高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解说明文 (学生版)

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解说明文 (学生版)，共28页。学案主要包含了2024全国甲卷，2024新课标Ⅰ卷，2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷，2024浙江1月卷，2024北京卷等内容，欢迎下载使用。
历年考情
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。
命题规律
说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。
考向预测
预测2025年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
4. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
5. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.C. Act strangely.D. D better.
7. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
【2025届河北省石家庄市第一中学高三下学期一模】Envisin a futuristic rftp garden s astute that it is capable f discerning the ptimal mments t hard water in anticipatin f arid cnditins, and when t expel water t avert inundatin. Nw, such intelligent rfs are transitining frm the realm f fantasy t reality in the Netherlands.
With a substantial prtin f the natin situated belw sea level, the Netherlands has lng been acquainted with the perils f flding. The advent f climate change has ushered in an era f mre extreme meterlgical phenmena, including trrential dwnpurs and perids f drught, cmpelling the city f Amsterdam t cntemplate nvel strategies fr self-preservatin, and it is within this cntext that Resili emerges as a pivtal player.
As per the assertins n their fficial website, Resili is engaged in the cnstructin f blue-green rfs acrss the expanse f Amsterdam. In cnjunctin with the lcal gvernmental authrities, frm the years 2018 thrugh t 2022, they have installed specialized rfing systems in the neighbrhds f Amsterdam that are mst vulnerable t the ravages f fld damage.
These rfs are cmpsed f a multitude f strata. Paramunt amng these layers is the water retentin layer. During episdes f cpius rainfall, this layer serves t accumulate the rainwater that wuld therwise inundate the streets, and in times f drught, it channels its stred water t nurish the garden situated n the uppermst layer. It is this particular layer that distinguishes the blue-green rfs frm their cnventinal green cunterparts. Research indicates that blue-green rfs pssess the capacity t capture as much as 97% f extreme rainfall, in stark cntrast t the mere 12% that regular green rfs can retain.
Hwever, what truly sets Resili rfs apart is their sphisticated systems. An array f blue-green rfs are intercnnected via a digital cmmunicatin netwrk, thereby enabling each rf t be manipulated independently, respnding t the vlume f water amassed n that specific rf as the situatin demands. Each rf is als equipped with a valve that is linked t a cmputerized system knwn as the Decisin Supprt System (DSS). The DSS interfaces with lcal weather prgnsticatins t determine whether the valve n a particular rf shuld be pened, allwing water t be discharged in a cntrlled and gradual manner int the sewerage system, r whether it shuld remain sealed t cllect the impending rain.
These innvatins are the hallmarks that render Resili truly revlutinary. Blue-green rfs exemplify that the remedies t the hazards psed by climate change necessitate a blend f creativity and a multifaceted apprach, perating n varius levels t mitigate the adverse effects f ur changing envirnment.
8．What may directly lead t the building f Resili rfs in Amsterdam?
A．The increasing disasters.B．The city’s financial suffering.
C．The ever-rising sea level.D．The city’s gegraphic advantage.
9．What d we knw abut the water retentin layer f Resili rfs?
A．They are slw t drught.B．They are abslutely perfect.
C．They serve a duble purpse.D．They can trap slar energy.
10．What is the main functin f the DSS accrding t the text?
A．T cllect weather infrmatin.B．T cntrl the use f the valve.
C．T help the sewer system wrk.D．T cnnect the digital netwrk.
11．What might be the best title f this passage?
A．Smart rf systems becming a reality in Auckland
B．Resili blue-green rf systems preventing disasters
C．The wrking principle f the blue-green rf systems
D．The differences between Resili rfs and regular green rfs

Passage（1）
【2025届河南省郑州市中原区郑州中学高三上学期12月模拟预测】Sadfishing, which researchers defined in the Jurnal f American Cllege Health in 2021, refers t the trend f exaggerating persnal struggles nline t generate sympathy. It culd be in the frm f a sad pht, an minus qute, r a pst with a fggy meaning.
We all may be guilty f psting smething weak and emtinal n scial media frm time t time, which isn’t a bad thing. But psting repeatedly culd be a sign f a larger mental health issue in teens r a cry fr help.
Jurnalist Rebecca Reid cined the term in 2019 after a questinable Instagram pst by Kendall Jenner. In the pst, Jenner described a “painful struggle” with acne and received a large amunt f sympathetic respnses frm her fllwers. Hwever, it was later revealed that her pst was just a cmplicated marketing plt fr her skincare partnership with Practiv, and Reid labeled her behavir as sadfishing.
Experts say sadfishing is likely due t the fact that a child r teen is struggling with smething and wants t let thers knw. In these cases, they ften dn’t feel they have a persn they feel cmfrtable with t share their struggles with s they turn t the scial media wrld. A 2023 study fund that teens wh participated in sadfishing exhibited signs f anxiety and depressin, while lw scial supprt was a large cntributing factr. Researchers als fund that bys reprted “higher sadfishing tendencies” than girls at age 12, but the trend decreased as they gt lder. Fr girls, the trend increased with age.
Researchers fund that, in mst cases, respnses t sadfishing psts were psitive and helpful. But in sme cases, there were negative respnses which culd lead t increased stress r anxiety. “When a scial media pst is unsuccessful in seeking sympathetic respnses, it can als cause the persn psting it t be mcked,” Dr. Nissim-Matheis warns. “Especially if the pst is authentic.” And while any respnse is supprtive fr a child/ teen wh feels unseen and unheard, it may pen them up t privacy vilatins and vilent behavir.
28．What’s the intentin f a scial media user’s sadfishing?
A．T share an pinin.B．T demnstrate nline skills.
C．T make a cmplaint.D．T satisfy an emtinal need.
29．What can we infer abut Jenner’s Instagram fllwers?
A．They had little knwledge f acne.
B．They had trust in Practiv’s prducts.
C．They were prbably misled by Jenner’s stry.
D．They were encuraged by nline infrmatin.
30．What d we knw abut teenagers’ sadfishing trends?
A．They peak at age 12 fr bys.B．They decline after age 12 fr girls.
C．They generally decrease as ne ages.D．They disappear befre ne’s adulthd.
31．What des the underlined wrd “mcked” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Called n.B．Laughed at.C．Prmted.D．Supprted.
Passage（2）
【2025届黑龙江省“六校联盟”高三上学期联合适应性考试】Engineers at Princetn University have measured the cling benefits f a simple slutin fr beating urban heat: reflecting sunlight back frm where it came by equipping building walls and radways in urban centers with retrreflective (反光的) materials.
“With climate change and the increasing frequency and persistence f extreme heat events, mre peple in the U.S. die frm extreme heat than frm any ther weather-related disaster-heat kills mre than trnades, tsunamis, and hurricanes cmbined,” said Elie Bu-Zeid, prfessr f civil and envirnmental engineering.
Several technlgies have been raised t fight against the issue f urban verheating, including cl pavements and rf catings. Hwever, when sunlight hits these cling technlgies, it can be kicked back in any number f directins instead f in ne fcused directin, which means that highly reflective materials culd have an ppsite result if applied because sunlight culd be reflected nt the grund, walls,and even the passers-by.
“Actually, retrreflective materials are already used in transprtatin, where they are cmmnly fund in rad signs and paint t imprve nighttime visibility, but an imprtant questin is hw efficient we can make them and whether we can engineer them t have the perfrmances we want,” said Jytirmy Mandal,assistant prfessr f civil and envirnmental engineering.
Unlike cmmn highly reflective materials, retrreflectrs can reflect incming sunlight with limited scattering (散射). Cnsequently, mst sunlight hitting a retrreflectr n a building wall r city street wuld be directed back in the same directin it came frm-and ut f the urban canyn. In this way, the retrreflectrs can release the sunlight that wuld therwise be stuck in the urban canyn and exacerbate the urban verheating prblem.
Ultimately, they want t create a set f guidelines fr plicymakers, planners, and materials engineers. If yu’re an urban planner, fr example, and yu knw the latitude f yur city, the width-height rati and the directin f yur streets, yu can easily use their results t pick the suitable surfaces fr applying these retrreflective materials and estimate the cling benefits yu might receive in ding s.
8．What may Elie Bu-Zeid warn peple f in paragraph 2?
A．The frequency f natural disasters.B．Thie urgency f keeping peple cl.
C．The unpredictability f climate change.D．The necessity f temperature mnitring.
9．What is the limitatin f current cling technlgies?
A．Influence upn the city’s appearance.B．Disturbance f the view f passes-by.
C．Prductin f smething pisnus t humans.D．Inability t cntrl the directin f reflected light.
10．What des the underlined wrd “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Relieve.B．Cause.C．Intensify.D．Address.
11．What is prbably the final gal f the engineers?
A．T increase urban green spaces.B．T persnalize reflective materials.
C．T simplify existing building designs.D．T reduce csts f cnstructin materials.
Passage（3）
【2025届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new vide r send an email, r pst a pht f ur latest meal, it’s like turning n a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned ff. This pints t an uncmfrtable and extremely mdern questin: T help save the planet, shuld we be using less data? Given hw much f mdern life depends n digital data, the answer culd be a key aspect t living nbly in the AI age.
Why d psts prduce carbn at all? When yu send a pst n Mments, it ges alng a chain f energy-burning electrnics. Yur Wi-Fi ruter sends the signal alng wires t the lcal exchange — the bx n the street crner — and frm there t a telecms cmpany, and frm there t huge data centers perated by the tech giants. Each f thse runs n electricity, and it all adds up.
Tday, abut 400 millin hmes wrldwide have at least ne “smart” device— curtains, electric ckers, refrigeratrs, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected t nearly duble. We are, in ther wrds, being taken int a wrld where it’s harder t d anything withut turning n a digital light bulb. This puts ec-cnscius cnsumers in a bind. After all, wh wuld like t be smene that can’t get their infrmatin prperly because they’re t busy keeping the carbn ftprint f their searches dwn?
In the absence f systemic change, wrrying ver ur individual data-usage decisins is “like trying t hld back a fld with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s smething we can d. When we face a digital decisin, the less data-thirsty ptin will ften be the smarter ne. Blcking third-party tracking when we’ re n the web, fr example, nt nly reduces the pwer cnsumptin f internet brwsing; it’s als gd fr yur privacy. Mre fundamentally, maybe we dn’t need t turn everything int data. If I put dwn my phne the next time I’m n a train, it wn’t save the planet. But I’ll be lking ut the windw with my wn eyes, creating a memry that releases n carbn at all.
8．What des the authr imply abut data usage?
A．It is energy-cnsuming.
B．It is easy and cnvenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignred.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9．What is the functin f paragraph 2?
A．T entertain.B．T infrm.
C．T persuade.D．T inspire.
10．What d the underlined wrds “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3?
A．At risk.B．At a lss.
C．At ease.D．At a disadvantage.
11．What des the authr emphasize cncerning carbn reductin in the last paragraph?
A．The remval f digital data.
B．The prmtin f ecturism.
C．The value f persnal cntributin.
D．The significance f systemic change.
Passage（4）
【2025届山东省日照市高三下学期一模】Every time we make a new vide r send an email, r pst a pht f ur latest meal, it’s like turning n a small light bulb (灯泡) that’ ll never be turned ff. This pints t an uncmfrtable and extremely mdern questin: T help save the planet, shuld we be using less data? Given hw much f mdern life depends n digital data, the answer culd be a key aspect t living nbly in the AI age.
Why d psts prduce carbn at all? When yu send a pst n Mments, it ges alng a chain f energy-burning electrnics. Yur Wi-Fi ruter sends the signal alng wires t the lcal exchange — the bx n the street crner — and frm there t a telecms cmpany, and frm there t huge data centers perated by the tech giants. Each f thse runs n electricity, and it all adds up.
Tday, abut 400 millin hmes wrldwide have at least ne “smart” device— curtains, electric ckers, refrigeratrs, and pads. By 2028, that figure is expected t nearly duble. We are, in ther wrds, being taken int a wrld where it’s harder t d anything withut turning n a digital light bulb. This puts ec-cnscius cnsumers in a bind. After all, wh wuld like t be smene that can’t get their infrmatin prperly because they’re t busy keeping the carbn ftprint f their searches dwn?
In the absence f systemic change, wrrying ver ur individual data-usage decisins is “like trying t hld back a fld with a bucket and spade (铁铲).” Still, there’s smething we can d. When we face a digital decisin, the less data-thirsty ptin will ften be the smarter ne. Blcking third-party tracking when we’ re n the web, fr example, nt nly reduces the pwer cnsumptin f internet brwsing; it’s als gd fr yur privacy. Mre fundamentally, maybe we dn’t need t turn everything int data. If I put dwn my phne the next time I’m n a train, it wn’t save the planet. But I’ll be lking ut the windw with my wn eyes, creating a memry that releases n carbn at all.
8．What des the authr imply abut data usage?
A．It is energy-cnsuming.
B．It is easy and cnvenient.
C．Its negative effects are ignred.
D．Its benefits are underestimated.
9．What is the functin f paragraph 2?
A．T entertain.B．T infrm.
C．T persuade.D．T inspire.
10．What d the underlined wrds “in a bind” mean in paragraph 3?
A．At risk.B．At a lss.
C．At ease.D．At a disadvantage.
11．What des the authr emphasize cncerning carbn reductin in the last paragraph?
A．The remval f digital data.
B．The prmtin f ecturism.
C．The value f persnal cntributin.
D．The significance f systemic change.
Passage（5）
【湖北省武汉市第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期12月联考】When science fictin and the science f time meet, they invite us int a deep explratin f the nature f time. Despite its presence everywhere in daily life, time remains a mystery, with n definitive definitin. Our cncept f time may be a mental shrtcut, a tl fr ur limited brains t cmprehend change.
The English language frequently emplys the nun“time,” yet we lack a satisfactry explanatin fr it. Cncerning time, quantum (量子) mechanics and daily experiences ften cntradict each ther, suggesting time’s cmplexity and ambiguus nature. Our mental cnceptin f time may never crrespnd with its reality in the universe, but this shuldn’t stp us frm explring it.
Many science fictin qutes tuch n time. Ray Cummings’ 1919 nvel, The Girl in the Glden Atm, ffers a memrable qute: “Time is what keeps everything frm happening at nce,” implying time’s structural rle in the universe. Blake Cruch’s Recursin presents a cntrasting view: “Time is a false image, a cncept made ut f human memry.”
Rbert Charles Wilsn’s Spin explres varius frms f time, frm persnal measurement t csmic scales, emphasizing ur challenging relatinship with it. S. D．Unwin’s One Secnd Per Secnd suggests time as chas within a csmic plan, with peple and civilizatins as its playthings. Rbert V. S. Redick’s Vanishing Pint describes time as a trick due t ur cmprehensin f time’s flw.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard frm Star Trek says, “Time is a cmpanin wh reminds us t cherish every mment,” emphasizing its value. David Brin’s Brightness Reef describes time as a cruel judge, punishing even the successful and brilliant. Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships catches time’s frightening nature, darkening human achievements in the vastness f time.
Time travel, a majr tpic f science fictin, is ften discussed. H. G. Wells’ 1895 nvel The Time Machine pses the enduring questin f whether mving backward and frward in time is pssible. These qutes frm science fictin highlight ur trubled relatinship with time and encurage us t think mre deeply abut its reality.
8．What is the verall tne f the text?
A．Inquiring.B．Pessimistic.C．Persuasive.D．Definitive.
9．What can be learned abut time frm paragraph 2?
A．Time is easy t understand but has a cmplex nature in science.
B．Time is a cmmn cncept in daily life well crrespnding with scientific reality.
C．Daily experiences ften g against scientific understandings f time.
D．Quantum physics has n impact n ur understanding f time.
10．What des Stephen Baxter’s The Time Ships emphasize?
A．Time as a cmpanin wh reminds us t cherish every mment.
B．The insignificance f human successes in the lng histry f time.
C．The pssibility t mve backward and frward in time at will.
D．A false belief due t ur cmprehensin f time’s flw.
11．What des the text mainly talk abut?
A．The histry f time and famus qutes in science fictin.
B．The definitin f time in scientific terms and time travel.
C．The relatinship between time and daily life.
D．The science f time and its explratin in science fictin.
Passage（6）
【华中师范大学第一附属中学2024-2025学年高三下学期开学】A wave f startups say seaweed is a slutin t climate change - able t absrb atmspheric carbn, prvide raw materials fr bifuels, and feed the wrld - n fertilizers (化肥), fresh water, r even land required. Running Tide, a Maine-based cmpany, is wrking n a system that will eventually sink the buys (浮标), attached with lng lcks f seaweed, t the deep cean flr, where the carbn they cntain will remain stred fr 800 years r mre.
Running Tide was funded by Marty Odlin, an engineer and furth-generatin cmmercial fisherman. The Gulf f Maine is warming faster than nearly every ther ceanic regin, and Odlin has seen the changes firsthand. Abut 15 years ag, Odlin heard a talk frm Klaus Lackner - the physicist wh ppularised the idea f remving carbn frm the atmsphere. It clicked. “It was like, h, this is right because there’s n way we’ re ging t get ff fssil (化石的) fuels in the next 50 years, ” he recalls thinking. “We’ re ging t have t pull it dwn.”
Using seaweed t draw dwn carbn wuld be an elegant slutin - if it wrks. Seaweed frests cllectively cver an estimated tw millin square kilmeters and absrb as much carbn as the Amazn rainfrest. But much f that strage is shrt-lived. When the seaweed is harvested, eaten by animals, r washes ashre, its stred carbn is released back int the atmsphere. Running Tide’s mdel, in thery at least, wuld take that stred carbn and sink it t the cean flr where it wuld remain fr centuries, breaking dwn slwly.
Sme scientists are careful abut rushing ahead befre fundamental scientific, envirnmental, and regulatry questins are answered. “Climate change is intensifying, and peple are panicking, ”says Kristen Davis, a prfessr f University f Califrnia Irvine, “but the science is nt there yet t actually cnfirm that it’s a gd idea. ”
8．What can we learn abut Running Tide's system?
A．It remves carbn frm seaweed.
B．It turns seaweed int fertilizers.
C．It sinks seaweed int the cean flr.
D．It stres seaweed as fd surces.
9．What did Lackner's speech lead Odlin t d?
A．Mnitr changes in ceanic regins.B．Reduce cmmercial fishing industry.
C．Set restrictins n the use f fssil fuels.D．Remve carbn frm the atmsphere.
10．What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A．Steps f a carbn replacement methd.B．The underlying lgic f sinking seaweeds.
C．Examples f massive seaweed frests.D．The carbn absrbing ability f seaweeds.
11．Why des the authr qute Kristen Davis?
A．T prve Odlin's pinin.B．T emphasise the climate crisis.
C．T advcate scientists' cperatin.D．T present the issue bjectively.
Passage（7）
【江苏省苏州中学、海门中学、姜堰中学、淮阴中学等四校2024-2025学年高三下学期2月联考】Tw paralyzed patients have been able t walk shrt distances and even climb stairs after being implanted with electrdes (电极) in their brains. In a wrld first, surgens used a technique called deep brain stimulatin t “re-awaken” inactive nerve fibers in the spinal crd and re-establish cntrl f the leg muscles.
The breakthrugh came after neurscientists at the Swiss Federal Technlgy Institute in Lausanne (EPFL) used AI t map all the neurns in the brain invlved in helping rats and mice walk. T their surprise, a regin called the lateral hypthalamus — knwn t be invlved in arusal and mtivatin — was fund t have a rle in walking. It was s unexpected that the finding was initially questined by ther scientists wh peer reviewed the paper fr the jurnal Nature Medicine.
After successful tests in rats and mice, the Swiss team then implanted electrdes in the lateral hypthalamus f the human patients. The technique is carried ut while patients are wide awake. Only then can surgens be sure they have reached the right area in the brain, with the right strength f stimulatin.
Prfessr Jcelyne Blch, wh carried ut the peratins at Lausanne University Hspital, said: “Once the electrde was in place and we perfrmed the stimulatin, the first patient immediately said, ‘I feel my legs’. When we increased the stimulatin she said, ‘I feel the urge t walk!’”
Scientists believe the lateral hypthalamus sends signals dwn nerve fibres that remain undamaged after the spinal injury, which helps engage the remaining nerve cnnectins and imprve neurlgical recvery.”
The tw patients did nt make a cmplete recvery frm their injury, and were nly able t walk slwly ver shrt distances with a stick r “walker”. But the Lausanne tea m has already shwn it is pssible t restre mvement by using implants in the spinal crd. They hpe that stimulating bth the spine and the brain in future will enhance recvery and help patients walk further and faster.
8．What prcedure allwed the patients t regain sme mbility?
A．Deep brain stimulatin.B．Spinal crd recvery.
C．Leg muscles imprvement.D．Artificial intelligence mapping.
9．What was the first reactin f ther scientists t the discvery?
A．Excitement.B．Skepticism.C．Acceptance.D．Indifference.
10．Why is the technique perfrmed while the patient is awake?
A．T minimize suigical risks.
B．T speed up the implantatin prcess.
C．T cnfirm the crrect spt and stimulatin level.
D．T ensure the patient experiences minimal discmfrt.
11．What is the best title f the passage?
A．Artificial limbs are used fr recvery
B．Brain part has new rles in mvement
C．Regaining the ability t walk requires hi-tech
D．Paralyzed patients walk with brain electrdes
Passage（8）
【广东省红岭中学2024-2025学年高三下学期第五次统一考试】Fancy letting a machine mediate (调解) yur argument? It culd be the latest applicatin fr AI as researchers reveal its mysterius recipe fr finding cmmn grund in culture war cnflicts.
Scientists at Ggle’s DeepMind prject designed what they call the Habermas Machine, a large language AI inspired by German philspher Jürgen Habermas’ thery f cmmunicative actin — the idea that cmmn understanding fsters cperatin. It wrks by taking differing written views n a cntentius (争议的) tpic and cming up with a set f statements designed t keep everyne happy.
Researchers fund that the machine’s musings (想法) were preferred 56% f the time cmpared t statements prduced by human mediatrs. Participants als fund the AI respnse t be mre lgical and infrmative. Study c-authr Prf Chris Summerfield, frm the University f Oxfrd, said: “Helping peple find agreement is a new frntier fr AI. In the event, we fund that it was nt nly as gd as but better than humans trying t d the same jb.”
Summerfield believes the prcess f interacting thrugh the AI mdel helps vercme the drawbacks f traditinal debating chambers such as public meetings and scial media. “Peple can venture these private beliefs,” he explained. “They’re nt put in the psitin where they have t try and lk clever r feel like they have t win an argument irrespective f what they really think. “We were amazed at hw articulate peple were. They were sensible and mderate. I bet that what happens n Twitter/X, fr example, is that the prcess lends itself t digital preening (得意).”
Part f the mdel’s success, he says, lies in its determinatin t give special weight t disagreeing pinin. Rather than siding with the majrity, it allwed minrity vices t feel heard. “A lt f plicymaking is abut finding gd cmprmises, right?” he says. “And yu can nly fit s many peple arund the table. If yu want a very inclusive prcess, then yu need lts f peple t participate. I wuld lve t see this tl used t give us all a better pinin f what peple think abut everything, which I think wuld prbably — n balance — be a gd thing.”
12．What is theretical basis fr the Habermas Machine?
A．Mutual trust riginates frm cperatin.
B．Finding cmmn grund is equal t settling cnflicts.
C．Reslving disagreements helps win argument.
D．Shared agreement prmtes cperatin.
13．Which might be the disadvantage f traditinal mediatin?
A．Failing t shw cleverness.
B．Strng desire t win regardless f true thughts.
C．Being t casual t share secret thughts.
D．Making peple extreme and unreasnable.
14．Which f the fllwing helps the success f the Habermas Machine?
A．Supprting the beliefs f the majrity.
B．Lgical respnse with useful infrmatin.
C．Allwing the majrity vices t be heard.
D．Cmpletely ignring disagreeing ideas.
15．What des Summerfield suggest abut the Habermas Machine?
A．Applying it t mre situatins.
B．Invlving mre peple in the research.
C．Finding gd cmprmises fr it.
D．Offering a better pinin f its prcess.
Passage（1）
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas.B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
Passage（2）
【2024全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
8. Hw is the Saint Lukas different frm ther trains?
A. It runs acrss cuntries.B. It reserves seats fr the senirs.
C. It functins as a hspital.D. It travels alng a river.
9. What can we infer frm paragraph 3 abut Krasnyarsk?
A. It is heavily ppulated.B. It ffers training fr dctrs.
C. It is a mdern city.D. It needs medical aid.
10. Hw lng can the Saint Lukas wrk with ne supply?
A. Abut a year.B. Abut ten mnths.
C. Abut tw mnths.D. Abut tw weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
Passage（3）
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
8. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
9. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
10. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
11. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
Passage（4）
【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (雹暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
8. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
10. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
11. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.
Passage（5）
【2024北京卷】Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
Passage 6
【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
12. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
13. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
14. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
15. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read MreB. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用的方法有三个：细读、略读和跳读。
（1）细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，就
是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
（2）有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
① 繁琐的例证。为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但需要读者花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
② 并列多项列举。有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需
全读。
③ 无关大局的生僻词汇。阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。
④ 较长的人名、地名。有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看费时费力。