3 Even if it seems insignificant, every prblem shuld be acknwledged befre it grws. Befre being cured, we must knw that we need t be cured, and be kay with admitting that.
Knwing this takes bravery and patience, s it’ll be hard. 4 Yet asking fr help means admitting ur prblems t smebdy else — it means letting them see what’s behind ur shields. T make it easier, we can reveal urselves t smebdy clse t us wh we trust will understand us and prvide persnal supprt. Or, if we fear judgement, we can pen up t smene distant but knwledgeable, such as a cunsellr r a help line. N matter what, we can find help when we begin searching.
5 We can be mre frgiving f faults s we can becme cmfrtable with urs and encurage thers t fllw. Mst imprtantly, we can let peple knw that we are willing t listen and help and make it easier t let dwn ur shields.
A．This is nt a bad thing.
B．We need t be understd.
C．We shuldn’t expect t d any f it withut help.
D．In shrt, we have the pwer t change this phenmenn.
E．Hence we decide t hide urselves underneath ur masks.
F．If yu can’t trust yur partner, it wn’t be easy t let them in.
G．Maybe we’re hiding smething frm a friend r scared t admit an errr.
【答案】1．A 2．E 3．G 4．C 5．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了每个人都带着屏障，这带来了消极的影响，所以我们要学会改变这种想象。
1．根据上文“Our shields prtect what we dn’t want thers t see, frm ur embarrassing secrets t ur unpredictable feelings.”（我们的屏障保护着我们不想让别人看到的东西，从我们尴尬的秘密到我们不可预测的感受）再根据下文“But the prblem is that shields can becme heavy burdens — easy t put n yet difficult t remve — with terrible effects.”（但问题是，屏障会成为沉重的负担——容易戴上却很难取下——带来可怕的后果）可知，后文进行转折，说的是不好的结果，选项与下文为转折关系，故A选项“这不是一件坏事”切题。故选A项。
2．根据上文“Since shields encurage us t hide negative parts f urselves, we can start t believe that we aren’t wrth shwing. We might fear hw ur friends will judge ur struggles r hw ur families will view ur ambitins.”（因为屏障鼓励我们隐藏自己的消极部分，我们可以开始相信我们不值得展示。我们可能会担心朋友会如何评价我们的奋斗，或者家人会如何看待我们的抱负。）可知，选项承接上文说明导致的不良结果。故E选项“因此我们决定把自己藏在面具下”切题。故选E项。
3．根据上文“We may even have prblems we haven’t admitted t urselves.”（我们甚至可能会遇到自己没有承认的问题）可知，选项承接上文继续说明自己的问题。故G选项“也许我们对朋友有所隐瞒，或者害怕承认错误。”切题。故选G项。
4．根据下文“Yet asking fr help means admitting ur prblems t smebdy else — it means letting them see what’s behind ur shields.”（然而，寻求帮助意味着向别人承认我们的问题——意味着让他们看到我们屏障后面的东西）可知，选项与下文为转折关系说明我们需要帮助。故C选项“我们不应该指望在没有帮助的情况下做任何事情。”切题。故选C项。
5．根据下文“We can be mre frgiving f faults s we can becme cmfrtable with urs and encurage thers t fllw. Mst imprtantly, we can let peple knw that we are willing t listen and help and make it easier t let dwn ur shields.”（我们可以更加宽容自己的错误，这样我们就能对自己的错误感到舒适，并鼓励别人效仿。最重要的是，我们可以让人们知道我们愿意倾听和帮助，让他们更容易放下我们的屏障。）可知，后文都在说我们是可以改变自己的。故D选项“简而言之，我们有能力改变这种现象”切题，为本段的标题。故选D项。
二
（2024·北京大兴·三模）The nly wrds yu need t say after receiving a cmpliment (赞美) are “thank yu”. But yu knw that's easier said than dne.
There are many reasns why yu have a hard time accepting cmpliments. 1 It's a three step prcess. First, believe what peple tell yu. If yu're still having a hard time taking the cmpliment, duble check. And if it's still hard t accept then yu'll have t check yurself.
2 Fr example, if yu're six feet tall and I say, “Ww, yu're tall! ” I'm being hnest. I'm five ft nine, s plenty f peple are tall cmpared t me. I'm expressing that subjectively, frm my shrter vantage pint, yu are tall. I'm nt saying everyne wuld agree with me. Just like if I say City f Gd is a great mvie, I'm nt saying yu have t think it's a great mvie.
Yu have t listen carefully t cmpliments. It's nt always bvius if yu're being cmplimented fr smething nly thers can bserve. If yu are five ft six inches tall, and weigh seventy punds, I wuld say yu are slim. But if yu are cmparing yurself t smene wh is shrter, and weighs five punds less than yu, yu might call yurself plump. In this extreme example, the utside perspective is mre accurate than the internal ne. 3
If yu're still struggling t accept a cmpliment, yu dn't just have t take smene at their wrd. It can be hard t accept an pinin when it's the ppsite f yurs, s call in reinfrcements. Ask smene else what they think. 4 Yu can ask tw r three r fur mre peple if tw isn't enugh.
5 If yu mislead r lie t peple abut yur pinins, then it's nt surprising that yu have a hard time trusting that peple's cmpliments are genuine. Be mre hnest with peple arund yu, and yu'll find it much easier t believe what peple say abut yu.
A．They will be the tie breaker.
B．Yu can check with smene else instead.
C．The causes are cmplicated but the path t accepting cmpliments is simpler.
D．Hw hnest are yu with yur friends and family when they ask fr yur pinin?
E．When smene is trying t pay yu a cmpliment, they are speaking subjectively.
F．When smene pays yu a cmpliment, they are speaking abut smething that is bservable.
G．Similarly, when I call yu smart r funny, I'm cmmenting based n my definitin f smart r funny, that's hw I see yu.
【答案】1．C 2．E 3．F 4．A 5．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，短文介绍了很难接受赞美的原因有很多。原因很复杂，但接受赞美的途径更简单。短文介绍了三个接受赞美途径的方法。
1.根据上文“There are many reasns why yu have a hard time accepting cmpliments.”（你很难接受赞美的原因有很多）以及下文“It's a three step prcess.”（这需要三个步骤）可知，选项承上启下。reasns呼应causes。the path呼应three step prcess。故C选项“原因很复杂，但接受赞美的途径更简单”切题。故选C项。
2．根据下文“I'm expressing that subjectively, frm my shrter vantage pint, yu are tall. I'm nt saying everyne wuld agree with me. ”（我主观地表示，从我较矮的角度来看，你很高。我并不是说每个人都会同意我的观点）可知，对你的赞扬是出于主观的看法。故E选项“当有人试图赞美你时，他们是在主观地说”切题，为本段的主旨句。故选E项。
3．根据上文“In this extreme example, the utside perspective is mre accurate than the internal ne. ”（在这个极端的例子中，外部视角比内部视角更准确）可知，选项承接上文说明赞美来自外部视角。故F选项“当有人称赞你时，他们说的是可以观察到的事情”切题。故选F项。
4．根据上文“Ask smene else what they think.”（问问别人的想法）以及下文“Yu can ask tw r three r fur mre peple if tw isn't enugh. ”（如果两个不够的话，你可以再问两个、三个或四个人）可知，选项承接上下文说明别人会帮助你做出正确的判断。故A选项“他们将是是否相信的关键”切题。故选A项。
5．根据下文“If yu mislead r lie t peple abut yur pinins, then it's nt surprising that yu have a hard time trusting that peple's cmpliments are genuine. Be mre hnest with peple arund yu, and yu'll find it much easier t believe what peple say abut yu.”（如果你在自己的观点上误导或欺骗别人，那么你很难相信别人的赞美是真诚的也就不足为奇了。对周围的人更诚实，你会发现更容易相信别人对你的评价。）可知，本段与诚实话题有关。故D选项“当你的朋友和家人征求你的意见时，你对他们有多诚实？”切题。故选D项。
三
（2023高三下·北京海淀·专题练习）My, what a big beak yu have!
Fr humans, adapting t climate change will mstly be a matter f technlgy. Mre air cnditining, better-designed huses and bigger fld defenses may help t make the effects f a warmer wrld less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evlutin, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shws that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bdies f many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears.
In sme species f Australian parrt, fr instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Anther study, this time in Nrth American dark-eyed juncs, anther bird, fund the same pattern. 2
All that is perfectly cnsistent with evlutinary thery. “Allen’s rule”, named fr Jel Asaph Allen, wh suggested it in 1877, hlds that warm-blded animals in ht places tend t have larger bdy parts than thse in temperate (温带的) regins. 3 Being richly filled with bld vessels, and nt cvered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place fr birds t get rid f heat. Fennec fxes, meanwhile, which are native t the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially cmpared with their Arctic cusins.
Ms. Ryding is nt the first researcher t take that apprach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, t prve that climate change was the cause f an anatmical (解剖学的) changes. All srts f ther factrs, frm changes in prey t the evlving reprductive preferences f males r females, might have been driving the changes. The team cmbined data frm different species in different places. Since they have little in cmmn apart frm living n a warming planet, climate change is the mst reasnable explanatin.
5 That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evlutinary adaptatin cmes with trade-ffs (妥协), it is unclear hw far the prcess might g. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, fr instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cst mre energy t grw.
A．Hwever, lking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer.
B．Fr nw, at least, the increase is small, never much mre than 10%.
C．Animals will have t rely n changing their bdies r their behavirs.
D．It seems that the future wrld is ging t be htter than humans are used t.
E．Therefre, the negative effects f a warmer wrld are visible in these animals’ bdies.
F．Such adaptatins bst an animal’s surface area relative t its bdy, helping it t release extra heat.
G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species f mice and bats evlving bigger ears, legs and wings.
【答案】1．C 2．G 3．F 4．A 5．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。讲述了地球变暖正在改变动物的外貌，如嘴巴变大。
1．根据上文“Fr humans, adapting t climate change will mstly be a matter f technlgy. Mre air cnditining, better-designed huses and bigger fld defenses may help mitigate the effects f a warm wrld. (对人类来说，适应气候变化将主要是技术问题。更多的空调、更好设计的房屋和更大的防洪系统可能有助于缓解全球变暖的影响)”可知，人类依靠的是科学技术来适应气候变化。选项C“动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为（去适应）。”承接上文，说明和人类不同，动物要适应气候变化就只能依靠它们的身体和行为。从而引出下文对于动物适应气候变化发生的变化的讲述，上下文通顺合理。故选C项。
2．空处位于段末应承接上文。上文“In sme species f Australian parrt, fr instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Anther study, this time in Nrth American dark-eyed juncs, anther bird, fund the same pattern. (例如，在一些澳大利亚鹦鹉中，自1871年以来，喙的大小增加了4%到10%。另一项研究，这次是在另一种鸟类北美黑眼鹦鹉中，发现了同样的模式)”列举了一些动物因为天气变暖，喙变大的例子。由此推知，空处承接上文，继续举例。选项G“哺乳动物也有类似的趋势，老鼠、鼩鼱和蝙蝠进化出更大的耳朵、尾巴、腿和翅膀”符合语境，是动物应对天气变化外貌发生变化的例子。故选G项。
3．根据上文“‘Allen’s rule’, named fr Jel Asaph Allen, wh suggested it in 1877, hlds that warm-blded-animals in ht places tend t have larger appendages (附属物) than thse in less ht regins. (“艾伦法则”是以Jel Asaph Allen的名字命名的，他在1877年提出了这一法则，认为在炎热地区的温血动物往往比在不那么炎热地区的动物有更大的附属物)”可知，炎热地区的温血动物往往长有更大的附属物，这是动物对气候的一种适应，选项F“这种适应性增加了动物相对于其身体体积的表面积，帮助它释放多余的热量。”解释了这种现象的产生原因。下文“Being richly filled with bld vessels, and nt cvered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place fr birds t get rid f heat. Fennec fxes, meanwhile, which are native t the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially cmpared with their Arctic cusins.( 喙拥有丰富的血管，没有绝缘羽毛覆盖，是鸟类散热的理想场所。又比如，与它们的北极近亲相比，原产于撒哈拉沙漠的芬内克狐狸有着惊人的大耳朵)”举例说明动物的这种适应性。上下文通顺合理。故选F项。
4．根据下文“The team cmbined data frm different species in different places. (她的团队综合了来自不同地方不同物种的数据)”可知，团队综合了更多地方的数据，选项A“然而，从更大的角度来看，形式更清晰。”说明观察更多会更清楚地看到这种模式，符合语境，上下文通顺合理。故选A项。
5．根据下文“That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evlutinary adaptatin cmes with trade-ffs (妥协), it is unclear hw far the prcess might g. (随着气候变暖的加速，这种情况可能会改变。由于任何进化适应都会进行利弊权衡，因此尚不清楚这一过程会走多远)”可知，未来这种情况的变化，that指代上文提到的情况，选项B“至少就目前而言，增幅很小，从未超过10%。”说明现在的变化情况，上下文合理通顺，下文预测这种情况的发展,，且下文中的“That may change”指代选项B中的增长。故选B项。
四
（2023·北京·三模）Public speaking and critical thinking
What is critical thinking? T a certain degree, it’s a matter f lgic (逻辑) — f being able t spt weaknesses in ther peple’s argument and t avid them in yur wn, it als includes related skills such as distinguishing fact frm pinin and assessing the sundness f evidence. In the brad sense, critical thinking is fcused, rganized thinking — the ability t see clearly their latinships amng ideas. 1 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventrs have ften taken infrmatin that was readily available and put it tgether differently t prduce new ideas.that, t, is critical thinking.
2 As the class ges n, fr example, yu will prbably spend a gd deal f time rganizing yur speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is clsely cnnected with critical thinking. If the structure f yur speech is lse and cnfused, chances are that yur thinking. If the structure f yur speech is lse and cnfused, chances are that yur thinking is als discvered and cnfused. If, n the ther hand, the structure is clear, there is a gd chance yur thinking is t. Organizing a speech is nt a matter f arranging the ideas yur already have. 3
What is true f rganizatin is true f many aspects f public speaking. 4 As yu wrk n expressing yur ideas in clear, accurate language, yu will Imprve yur ability t think clearly and accurately. 5 As yu learn t listen critically t speeches in class,Yu will be better able t assess the ideas f speakers in a variety f situatins.
If yu take full advantage f yur speech class, yu will be able t develp yur skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is ne reasn public speaking has been regarded as a vital part f educatin since the days f ancient Greece.
A．Rather, it is an imprtant part f shaping the ideas themselves.
B．This may seem like a lt f time, but the rewards are well wrth it.
C．It may als help yu t knw that there is n such thing as a perfect speech.
D．It has ften been said that there are few new ideas in the wrld, nly rerganized ideas.
E．If yu are wndering what this has t d with yur public speaking class, the answer is quite a lt.
F．The skills yu learn in yur speech class can help yu becme a mre effective thinker in a number f ways.
G．As yu study the rle f evidence and reasning in speech making, yu will see hw they can be used in ther frms f cmmunicatin as well.
【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．F 5．G
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了辩证思考。在某种程度上，辩证思考是一种逻辑思维，即我们能通过分析别人的论点来驳倒他。同时，辩证思考还需要一些相关技能，如从观点中分析事实，评估证据的真实性。
1．根据上文“In the brad sense, critical thinking is fcused, rganized thinking — the ability t see clearly their latinships amng ideas.(从广义上说，批判性思维是集中的、有组织的思维——清楚地看到想法之间的关系的能力)”可知，批判性思维是一种能够清楚地看到想法之间的关系的能力。由此可知，D选项“It has ften been said that there are few new ideas in the wrld, nly rerganized ideas.(人们常说，世界几乎没有新想法，只有重新组织的想法)”能够承接上文，同时引出下文“The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventrs have ften taken infrmatin that was readily available and put it tgether differently t prduce new ideas.that, t, is critical thinking. (最伟大的思想家、科学家和发明家常常把现成的信息以不同的方式组合在一起，从而产生新的想法。这也是批判性思维)”。其中的“rerganized ideas”与下文中的“taken infrmatin that was readily available and put it tgether differently t prduce new ideas”相对应。故选D项。
2．空处位于段首，应是本段的主题句。根据下文“As the class ges n, fr example, yu will prbably spend a gd deal f time rganizing yur speeches.(例如随着课程的进行，你可能会花很长的时间组织你的演讲)”可知，此处讲到了课与演讲。由此可知，E选项“If yu are wndering what this has t d with yur public speaking class, the answer is quite a lt.(如果你想知道这和你的公开演讲课有什么关系，答案是相当有关系)”符合语境。其中class是关键词，speaking对应speeches。故选E项。
3．根据上文“Organizing a speech is nt just a matter f arranging yur ideas yu already have. (组织演讲不仅仅是整理你已有的想法)”可知，空处与上文是转折关系，说明组织演讲的深层次意义。由此可知，A选项“Rather, it is an imprtant part f shaping the ideas themselves.(相反，它是塑造思想本身的一个重要部分)”符合语境，其中的“it”指代上文的“Organizing a speech”。故选A项。
4．根据上文“What is true f rganizatin is true f many aspects f public speaking.(适合组织的很多方面也适合公众演讲)”可知，F选项“The skills yu learn in yur speech class can help yu becme a mre effective thinker in a number f ways. (你在演讲课上学到的技巧可以从很多方面帮助你成为一个更有效的思考者)”能够承接上文，同时引出下文“As yu wrk n expressing yur ideas in clear, accurate language, yu will Imprve yur ability t think clearly and accurately.(当你努力用清晰、准确的语言表达你的想法时，你会提高你清晰、准确地思考的能力)”。故选F。
5．根据上文“As yu wrk n expressing yur ideas in clear, accurate language, yu will Imprve yur ability t think clearly and accurately.(当你努力用清晰、准确的语言表达你的想法时，你会提高你清晰、准确地思考的能力)”及下文“As yu learn t listen critically t speeches in class, yu will be better able t assess the ideas f speakers in a variety f situatins.(当你学会在课堂上批判性地听演讲时，你就能更好地评估演讲者在各种情况下的想法)”可知，G选项 “As yu study the rle f evidence and reasning in speech making, yu will see hw they can be used in ther frms f cmmunicatin as well.(当你研究证据和推理在演讲中的作用时，你就会看到它们如何在其他形式的交流中使用)”能够承上启下，符合语境。故选G项。
五
（2023·北京·三模）Hw des it feel when yu slve yur prblem by yurself? Things may nt always g as planned. 1
Being resurceful means finding smart and creative ways t slve a prblem, using whatever resurces yu have at the time. 2 They can als be anything else that’s useful, such as infrmatin, advice r yur wn experience. It als means trusting yur instincts, the ability yu’re brn with, rather than thrugh training and being cnfident abut yur ability t face challenges. A resurceful persn is nt the ne getting crss r panicking when smething ges wrng. They’re thinking abut hw t slve the prblem.
3 When we learn t slve prblems fr urselves rather than immediately ging t thers fr help, it can help t build ur cnfidence, help us feel mre independent, and feel better abut making decisins. Being resurceful may nt help yu avid prblems, but thinking creatively abut hw yu can deal with them will make yu feel less stressed and mre prepared next time. 4 This can bst self-esteem, that is, hw yu feel abut yurself.
When yu’re facing a challenge, try t fcus n the actual prblem rather than hw yu feel abut it. Think abut where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many slutins t the prblem as yu can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t wrked, s yu’re equipped t deal with a situatin next time.
And remember, n ne is expected t slve all prblems by themselves. If yu have a tricky prblem that yu’re unable t slve, then ask a trusted adult fr help.
A．Yu als learn what yu’re gd at.
B．Here is hw yu can be mre resurceful.
C．They can be practical things like pens and paper.
D．Resurcefulness is a skill that’s gd fr yu in lts f ways.
E．These may be famus mtts that always inspire us t mve n.
F．Weigh up what’s gd and bad abut each ne and chse the best.
G．But being resurceful can help yu stay calm and deal with tricky situatins.
【答案】1．G 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了遇到棘手的问题时的应对方法，要足智多谋，随机应变。
1．根据前文“Hw des it feel when yu slve yur prblem by yurself? Things may nt always g as planned.(当你自己解决问题的时候是什么感觉?事情可能并不总是按计划进行。)”及下文“Being resurceful means finding smart and creative ways t slve a prblem, using whatever resurces yu have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”可知，遇到棘手的问题时要足智多谋，随机应变。所以选择项G“But being resurceful can help yu stay calm and deal with tricky situatins.(但是足智多谋可以帮助你保持冷静，处理棘手的情况。)”符合上下文语境。故选G。
2．根据前句“Being resurceful means finding smart and creative ways t slve a prblem, using whatever resurces yu have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”和后句“They can als be anything else that’s useful, such as infrmatin, advice r yur wn experience. (它们也可以是任何有用的东西，比如信息、建议或你自己的经历。)”中的als可知，空处和下文为并列关系，也是在列举可以利用的资源可能是什么。所以选择项E“These may be famus mtts that always inspire us t mve n. (这些可能是著名的座右铭，总是激励我们继续前进。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
3．根据后文“When we learn t slve prblems fr urselves rather than immediately ging t thers fr help, it can help t build ur cnfidence, help us feel mre independent, and feel better abut making decisins. Being resurceful may nt help yu avid prblems, but thinking creatively abut hw yu can deal with them will make yu feel less stressed and mre prepared next time. (当我们学会自己解决问题而不是立即向别人寻求帮助时，它可以帮助我们建立信心，帮助我们感觉更独立，在做决定时感觉更好。足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”可知，本段主要介绍足智多谋所带来的好处。所以选择项D“Resurcefulness is a skill that’s gd fr yu in lts f ways.(足智多谋是一种在很多方面对你都有好处的技能。)”符合上下文语境。故选D。
4．前文“ Being resurceful may nt help yu avid prblems, but thinking creatively abut hw yu can deal with them will make yu feel less stressed and mre prepared next time. (足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”指出创造性地思考的好处之一是让自己更有准备，空处应也在介绍好处，选项A“Yu als learn what yu’re gd at. (你也会知道你擅长什么。)”符合，即好处是对自己更加了解。故选A。
5．根据前句“Next, think up as many slutins t the prblem as yu can. (接下来，为这个问题想出尽可能多的解决方案。)”和后句“Finally, review what has and hasn’t wrked, s yu’re equipped t deal with a situatin next time. (最后，回顾一下哪些是有效的，哪些是无效的，这样你就能在下次处理这种情况时做好准备。)”可知，想出尽可能多的解决方案后要权衡和筛选，选出最佳的一个。所以选择项F“Weigh up what’s gd and bad abut each ne and chse the best. (权衡一下每个方案的优点和缺点，选择最好的。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
六
（2023·北京·三模）In sme ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed dwn thrugh the generatins reliably enugh fr parents and children t cmmunicate with each ther. 1 Fr example, while Japanese has changed relatively little ver a thusand years, English evlved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s furteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impssible t read.
Languages change fr a variety f reasns. Large-scale shifts ften ccur in respnse t scial, ecnmic, and plitical pressures, as there are many examples f language change fueled by invasins, clnizatin, and migratin. 2 Frequently, the needs f speakers drive language change. New technlgies industries, prducts and experiences simply require new wrds. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak als fuels language change because n tw individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Thrugh ur day-t-day interactins, we pick up wrds and savings frm ther peple and integrate them int ur speech. Teens and yung adults, fr example, ften use different wrds and phrases frm their parents. Sme f them spread thrugh the ppulatin and slwly change the language.
4 Vcabulary can change quickly as new wrds are brrwed frm ther languages, r as wrds get cined, cmbined, r shrtened. Sme wrds are even created thrugh misinterpretatin f frm. As nted in the Linguistic Sciety f America’s publicatin Is English Changing?, the wrd pea is ne such example. Up until abut fur hundred years ag, pease culd refer t either a single pea r many peas. At sme pint, peple assumed that pease was the plural frm f a new wrd, pea, based n the way pease sunded. While vcabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the rder f wrds in a sentence changes mre slwly. 5 Fr example, during the Great Vwel Shift five hundred years ag, the prnunciatin f vwels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the prnunciatin f Middle English and Mdern English.
A．Changes in sund are smewhat harder t dcument but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change ver time — at different rates thugh.
C．As lng as peple are using a language, that language will underg sme change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas f language use.
E．The three main areas f language that change ver time are vcabulary, sentence structure, and prnunciatin.
F．Even withut these kinds f influences, a language can change dramatically if enugh users adpt a new way f speaking.
G．The vcabulary and phrases peple use depend n where they live, their age, educatin level, scial status and ther factrs.
【答案】1．B 2．F 3．G 4．E 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言会随着时间而变化，其原因很多样，变化主要体现在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面。
1．前文“In sme ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed dwn thrugh the generatins reliably enugh fr parents and children t cmmunicate with each ther.（在某些方面，语言的变化是令人惊讶的。毕竟，它们代代相传，足以让父母和孩子相互交流。）”引入文章的话题语言的变化，后文“Fr example, while Japanese has changed relatively little ver a thusand years, English evlved rapidly in just a few centuries.（例如，在一千多年的时间里，日语的变化相对较小，而英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化。）”用日语和英语的变化情况作为例子，B项“Yet linguists find that all living languages change ver time — at different rates thugh.（然而，语言学家发现，所有现存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化——尽管变化的速度不同。）”符合语境，和前文对语言变化的惊讶构成转折，是后文的例证支持的观点，后文的“changed relatively little ver a thusand years”“evlved rapidly in just a few centuries”解释了其中的“at different rates”。故选B。
2．前文“Languages change fr a variety f reasns. Large-scale shifts ften ccur in respnse t scial, ecnmic, and plitical pressures, as there are many examples f language change fueled by invasins, clnizatin, and migratin.（语言的变化有很多原因。由于社会、经济和政治压力的影响，语言往往会发生大规模变化，因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语言变化的例子。）”点明了本段的主旨语言变化的原因，介绍了外部宏观环境的原因，F项“Even withut these kinds f influences, a language can change dramatically if enugh users adpt a new way f speaking.（即使没有这些影响，如果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式，一门语言也会发生巨大的变化。）”符合语境，承接前文，其中的“these kinds f influences”指前文的“scial, ecnmic, and plitical pressures”，介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充。故选F。
3．前文“But the unique way that individuals speak als fuels language change because n tw individuals use a language in exactly the same way.（但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进语言的变化，因为没有两个人使用一种语言的方式完全相同。）”提到了个体使用的语言存在差异，G项“The vcabulary and phrases peple use depend n where they live, their age, educatin level, scial status and ther factrs.（人们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素。）”符合语境，具体解释了个体语言差异的原因。故选G。
4．空处位于段首，是段落的主旨句，需概括段落内容。后文“Vcabulary can change quickly as new wrds are brrwed frm ther languages, r as wrds get cined, cmbined, r shrtened.（词汇变化很快，比如从其他语言中借用新词，或者新词被创造、组合或缩略。）”、“While vcabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the rder f wrds in a sentence changes mre slwly.（虽然词汇变化很快，但句子结构——句子中单词的顺序变化得比较慢。）”和“Fr example, during the Great Vwel Shift five hundred years ag, the prnunciatin f vwels in English changed dramatically.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。）”涉及语言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音，E项“The three main areas f language that change ver time are vcabulary, sentence structure, and prnunciatin.（语言随着时间的推移发生变化的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音。）”符合语境，概括了这三个方面的内容。故选E。
5．后文“Fr example, during the Great Vwel Shift five hundred years ag, the prnunciatin f vwels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the prnunciatin f Middle English and Mdern English.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代英语发音的最大区别。）”介绍的是语言变化的发音方面，A项“Changes in sund are smewhat harder t dcument but just as interesting.（声音的变化很难记录，但同样有趣。）”符合语境，引起后文内容。故选A。
七
（2024·北京海淀·二模）Being sensitive means that yu are bservant, careful, and thughtful. It can als mean yu smetimes verinterpret r verreact t perceived criticism r judgment. If yu tend t be a highly sensitive persn, yu are mre likely t misread signals frm thers, sense scial threats, and struggle t adapt t new circumstances. 1
The pwer f insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) pwer” . 2 Fr example, thse wrking n cmplex research prjects with “sluggish pwer” persist with fcus and determinatin in the face f challenges such as tight deadlines and limited resurces. Their resilience facilitates effective prblem-slving, ensuring the successful cmpletin f tasks despite bstacles.
3 That is ne f the imprtant reasns why insensitivity allws a persn t better survive and adapt in a cmpetitive envirnment. Knwing neself is difficult, but knwing neself crrectly is undubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful peple, wh all clearly knw where their strengths are, what they can d, what they want, and what directin t g.
Practicing insensitivity invlves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express ur needs and pinins psitively and with cnfidence. Secndly, adpt a frward-lking mindset. 4 Additinally, detach frm external influences. Avid excessive cncern ver thers’ pinins and speculatin n thers’ thughts. Lastly, manage relatinships. Recgnize ur persnal respnsibilities while respecting thers’ bundaries. Dn’t interfere with ther peple’s subjects and dn’t let thers interfere with urs either.
5 Once yu becme a bit “blunt” and slw dwn the pace, yu will feel mre cmfrtable.
A．Learn t view the prblem as tw parts.
B．That’s where the need t be insensitive cmes frm.
C．I hpe everyne can btain the ability t be insensitive.
D．Behind insensitivity is a strng sense f self-awareness.
E．Being a highly sensitive persn can cme with many challenges.
F．It implies the ability t calmly face the setbacks and firmly mve frward.
G．Fcus n lng-term gals rather than the ups and dwns f life at the mment.
【答案】1．B 2．F 3．D 4．G 5．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先解释了敏感性的定义和可能带来的问题，然后转向讨论不敏感性的力量，并给出了实践不敏感性的策略。
1．由上文“Being sensitive means that yu are bservant, careful, and thughtful. It can als mean yu smetimes verinterpret r verreact t perceived criticism r judgment. If yu tend t be a highly sensitive persn, yu are mre likely t misread signals frm thers, sense scial threats, and struggle t adapt t new circumstances. (敏感意味着你善于观察、细心和深思熟虑。这也可能意味着你有时会过度解释或过度反应感知到的批评或判断。如果你是一个高度敏感的人，你更有可能误读他人的信号，感觉到社会威胁，并努力适应新环境)”可知，这里需要一个总结如何应对高度敏感的句子。B选项“That’s where the need t be insensitive cmes frm. (这就是麻木不仁的必要性的来源)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选B。
2．由上文“The pwer f insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) pwer”.(不敏感的力量可以解释为“迟钝的力量”)”可知，上文提到了“迟钝的力量”，接下来应该解释这种力量具体意味着什么。F选项“It implies the ability t calmly face the setbacks and firmly mve frward. (它意味着冷静面对挫折并坚定前行的能力)”恰当地解释了“迟钝力量”的正面含义，即在逆境中的韧性，能承接上文，符合题意。故选F。
3．由下文“That is ne f the imprtant reasns why insensitivity allws a persn t better survive and adapt in a cmpetitive envirnment. Knwing neself is difficult, but knwing neself crrectly is undubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful peple, wh all clearly knw where their strengths are, what they can d, what they want, and what directin t g. (这就是为什么不敏感能让一个人更好地在竞争环境中生存和适应的重要原因之一。认识自己是困难的，但正确地认识自己无疑是一种优秀的能力——这是许多成功人士共有的特点，他们都清楚地知道自己的长处在哪里，自己能做什么，自己想要什么，以及要走的方向)”可知，后文提及自我认知能力及成功人士的特点，此处应引出不敏感与自我意识之间的联系。D选项“Behind insensitivity is a strng sense f self-awareness. (在不敏感的背后是一种强烈的自我意识)”指出不敏感实际上是基于对自我的深刻了解，能引起下文，符合题意。故选D。
4．由上文“Practicing insensitivity invlves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express ur needs and pinins psitively and with cnfidence. Secndly, adpt a frward-lking mindset.(练习不敏感包括几个关键的策略。首先，要自信。积极自信地表达我们的需求和意见。第二，树立前瞻性思维)”可知，该空需要接续前文关于前瞻性思维策略的内容。G选项“Fcus n lng-term gals rather than the ups and dwns f life at the mment. (关注长期目标，而不是当下生活的起伏)”正好强调了如何实践前瞻性思维，即忽视短期波动，专注于长远规划，能承接上文，符合题意。故选G。
5．由下文“Once yu becme a bit “blunt” and slw dwn the pace, yu will feel mre cmfrtable (一旦你变得有点“生硬”，放慢节奏，你就会感觉更舒服)”可知，最后一段鼓励读者采纳不敏感的态度，并概述了这样做的好处。C选项“I hpe everyne can btain the ability t be insensitive. (我希望每个人都能获得不敏感的能力)”作为总结性质的句子，鼓励大家学会不敏感，适合放在最后一段段首作为寄语，且能引起下文，符合题意。故选C。
八
（2024·北京东城·二模）Scrates, Galile, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in cmmn? They all practiced deliberate dubt and used it as a tl t imprve their thinking and generate creative ideas.
1 It is abut suspending ur certainty and letting g f ur precnceived (先入为主的) ntins in rder t explre new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain f smething, we tend t stp lking fr alternative explanatins r pssibilities. 2 Dubt can, f curse, be unsettling, but it can als result in a greater understanding f a subject and inspire fresh thughts and insights.
3 But it desn’t mean we shuld use it all the time. While deliberate dubt can be a valuable tl fr generating creative ideas and explring cmplex prblems, it can als be cunterprductive if it is nt practiced in the right way.
It’s imprtant t keep in mind that deliberate dubt is nt cnstant dubt. If we’re cntinuusly dubting ur wn ideas, we’ll be less likely t pursue them and see them thrugh t cmpletin. 4 We spend s much time dubting everything and end up nt ding anything.
5 We can becme self-critical and unsure f ur abilities, which can undermine ur self-esteem. As a result, we may be t afraid t try new things r take risks.
T avid these traps, it’s imprtant t strike a balance between dubt and certainty, and t use dubt as a tl t stimulate creative thinking and explratin, rather than as a means f undermining urselves r thers.
A．Deliberate dubt can als lead t a lack f cnfidence.
B．But when we dubt, we’re frced t cnsider ther perspectives.
C．In this case, deliberate dubt can prevent us frm making decisins.
D．When practiced all the time, deliberate dubt can lead t a different belief.
E．By turning dubt int a deliberate prcess, we pen urselves t new pssibilities.
F．Deliberate dubt is the practice f actively questining ur beliefs and assumptins.
G．Deliberate dubt can help us t develp a mre pen-minded apprach t the wrld.
【答案】1．F 2．B 3．G 4．C 5．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了刻意怀疑的积极作用和消极作用。
1．根据下文“It is abut suspending ur certainty and letting g f ur precnceived (先入为主的) ntins in rder t explre new ideas and perspectives.”（它是关于暂停我们的确定性，放弃我们先入为主的观念，以探索新的想法和观点。）可知，下文是对上文“刻意怀疑”定义的具体解释。故F选项“刻意怀疑是积极质疑我们的信念和假设的行为。”切题。故选F项。
2．根据上文“When we’re certain f smething, we tend t stp lking fr alternative explanatins r pssibilities.”（当我们确定某事时，我们倾向于停止寻找其他解释或可能性）可知，选项与上文为转折关系且说明怀疑时的做法。故B选项“但当我们怀疑时，我们被迫考虑其他观点。”切题。故选B项。
3．根据下文“While deliberate dubt can be a valuable tl fr generating creative ideas and explring cmplex prblems, it can als be cunterprductive if it is nt practiced in the right way.”（虽然刻意怀疑可以成为产生创造性想法和探索复杂问题的宝贵工具，但如果不以正确的方式进行怀疑，也可能适得其反。）可知，选项承接下文说明的是刻意怀疑的作用。故G选项“刻意怀疑可以帮助我们以更开放的态度看待世界。”切题。故选G项。
4．根据上文“If we’re cntinuusly dubting ur wn ideas, we’ll be less likely t pursue them and see them thrugh t cmpletin.”（如果我们一直怀疑自己的想法，我们就不太可能去追求它们，把它们完成。）可知，选项承接上文都在说明刻意怀疑的阻碍作用。故C选项“在这种情况下，刻意怀疑可以阻止我们做出决定。”切题。故选C项。
5．根据下文“We can becme self-critical and unsure f ur abilities, which can undermine ur self-esteem. As a result, we may be t afraid t try new things r take risks.”（我们会变得自我批评，不确定自己的能力，这会损害我们的自尊。因此，我们可能太害怕尝试新事物或承担风险。）可知，本段在说刻意怀疑对自信产生不良的影响。故A选项“刻意的怀疑也会导致缺乏自信。”切题。故选A项。
九
【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】D yu want t be a cgnitive superager when yu are ld? Just as yu take steps twards a future-prfing bdy, yu can enhance yur brain’s resilience t age-related disease by bsting cgnitive reserve.
Andrew Smmerlad, an assciate prfessr f psychiatry, discvers the pwer f cgnitive reserve in studies f lder peple wh shw signs f Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症) in their brains. 1 Actually, three years ag, clleagues f Smmerlad had als published findings frm Study f Ageing. They shwed that higher levels f cgnitive reserve are assciated with lwer levels f dementia.
2 The strng cgnitive reserve is helpful t stave ff symptms f brain changes assciated nt just with dementia but with ther brain diseases. It als helps yu t functin better fr lnger when facing unexpected life events as yu get lder.
Hw d yu imprve it? The yunger yu implement things that will blster it, the better. Fr example, yu can d tasks that challenges yur brain ability, like crsswrds, reading, giving imprmptu speech and critical thinking. 3 S, d mind-bdy practices like yga, Tai Chi r meditatin t reduce stress is als imprtant. This can help yu balance the perids f mental demand and relaxatin.
4 ideally, seven t nine hurs is ptimal fr enhancing cgnitive reserve. Start by imprving yur sleep hygiene with steps such as aviding electrnic screens.
Cgnitive reserve is develped thrugh a lifetime f educatin, curisity and persistence. 5
A．Its effects are wide reaching.
B．Additinally, maintain regular sleep patterns.
C．S plan ahead t make sure yu keep cgnitively busy and engaged!
D．There are ways yu can imprve sleep, fr bth yung and ld peple.
E．It suggests that develping a gd cgnitive reserve can be pwerfully prtective.
F．Hwever, thinking t hard fr t lng may wear yu ut, hurting cgnitive reserve.
G．They cpe better with pathlgical (病理上的) changes, the higher their pwers f cgnitive reserve.
【答案】1．G 2．A 3．F 4．B 5．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是我们可以过增强认知储备来增强大脑对与年龄有关的疾病的抵御能力。
1．根据空后的“They shwed that higher levels f cgnitive reserve are assciated with lwer levels f dementia.(他们发现，认知储备水平越高，痴呆症的发病率就越低)”可知，研究人员发现认知储备水平越高，痴呆症的发病率就越低。选项G“They cpe better with pathlgical (病理上的) changes, the higher their pwers f cgnitive (他们的认知能力越强，就能更好地应对病理性变化)”与下文内容保持一致，指的是当有阿尔茨海默氏症迹象的老年人认知能力越强，就能更好地应对病理性变化。故选G。
2．空处为段首句，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“The strng cgnitive reserve is helpful t stave ff symptms f brain changes assciated nt just with dementia but with ther brain diseases. It als helps yu t functin better fr lnger when facing unexpected life events as yu get lder.(强大的认知储备有助于延缓大脑变化的症状，这些变化不仅与痴呆症有关，而且与其他脑部疾病有关。随着年龄的增长，当你面对意想不到的生活事件时，它还能帮助你更好地运作更长时间)”可知，本段主要讲述的是强大的认知储备所带来的影响是各个方面的。选项A“Its effects are wide reaching.(它的影响是广泛的)”与本段内容相符。故选A。
3．根据上文内容“Fr example, yu can d tasks that challenges yur brain ability, like crsswrds, reading, giving imprmptu speech and critical thinking.(例如，你可以做一些挑战你大脑能力的任务，比如填字游戏、阅读、即兴演讲和批判性思维)”可知，上文建议我们可以做一些挑战大脑能力的任务。选项F“Hwever, thinking t hard fr t lng may wear yu ut, hurting cgnitive reserve.(然而，太长时间的苦思苦想可能会让你精疲力竭，损害认知储备)”是上文内容的延续，指出太长时间的思考会损害认知储备，从而自然引出空后的“S, d mind-bdy practices like yga, Tai Chi r meditatin t reduce stress is als imprtant.(因此，做瑜伽、太极或冥想等身心练习来减轻压力也很重要)”指出，长时间思考会损害认知储备，所以应该做瑜伽、太极或冥想来减压。故选F。
4．根据空后“ideally, seven t nine hurs is ptimal fr enhancing cgnitive reserve. Start by imprving yur sleep hygiene with steps such as aviding electrnic screens.(理想情况下，7到9小时是增强认知储备的最佳时间。从改善睡眠卫生开始，比如避免使用电子屏幕)”可知，下文讲述的是要保证睡眠。选项B“Additinally, maintain regular sleep patterns.(另外，保持规律的睡眠模式)”与下文内容一致，指的是我们要保持规律的睡眠模式。故选B。
5．根据上文“Cgnitive reserve is develped thrugh a lifetime f educatin, curisity and persistence.(认知储备是通过一生的教育、好奇心和毅力发展起来的)”可知，本段是文章的总结，指出认知储备需要一生的教育、好奇心和毅力。选项C“S plan ahead t make sure yu keep cgnitively busy and engaged!(所以提前计划，确保你在认知上保持忙碌和投入)”是上文内容的延续，指出认知储备需要一生的教育、好奇心和毅力，所以我们应该提前计划。故选C。
十
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】In mst adults, learning and thinking begin t decline as early as age 30. Peple start t perfrm slightly wrse in tests f cgnitive abilities such as the rate at which smene des a mental task. 1
These changes are ften cnsidered nrmal aging. But they may instead represent smething mre like the “summer slide” that sme schlchildren experience in academic prgress during summer break. Recent research suggests that a pause f learning is indeed a prblem causing cgnitive reductin. 2
In a three-mnth interventin, the researchers prvided an encuraging learning envirnment fr 24 lder adults. They tk at least three classes t learn three new skills. They als discussed issues related t learning barriers and mtivatin. Over the curse these participants’ cgnitive scres fr memry and flexibility significantly imprved. In a fllw-up study, the researchers discvered amazingly that they had imprved further: 3 In ther wrds, giving these senirs a multicurse rutine seemed t bring up their abilities t levels similar t thse f cllege students.
The researchers are still investigating why cgnitive scres cntinued t climb after the prgram’s end, but ne pssibility is that the experience encuraged these lder participants t cntinue learning and practicing new skills. Older adults are ften assumed t be n a dwnward slide with unrecverable lss. “Use it r lse it,” the saying ges. 4 Decline, as we s ften see it, may nt be certain. That’s why we need t create enriched learning envirnments fr adults after their frmal educatin and jb training end.
5 Educatrs knw hw t educate children and adlescents, and we can adapt that knwledge t develp learning pprtunities fr adults. Scieties culd als prvide resurces and paths tward lifelng learning t ensure that everyne can benefit. Let’s shift the cnversatin abut adults frm aviding lss and decline t learning and grwing.
A．But this decline can be addressed.
B．The slide becmes sharper in their mid-60s.
C．Interrupted learning may nt nly affect children.
D．The questin nw is hw sciety can maximize adult’s chances t keep learning.
E．Their cgnitive abilities after ne year were clse t thse f adults 50 years yunger.
F．Older adult research tends t emphasize skill learning nly after daily functins start t decline.
G．Hwever, the research suggests they can increase bth skills and cgnitive abilities ver a lng term.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．E 4．G 5．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了大多数成年人的学习能力和思维能力早在30岁时就开始衰退，年龄越大，衰退得越明显。而这一现象是可以解决的，文章通过实验证明了这一点，且表示社会应最大限度地增加成年人继续学习的机会。
1．前文“In mst adults, learning and thinking begin t decline as early as age 30. Peple start t perfrm slightly wrse in tests f cgnitive abilities such as the rate at which smene des a mental task.(大多数成年人的学习能力和思维能力早在30岁时就开始衰退。人们开始在认知能力测试中表现得稍微差一些，比如某人完成一项脑力任务的速度)”表明成年人在30岁之后学习和思维能力就开始衰退，B选项“在他们60多岁的时候，下滑幅度会更大”同样表示年纪越大，能力衰退越大，符合本段提出的现象。其中slide与第一句中decline对应。故选B。
2．前文“Recent research suggests that a pause f learning is indeed a prblem causing cgnitive reductin.(最近的研究表明，学习暂停确实是导致认知能力下降的一个问题)”说明学习暂停会导致认知力下降，下一段“Over the curse these participants’ cgnitive scres fr memry and flexibility significantly imprved. In a fllw-up study, the researchers discvered amazingly that they had imprved further(在这个过程中，这些参与者在记忆力和灵活性方面的认知得分显著提高。在一项后续研究中，研究人员惊奇地发现，他们有了进一步的提高)”可知，这种认知力下降是可以解决的，A选项“但这种下降是可以解决的”与前文进行转折，与下文意思相符。故选A。
3．前文“Over the curse these participants’ cgnitive scres fr memry and flexibility significantly imprved. In a fllw-up study, the researchers discvered amazingly that they had imprved further:(在这个过程中，这些参与者在记忆力和灵活性方面的认知得分显著提高。在一项后续研究中，研究人员惊奇地发现，他们有了进一步的提高：)”可知，前文讲述研究发现参与者的记忆力和灵活性有所提高，后文“In ther wrds, giving these senirs a multicurse rutine seemed t bring up their abilities t levels similar t thse f cllege students.(换句话说，给这些老年人上多门课程似乎能把他们的能力提升到与大学生相似的水平)”也讲述这些老年人能力的提高，因此推断E选项“一年后，他们的认知能力接近年轻50岁的成年人”与前后文内容相对应。故选E。
4．上文“Older adults are ften assumed t be n a dwnward slide with unrecverable lss.(老年人通常被认为是在走下坡路，失去了无法弥补的损失)”表示老年人被普遍认为认知在走下坡路，后文“Decline, as we s ften see it, may nt be certain. That’s why we need t create enriched learning envirnments fr adults after their frmal educatin and jb training end.(正如我们经常看到的那样，衰退可能并不一定会发生。这就是为什么我们需要为成年人在正规教育和职业培训结束后创造丰富的学习环境)”可知， 这种衰退不是一定会发生的，G选项“然而，研究表明，从长远来看，他们可以提高技能和认知能力”中they指代前文提到的老年人，与前文进行转折，引出下文衰退可以避免，他们可以提高技能和认知。故选G。
5．后文“Educatrs knw hw t educate children and adlescents, and we can adapt that knwledge t develp learning pprtunities fr adults.(教育工作者知道如何教育儿童和青少年，我们可以利用这些知识为成年人提供学习机会)”及下文“Let’s shift the cnversatin abut adults frm aviding lss and decline t learning and grwing.(让我们把成年人的话题从避免失去和衰退转移到学习和成长上来)”可知，本段重点在于提高成年人的学习和成长，D选项“现在的问题是，社会如何才能最大限度地增加成年人继续学习的机会”符合本段主旨。故选D。
十一
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】The beginning f the Year f the Dragn has freshadwed a “Sng f Ice and Fire” with the emergence f Sra, a text-t-vide AI mdel. Vides generated by Sra display strng cnsistency when it cmes t characters and backgrunds, and supprt cntinuus shts f up t 60 secnds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles. 1
Hwever, film insiders nted that currently, AI-generated 60-secnd vides cannt supprt the creatin f a full-length mvie, and the idea that AI tls will “bmb” the film and televisin industry is s far unfunded. Meanwhile, experts say nt t wrry excessively, as the integratin f AI will help ptimize certain ccupatins, attract mre innvative talents and bring new pssibilities t the film and televisin industry. 2
Frm the age f film stck t the digital age, frm practical effects t digital effects, frm 2D t 3D, Sra, like any technlgical revlutin in the century-lng histry f film, will imprve prductin efficiency, update prductin and may even create new genres and trends in filmmaking. 3 Students learning film prductin can view Sra as a helpful assistant t unleash their sci-fi imaginatin.
Facing the panic signals that AI tls will threaten the glbal film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA f film is art and that human creativity cannt be replaced. 4 Many directrs, screenwriters, and actrs achieve great wrks by cntinuusly integrating persnal emtins and life experiences. This kind f individual creativity cannt be imitated by machines like Sra.
5 Hwever, just as the inventin f printing did nt replace literature r the inventin f phtgraphy did nt replace painting, Sra and its subsequent updates and upgrades will nt replace film because the cre f these art frms is creativity, which is a unique aspect f human thught.
A．With OpenAI’s iteratin speed, prducing AI vides dzens f minutes lng is nt far ff.
B．It is als likely t be incrprated int film and televisin educatin and training in the future.
C．Film and televisin are clsely linked t technlgical advancements, which stimulate creativity.
D．Sra will undubtedly prmpt changes in existing industrial prductin and may even replace sme jbs.
E．Sra is undubtedly “mre f an pprtunity than a challenge” fr the glbal film and televisin industry.
F．Creativity and film prductin requires the integratin f emtinal experiences and individual memries.
G．This implies that with just a text descriptin, rdinary peple using Sra may be able t becme “great directrs”.
【答案】1．G 2．E 3．B 4．F 5．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了工智能模型Sra对电影产业的影响，但专家表示Sra不会取代人类。
1．根据上文“Vides generated by Sra display strng cnsistency when it cmes t characters and backgrunds, and supprt cntinuus shts f up t 60 secnds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles.”（Sra生成的视频在人物和背景方面显示出强大的一致性，并支持长达60秒的连续拍摄，包括高度详细的设置和多个相机角度。）可知，选项承接上文说明使用Sra的意义。故G选项“这意味着，只要一个文本描述，使用Sra的普通人就可能成为“伟大的导演”。故选G项。
2．根据上文“Meanwhile, experts say nt t wrry excessively, as the integratin f AI will help ptimize certain ccupatins, attract mre innvative talents and bring new pssibilities t the film and televisin industry.”（与此同时，专家表示不必过度担心，因为人工智能的整合将有助于优化某些职业，吸引更多创新人才，并为影视行业带来新的可能性）可知，选项承接上文说明Sra给影视业带来了机会大于挑战。故E选项“对于全球影视业来说，Sra无疑‘与其说是挑战，不如说是机遇’”切题。故选E项。
3．根据下文“Students learning film prductin can view Sra as a helpful assistant t unleash their sci-fi imaginatin.”（学习电影制作的学生可以将Sra视为一个有用的助手，以释放他们的科幻想象力。）可知，Sra可能会被应用于影视教育和培训，成为学生一个有用的助手。故B选项“ 它也有可能在未来被纳入影视教育和培训”切题。故选B项。
4．根据上文“Facing the panic signals that AI tls will threaten the glbal film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA f film is art and that human creativity cannt be replaced.”（面对人工智能工具将威胁全球电影产业的恐慌信号，电影业内人士辩称，电影的基本DNA是艺术，人类的创造力是不可替代的）和下文“Many directrs, screenwriters, and actrs achieve great wrks by cntinuusly integrating persnal emtins and life experiences. This kind f individual creativity cannt be imitated by machines like Sra.”（许多导演、编剧和演员通过不断融合个人情感和生活经历来创作伟大的作品。这种个人创造力是Sra这样的机器无法模仿的）可知，选项承接上文说明人类的创造力是不可替代的原因且要引出个人情感和生活经历对伟大作品创作的重要性。故F选项“创意和电影制作需要情感体验和个人记忆的整合”切题。故选F项。
5．根据下文“Hwever, just as the inventin f printing did nt replace literature r the inventin f phtgraphy did nt replace painting, Sra and its subsequent updates and upgrades will nt replace film because the cre f these art frms is creativity, which is a unique aspect f human thught.”（然而，正如印刷术的发明没有取代文学，摄影术的发明也没有取代绘画一样，Sra及其后续的更新和升级也不会取代电影，因为这些艺术形式的核心是创造力，这是人类思想的一个独特方面。）可知Sra不会取代电影、让人失去岗位，下文与选项为转折关系说明毫无疑问，Sra肯能促使变化，取代某些岗位。故D选项“Sra将促使现有工业生产发生变化，甚至可能取代一些工作岗位”切题。故选D项。
年份
体裁
词数
设题位置
主题语境
话题
段首
段中
段尾
2024
说明文
281+82
1
4
0
人与社会
“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式
2023
说明文
255+83
1
2
2
人与自然
选择高校的建议
2022
说明文
225+81
1
4
0
人与自我
健康和健身
2021
说明文
275+102
2
3
0
人与社会
音乐对身体的好处
2020
说明文
282+84
1
3
1
人与自我
积极思考的各种益处