上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解：说明文或议论文（学生版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解：说明文或议论文（学生版），共40页。学案主要包含了说明文等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、说明文：
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。
（1）数字说明文
在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。
（2）解释说明文
解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, hw, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。
（3）比较说明文
比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。
二、说明文：
议论文一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点。抓住了论题、抓住了观点我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。
（三）命题趋势
近年来，阅读理解的题材变得更加丰富多样，包含人文、科技、经济、政治、新闻等各种原汁原味的外国文章，这些文章大多来自于外国各大报刊或者杂志，例如《纽约时报》、《时代周刊》、《经济学家》和《国家地理杂志》等。
纵观近年高考阅读理解真题，我们可以推测今后的命题趋势：
1．信息量加大，对阅读速度的要求提高。文章有一定长度，覆盖信息广，要求考生加快阅读速度，确保有效时间内最大限度的获取信息。
2．更加重视对语篇分析，推测能力的考查，而减少对事实细节的考查。
3．多采用原版的英文材料，内容新、语言地道，并会穿插一些英语国家文化背景知识的考查。
4．选材贴近生活，贴近时代。文章体裁多样，题材丰富，涉及科普、社会、文化、政治、经济，人物介绍等。语言生动规范，描写具体，推理严谨。丰富的文章内容反映了高考的文化内涵，体现了高考对学生了解多元文化，提高全面文化素质的要求。
5．在试题类型上，考查文章深层含义的台大意题，推理判断题的比例将会有所增加。
（2025届·上海徐汇区·一模）
Mst taxi drivers need a smartphne t get t their destinatins. But sharks, it seems, need nthing mre than their wn bdies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy.
Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that sme fish can detect magnetic fields. But n ne had shwn that sharks use the fields t find their lcatin r navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t s easy t wrk with. It’s ne thing if yu have a small fish, r a baby sea turtle, but when yu wrk with sharks, yu have t upscale everything.
Bryan Keller, an eclgist at Flrida State University, and his clleagues decided t d just that. They lined a bedrm-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pl in the center f the cage. By running an electrical current thrugh the wiring, they culd generate a custm magnetic field in the center f the pl. The team then cllected 20 yung bnnethead sharks — a species knwn t migrate hundreds f kilmeters — ff the Flrida cast. They placed the sharks int the pl, ne at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in randm successin. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spt where the sharks were cllected, while the thers mimicked the fields at lcatins 600 kilmeters nrth and 600 kilmeters suth f their hmes.
They used sftware t track the sharks’ respnses, bserving which directin in the tank they were trying t swim twards. When the yung sharks were expsed t the magnetic field f the place they were captured, r ‘hme’, they stayed put. But when subjected t the suthern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings t swim nrth, as if trying t get back hme. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field t guide them, similar t hw humans use GPS.
Surprisingly, the researchers fund that the sharks didn’t favr any directin when swimming under the nrthern field. Keller says this might be because they dn’t g nrth f their hme lcatin since there is nly land there, and s they rarely have t find their way back suth again. “This culd supprt the thery that their ability t g back hme is a learned behavir,” he says. They might nt knw what t d in the nrthern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller.
Keller’s research adds a significant piece t the still-incmplete puzzle f shark bilgy. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due t mstly verfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migratin patterns f sharks can help us understand what arcas t prtect when managing marine spaces.
1．Why is it difficult fr researchers t prve that sharks can read Earth’s field?
A．Sharks are t hard t fllw and bserve.
B．Sharks are nt sensitive t magnetic fields.
C．Sharks are difficult t study in a labratry setting.
D．Sharks are n the list f endangered species.
2．Accrding t Keller, what might be the reasn why sharks dn’t favr any directin when swimming under the nrthern magnetic field?
A．They dn’t like the climate in the nrth.
B．They’ve never been t the nrth f their hme befre.
C．They learned t d s when they were yung.
D．The nrthern magnetic field was nt strng enugh.
3．Frm the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________．
A．prvides a new methd fr capturing sharks.
B．supprts the idea that sharks’ migratin patterns are randm.
C．adds crucial infrmatin t ur understanding f shark bilgy.
D．suggests that sharks shuld be prtected frm verfishing.
4．What is the main idea f the passage?
A．Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field t find their way n seas.
B．Researchers discvered a new way t study sharks in labs.
C．Shark ppulatins are declining due t habitat change.
D．Sharks have a learned behavir f returning t their hme.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现鲨鱼可以利用地球的磁场导航，这为我们增加了对鲨鱼生物学的理解。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But n ne had shwn that sharks use the fields t find their lcatin r navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t s easy t wrk with． It’s ne thing if yu have a small fish, r a baby sea turtle, but when yu wrk with sharks, yu have t upscale everything．(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Surprisingly, the researchers fund that the sharks didn’t favr any directin when swimming under the nrthern field． Keller says this might be because they dn’t g nrth f their hme lcatin since there is nly land there, and s they rarely have t find their way back suth again． “This culd supprt the thery that their ability t g back hme is a learned behavir,” he says. They might nt knw what t d in the nrthern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller.(令人惊讶的是，研究人员发现，当鲨鱼在北部海域下游泳时，它们不喜欢任何方向。Keller说，这可能是因为它们不会去它们家园的北部，因为那里只有陆地，所以它们很少需要再找到返回南方的路。他说：‘可以支持这样一种理论，即它们回家的能力是一种习得的行为。’他们可能不知道在北方田野做什么，因为‘他们从来没有去过那里。’凯勒说。)”可知，根据凯勒的说法，鲨鱼在北磁场下游泳时没有任何方向偏好可能是因为它们从未去过家以北的地方。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Keller’s research adds a significant piece t the still-incmplete puzzle f shark bilgy．(凯勒的研究为尚不完整的鲨鱼生物学之谜增添了重要的一环)”可推知，凯勒的研究重要是因为Keller的研究为我们理解鲨鱼生物学增添了至关重要的信息。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy．(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”以及后文中对研究过程和发现的详细描述可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。
1．（2025届·上海虹口区·一模）
The facts f climate change are widely reprted. It is nted that with a 2℃ increase in glbal temperatures, as cmpared with a 1.5℃ increase, abut 61 millin mre peple living in urban areas arund the wrld will be expsed t severe drught.
The prblem with cmmunicating these numbers, hwever, is that math anxiety — the experience f tensin, fear r wrry when facing mathematical prblems — and the inability t understand and emply numerical cncepts — are bth quite cmmn.
Despite high rates f innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasns t think that peple may nt disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies shw that peple ften prefer getting numerical details ver vague descriptin r purely verbal cmmunicatin. Peple als trust messages prvided by medical prfessinals r jurnalists mre when that cmmunicatin includes numbers than when it des nt. The use f specific numbers signals expertise t readers.
But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details. In past research, it was fund that peple find numbers helpful, s lng as there aren’t t many f them. N hard-and-fast rule suggests hw many is t many-it depends n the cmplexity f the tpic, peple’s familiarity with the subject and their verall numeracy. Cmmunicatrs therefre need t knw and attend t their audience: if a speaker sees smene lking bred, fr example, it’s a sign t back ff n the numbers.
In additin t the pssibility f being verladed by numbers, their persuasive pwer culd have cnsequences that cmmunicatrs need t cnsider. Based n the mst recent findings, mre negative feelings abut the psts cntaining numeric cnsequences f climate change are reprted. T be clear, this desn’t reflect math anxiety. Instead, these psts resulted in negative emtins because the numerically precise messages were strnger in cnveying the disastrus cnsequences f climate change. If yu can suggest actins that peple feel they can carry thrugh, that culd set ff the negative feelings that arise when they cnsider climate change’s cnsequences.
S whether yu’re an envirnmentalist seeking t cmmunicate mre effectively ver scial media r lking fr strategies t persuade family ver the dinner table, there are a few lessns here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically abut data presentatin. When talking abut climate change, include sme prpsed actin. Given that past wrk suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, yur readers r listeners may be mre likely t fllw yur recmmendatins. When used wisely, numbers can help transfrm anxiety int actin, which culd help turn the tide in ur fight against climate change.
1．Accrding t the passage, what can numbers d when they are used t illustrate climate change?
A．They can aruse peple’s anxiety abut math.
B．They leave the audience even mre cnfused.
C．They help make the message mre credible.
D．They dn’t really change hw peple feel.
2．Which f the fllwing best fits the descriptin f “trade-ffs” (paragraph 4)?
A．Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter.
B．Peple find the subject being talked abut unfamiliar.
C．It takes time t cnfirm the precisin f all numbers.
D．Peple tend t hld mre debates abut the tpic
3．Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing is an effective climate message?
A．Sea level rise: a ticking time bmb fr castal cities!
B．Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% n carbn emissins!
C．50% f species lst: a warning frm climate change!
D．Plant mre trees tday, enjy fresher air tmrrw!
4．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Numbers: Origin f tensin abut climate change.
B．Numbers: Reasn fr high levels f math anxiety.
C．Numbers: Cause f bredm in public speaking.
D．Numbers: Aid in fighting envirnmental issues.
2．（2025届·上海杨浦区·校考）


1．Which step describes hw glass waste becmes runded and smthed?
A．Step 2.B．Step 3.C．Step 4.D．Step 6.
2．What happens t thrwn-away glassware that des nt enter the recycling prcess?
A．It is used as building materials.
B．It rts away due t expsure t sea water.
C．It is melted and shaped int new items.
D．It usually finds its way int the cean.
3．A grup f students are researching the histry f the Frt Bragg Glass Beach． They have arranged the majr events in time rder． Which f the fllwing best reflects this rder?
① It became a deserted place.
② It was declared a prtected zne.
③ It was cvered with nly glass.
④ It served as a glass jewelry wrkshp.
⑤ It was used as a natural dump site.
A．⑤②①④B．①⑤③④C．⑤①③②D．①②⑤③

1．（2025届·上海闵行区实验高级中学·校考）
It is a cmmn miscnceptin that gelgy is “just” abut rcks. True, gelgists are trained t read what rcks tell us abut Earth’s past, present and pssible future structure and evlutin. But, as I will explain as part f this year’s Ryal Institutin Christmas Lectures, gelgical prcesses and climate are clsely linked.
Numerus cmplex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rcks, its atmsphere, ceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Vlcanic eruptins bring carbn frm deep within the planet t the surface and the air, enhancing the green-huse effect. In cntrast, weathering f expsed rcks at the surface and the actin f shell-frming animals in the ceans remve carbn dixide frm the atmsphere, reducing glbal warming.
The rcks and fssils (化石) in the gelgical recrd bear witness t these prcesses, shwing us that Earth’s climate has changed cntinually since the planet frmed arund 4.6 millin years ag. This same recrd als shws that atmspheric CO2 is at its highest level in at least the past 3 millin years, and that the current pace f planetary warming is never befre seen in Earth’s histry.
The gelgical recrd can als be used t assess the accuracy f cmplex numerical mdels used t predict future climate and its impact n Earth’s habitability. Gelgy has imprved ur understanding f glbal warming and hpefully will help us t reduce it.
There is an irny t that, given gelgists play a rle in lcating and expliting climate-heating fssil fuels. Nw, mre than ever, ur discipline needs t fully adpt the cncept f “sustainable gescience”.
This isn’t a new idea and nr is it limited t climate change. The many and varied histrical cntributins f gelgy t tackling sme f ur greatest scietal challenges can be seen by lking at the United Natins Sustainable Develpment Gals. T name just a cuple f examples, gelgists study the rigin, natural transprtatin and behaviur f pllutants like arsenic and lead, critical t the prvisin f safe and reliable water supplies, and they explre the rigin f natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes, and s help strengthen cmmunities acrss the wrld.
But gelgists must reduble their engagement with ther scientists and pliticians t develp and ultimately help apply slutins t the many envirnmental and resurce challenges we face. Students f gelgy shuld be made aware f the brader cntributins their multidisciplinary skill set can make t glbal well-being, beynd just energy prvisin — althugh ensuring energy supply, we shuld nt frget, underpins many f the Sustainable Develpment Gals.
1．The examples f vlcanic eruptins and the weathering f rcks are intended t _____．
A．demnstrate what gelgical activities gelgists mainly study
B．highlight the imprtance f studying vlcanic activity in gelgy
C．illustrate the enrmus and destructive pwer f gelgical prcesses
D．shw the dynamic interactins between gelgical activities and climate
2．In the sentence “There is an irny t that”, the irny refers t _____.
A．the prfessin’s rle in bth causing and slving glbal warming
B．sustainable gescience’s unexpected ppularity acrss varius fields
C．the disagreement between gelgical recrds and current climate mdels
D．gelgists’ fcus n energy prvisin which ges against their riginal gal
3．Which f the fllwing can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Energy supply is in critical shrtage.
B．Gelgists are able t wrk acrss varius fields.
C．Pllutants spread far and wide due t mdern transprtatin.
D．Fssil fuel explitatin des nt cntribute t climate change.
4．What is the main pint the authr is making in the passage?
A．Gelgists primarily study rcks t understand Earth’s climate.
B．Climate mdels are ften inaccurate withut the gelgical recrd.
C．Gelgy is crucial fr addressing glbal challenges beynd the study f rcks.
D．The field f gelgy fcuses n expliting fssil fuels and studying climate change.
2．（2025届·上海风华中学·校考）
P-Shen Lh, a prfessr at Carnegie Melln University and Team USA’s cach fr the Internatinal Mathematical Olympiad (国际数学奥林匹克竞赛), delivered a talk called “Hw t Survive the ChatGPT Invasin.” And his simple practical advice applied t everyne in the hall, “Think abut what makes humans human,” Lh said.
He says the key t survival is knwing hw t slve prblems - and knwing which prblems t slve. He urges math enthusiasts t fcus n creativity, emtin and the stuff that distinguishes man frm machine and wn’t g bslete. As artificial intelligence gets smarter, the imprtance n ingenuity will becme greater. This is what he wants t drill int their impressinable (易受影响的) yung minds: Being human will nly be mre imprtant as AI becmes mre pwerful.
But the peple wh will inherit the ecnmy reshaped by the AI bm are students tday. The tech they’re already using t cheat n their hmewrk will lk primitive by the time they’re in cllege. They belng t the first generatin that will have grwn up with AI, just as Gen Z came f age with the iPhne and millennials barely remember a time befre they were nline. These children and teens f the ChatGPT era will have a better intuitive understanding f this disruptive frce than adults because they will have never really experienced life withut it.
After his talk, I asked hw his message t a rm full f fifth-graders applies t smene in an ffice, and he replied faster than ChatGPT. “The future f jbs is figuring ut hw t find pain pints,” he said. “And a pain pint is a human pain.” It’s his therem (定理) f success. “Yu need t be able t create value,” he said. “Peple wh make value will always have pprtunities.”
“This machine is the wrld’s mst pwerful tl at repeating things that have dne many times befre,” he tells students. “But nw I want t shw smething it cannt d.”
Lh then fed ChatGPT a questin that it almst certainly hasn’t seen befre and it messed up the answer. This might sund familiar t anyne wh has spent enugh time with a chat-bt that has a nasty habit f being cnfidently wrng: It made up a bunch f nnsense and aplgized fr its errrs.
Besides, Lh is a big fan f nn-bvius things. At a university knwn fr cmputer science, he teaches with a piece f chalk. T imprve his public speaking, he spent a year taking imprve cmedy classes. He fund a pain pint, fllwed his wn advice and tk his innate advantage ver AI: He’s a human.
“Is there ging t be a great human-versus-rbts war? The answer is, unfrtunately, yes,” Lh said. “My gal is t make sure the humans win.”
1．Which f the fllwing wrds is in clsest meaning t the underlined wrd “bslete” (para． 2)?
A．extinctB．ut-f-dateC．unnticedD．dwnhill
2．What d students tday have in cmmn with Gen Z and millennials?
A．They are f the same age and will inherit the ecnmy reshaped by AI bm.
B．They all use pwerful AI tls like ChatGPT t chat n their hmewrk.
C．They all grw up with a majr and specific technlgy breakthrugh.
D．They understand the disruptive frce f AI as nne f them experienced life withut it.
3．Which f the fllwing statements is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A．What makes humans human is ur innate advantage against the ever-pwerful, ever-smarter AI.
B．Feeding ChatGPT a tricky questin that appeared in the IMO is ne f the s-called “nn-bvius things”.
C．The future f jbs lies in the fact that we must figure ut in which part f ur bdy human pain appears.
D．IMO cntestants are thse wh have pprtunities in the future as they knw hw t create value.
4．What is P-Shen Lh’s attitude twards the unavidable war between human and rbts?
A．Indifferent.B．Suspicius.C．Desperate.D．Cnfident.
3．（2025届·上海建平中学·期中）
Like previus leaps in technlgy, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will make the ecnmy mre prductive but will als prbably hurt sme wrkers whse skills have been devalued. But this time arund, hw quickly will these effects cme abut? Histry may prvide an answer.
Cnsider the effects f previus advances in cmputing. Grdn Mre was famus fr his predictin that the number f transistrs (晶体管) n a cmputer chip wuld duble every tw years. The cnsequences f Mre’s Law are mst bvius in the pwerful cmputers and smartphnes that almst everyne carries arund these days. Hwever, fr at least tw decades after Mre’s Law kicked in, America suffered frm a prductivity slwdwn. The bm kicked in nly during the 1990s.
Why did the advancement in cmputing pwer take s lng t pay ff fr the ecnmy? In 1990, the ecnmic histrian Paul David published “The Dynam and the Cmputer.” It drew a parallel between the effects f infrmatin technlgy and thse f an earlier tech revlutin, the electrificatin f industry.
As David nted, electric mtrs became widely available in the 1890s. But t take full advantage f electrificatin, manufacturers had t rethink the design f factries. Pre-electric factries were multistry buildings with crwded wrking spaces, because that was necessary t make efficient use f a steam engine in the basement driving the machines in the prductin system. It tk a lng time t realize that having each machine driven by its wn mtr made it pssible t have ne-stry factries with wide space allwing easy mvement f materials. As a result, the big prductivity gains frm electrificatin didn’t materialize until after Wrld War II.
Sure enugh, as David, in effect, predicted, the ecnmic payff frm infrmatin technlgy finally kicked in during the 1990s. But this histry still presents a few puzzles. One is why the first prductivity bm frm infrmatin technlgy was s shrt-lived; basically it lasted nly arund a decade. And even while it lasted, prductivity grwth during the IT bm was n higher than it was during the generatin-lng bm after Wrld War II, which didn’t seem t be driven by any new technlgy.
In 1969, Peter Drucker published “The Age f Discntinuity,” whse title implies that the previus perid f extrardinary ecnmic grwth was actually an age f cntinuity. Or t put it anther way, the great bm frm the 1940s t arund 1970 seems t have been largely based n the use f technlgies that had been arund fr decades, which shuld make us less cnfident in trying t use recent technlgical develpments t predict ecnmic grwth.
That’s nt t say that artificial intelligence wn’t have huge ecnmic impacts. But histry suggests that they wn’t cme quickly. ChatGPT and whatever fllws are prbably an ecnmic stry fr the 2030s, nt fr the next few years.
1．Why did the writer mentin Grdn Mre and his famus predictin?
A．T intrduce ne f the mst accurate tech-related predictins.
B．T highlight the prductivity slwdwn that America nce suffered frm.
C．T describe a perid in histry that has greatly changed peple’s perceptin.
D．T imply that it will take a lng time fr AI t make an impact n ecnmy.
2．What can be inferred frm Paul David’s accunt f the electrificatin f industry?
A．The design f wrkspace depends n the number f wrkers invlved.
B．Manufacturers are usually unwilling t put a technlgy int practice.
C．Having a technlgy desn’t necessarily mean peple knw what t d with it.
D．Histry shws that peple tend t reject a new technlgy when it first emerges.
3．Accrding t the passage, the reasn fr the generatin-bm after Wrld War II was that ______．
A．it was based n ld technlgiesB．it tk place after a terrible war
C．it was driven by new technlgiesD．it tk place during the age f discntinuity
4．Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
A．The Impact f AI, Great but SlwB．AI and Slw Ecnmic Develpment
C．The Impact f AI: Great n EcnmyD．The Impact f AI: Lessns frm Ecnmists
4．（2025届·上海嘉定高级中学·校考）
T the average persn, it must seem as if the field f artificial intelligence is making great achievement. Accrding t sme f the media accunts and press releases, OpenAI’s DALL-E2 can seemingly create spectacular images frm any text; and a system called Gat that was released in May by DeepMind, reprtedly wrked well n every task the cmpany culd thrw at it. One f the DeepMind’s high-level executives even went s far as t bast that in pursuing AI that has the flexibility and resurcefulness f human intelligence—knwn as artificial general intelligence, r AGI—“the game is ver.”
Dn’t be fled.
AI is getting better-synthetic images lk mre and mre realistic, and speech recgnitin can ften wrk in nisy envirnments-but we are still likely decades away frm general-purpse, human-level AI that can understand the true meanings f articles and vides r deal with unexpected barriers and interruptins. The field is stuck n precisely the same challenges that academic scientists have been pinting ut fr years: getting AI t be reliable and getting it t cpe with unusual circumstances.
Take DALL-E2. It culdn’t tell the difference between an image f a red cube n tp f a blue versus an image f a blue cube n tp f a red cube. A newer system, released this past May, culdn’t tell the difference between an astrnaut riding a hrse and hrse riding an astrnaut.
When image-creating systems like DALL-E2 make mistakes, the result can be amusing. But smetimes errrs prduced by AI cause serius cnsequences. A Tesla n autpilt recently drve directly tward a human wrker carrying a stp sign in the middle f the rad, slwing dwn nly when the human driver tk actin. The system culd recgnize humans n their wn and stp signs in their usual lcatins but failed t slw dwn when faced with the unfamiliar cmbinatin f the tw, which put the stp sign in a new and unusual psitin.
Unfrtunately, the fact that these systems still fail t wrk reliably and struggle with nvel circumstances is usually buried in the fine print. Gat, fr instance, wrked well n all the tasks DeepMind reprted but rarely as well as ther cntemprary systems. A lk at recent headlines, hwever, wuldn’t tell yu abut any f these prblems.
Fr nw we are trapped in a “lcal minimum” in which cmpanies pursue benchmarks rather than fundatinal ideas. Current engineering practice is far ahead f scientific skills: these departments fcus n making small imprvements with the prly understd tls they already have rather than develping new technlgies with a clearer theretical grund. This is why basic research remains crucial. That a large part f the AI research cmmunity (like thse wh shut, “Game ver”) desn’t even see that is, well, heartbreaking.
1．What des the DeepMind’s executive mean by “the game is ver” (paragraph 1)?
A．AGI is quite a frustrating area.
B．There has been great prgress in AGI.
C．N mre investment shuld be put int AGI.
D．Technlgy cmpanies has put t much emphasis n AGI.
2．The Tesla n autpilt is mentined in paragraph 5 in rder t illustrate that ________．
A．cnsequences caused by AI can be amusing
B．AI is reliable in handling familiar situatins
C．Tesla cars are nt a gd example f autpilt
D．AI cannt deal well with unexpected circumstances
3．It can be inferred frm the passage that the writer thinks that ________．
A．mre light shuld be cast n successful AI cmpanies
B．mre specific training prgrammes shuld be created fr AI
C．mre fundamental technlgies shuld be develped fr AI
D．mre reliable benchmarks shuld be established fr AI prducts
4．Which f the fllwing statements best summarizes the writer’s viewpint?
A．Media shuld talk less abut AI.
B．It is t early t be cnfident f AI.
C．Human-level AI will sn be a fact f life.
D．AI practice falls far behind related theries.
5．（24-25高三上·上海·期中）
1．Which sectin f a magazine des this passage prbably belng t?
A．Educatinal features.B．Medical science.
C．Psychlgy frum.D．Classified ads.
2．Which f the fllwing pictures best illustrates SNORING SCIENCE?
A．B．
C．D．
3．Which f the fllwing best fits int the numbered blanks ①-②-③?
A．MYTH—FACT—FACTB．FACT—MYTH—FACT
C．MYTH—FACT—MYTHD．FACT—MYTH—MYTH
（24-25高三上·上海金山·阶段练习）
Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-ld wh has fllwed decades f trying different diets and medicatins and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has becme synnymus with celebrity weight lss. The effect is life-changing.
It’s been reprted that in the US, healthcare prviders wrte mre than nine millin prescriptins (处方) fr Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few mnths f 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass cnfusin arund wh shuld take them, whether the ptential side effects are wrth it, and whether peple truly needing them can access and affrd the limited supply.
Accrding t WHO, mre than 890 millin adults were living with diagnsed besity in 2022. Their metablic hrmnes can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bdies wn’t respnd. That’s where medicatin has been a game-changer.
Ozempic was apprved by the US FDA in 2017 fr the treatment f type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Nv Nrdisk, tapped int the drug’s added benefit f triggering substantial weight lss, it sn prduced several similar drugs. Fr mst peple, the dses need t cntinue indefinitely. Once smene stps taking the drug, his hunger signals can return t their baseline and the weight cmes back. Apart frm this dwnside, ther side effects include a range f digestive issues and a pssible risk f thughts f self-harm r even suicide. Besides, n ne can tell hw this use may play ut ver decades, r what side effects f rapid weight lss will mean in the lng run.
Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them. The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.
Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.” With such supprtive vices, the future f Ozempic remains unpredictable s far.
1．Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined phrase in paragraph 1?
A．be keen nB．be equivalent tC．be suitable frD．be familiar with
2．Why d peple withut diabetes still take Ozempic after knwing all its dwnsides?
A．Because they want t take it as a preventive measure against diabetes.
B．Because they are nt afraid f these yet unclear and uncertain side effects.
C．Because they are desperate t lse weight r they will develp ther health prblems.
D．Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such gd results after the use.
3．What can we infer frm Jennifer Blackburn’s wrds?
A．Besides lsing weight, she has als taken ff a huge mental burden.
B．She strngly recmmends Ozempic t thers due t her wn experiences.
C．Althugh supprting Ozempic herself, she is nt sure f this medicine’s future.
D．She is amng the celebrities wh have successfully lst weight by taking Ozempic.
4．This passage is written t ______．
A．explain Ozempic’s functins, ptential dwnsides and current supply situatins
B．suggest hw serius and cmmn the issue f besity is and hw t deal with it
C．persuade peple withut diabetes nt t further purchase the expensive Ozempic
D．illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples f celebrities and cmmn users
Passage（1）2023年6月高考真题(B)
The Mtivated Sequence (序列) f Public Speech
The mtivated sequence gets its name partly because it fllws jhn Dewey's prblem slutin mdel fr thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses f these prblems and their slutins by tying them t human mtives. That is, the mtivated sequence is bth prblem-driven and mtivatin-centered.
There are five basic steps in the mtivated sequence
1．Yu must get peple t attend t sme prblem, r t feel discmfrt strngly enugh t want t hear mre．
2． Yu can create mre specific wants r desires, a persnal sense f need．
3． When wants r needs are created, yu can attempt t satisfy them by shwing what can be dne t slve the prblem r relieve the sense f discmfrt．
4． Simply describing a curse f actin may nt be enugh, s in the furth place yu can visualize the wrld as it wuld lk if the actins were carried ut, and what it might be like if they were nt．
5． With that,if yu have dne these fur tasks well, accidence members shuld be ready t act --t put int practice the prpsed slutin t their prblems．
The mtivated sequence can be used t structure many different srts f speeches, It culd be used, fr example, in a speech urging yur classmates t jin a bld dnrs’ assciatin. Or, yu culd use it t sell a friend insurance. And yu can als use it t talk abut scial prblems, such as the envirnment and the ecnmic crisis.
60．What d we knw abut the mtivated sequence?
A. It is the basic principle f prblem-slutin mdel.
B. It has nthing t d with human mtivatin.
C. It's bth prblem-driven and mtivatin-centered.
D. There are six basic steps in the mtivated sequence.
6l. What can the mtivated sequence be used fr?
A. A speech urging yur classmates t quit a bld dnrs’ assciatin.
B. A speech t get yur friends t prmte a bld dnrs' assciatin
C. A speech t get yur friends t sell insurance.
D, A speech n the envirnmental and ecnmic crisis.
62．Xia Wang is trying t persuade his classmates t jin a bld dnrs’ assciatin．Help him draft a speech by putting the fllwing five sentences in the right rder based n the mtivated sequence.
(1 ) With the steady supply f bld , emergencies will be met with timely treatment
(2)Yu can help by filling ut the bld dnrs"cards l am passing ut.
(3)Our area is shrt f bld f all types t meet emergency needs.
(4) A man died last night in a traffic accident because he lst t much bld.
(5)A bld dnrs' assciatin guarantees a predictable, steady supply f bld t the medical cmmunity.
A. (4 ) (3) (5) (1) (2) B. (4 ) (2) (3) (1) (5)
C. (4 ) (5) (3) (1) (2) D. (4 ) (2) (1) (5) (3)
Passage（2）2023年1月高考真题(B)
The scarlet macaw , als knwn as , Ara Maca , is a large Netrpical parrt with bright red.yellw , and blue feathers. Like its clse relative, the blue and yellw macaw , the scarlet macaw is a ppular pet bird because f its vibrant plumage. Keep n reading t learn sme incredible scarlet macaw facts!
Scarlet macaws are native t Central and Suth America
The scarlet macaw, a large and clrful parrt . is endemic t several cuntries in Suth and Central America. Included in this grup are cuntries such as: Belize , Blivia, Brazil. These animals are mst ften fund in lwland , humid rain frests up t an altitude f 3 , 280 feet ( l.000 meters ).
There are 2 distinct subspecies f scarlet macaws
Tw additinal recgnized subspecies f Scarlet macaws are the Cyanpterus and the Maca, and the latter is the cmmn subspecies and is endemic entirely t Suth America. It is als slightly smaller, and its wings are a beautiful shade f green in additin t being blue.
Scarlet macaws can mimic human speech
When cmmunicating, scarlet macaws make lud , distinctive squeaking nises that can be heard frm far away. They have a wide vcal range and prefer t shut than talk. One f the mst astnishing things abut scarlet macaws is their ability t mimic human speech , which has cntributed t their ppularity as pets.
Scarlet macaws are the largest type f parrt
A fully grwn individual f these birds can reach a length f up t 80 cm (31 inches). The tail f a scarlet macaw accunts fr mre than half f the bird's ttal length, which is are marketable feat in and f itself. Yu wn't find anther huge parrt with a tail like theirs. Because f this, they can keep their weight dwn t under l kil while still prviding the same level f service (2. 2 Lbs).
5．Scarlet macaws can be identified by their clrs
These clrful animals are easy t see. Their scarlet bdy and primarily blue wings are remarkable. Scarlet macaw wings als feature green and yellw hues. Their eyes and bill are mstly white with sme black, and their white feathers reach their black muth. Scarlet macaws als have a relative with a similar clr pattern. This larger parrt is a green-winged macaw.Yu can't tell them apart by size alne , but their cunterparts primarily have green wings.
6．Scarlet macaws have a lng lifespan
These parrts have the ptential fr exceptinally lng lives , with an average lifespan f 40-50 years. Hwever, sme captive macaw species have been knwn t live as lng as 90years!
60．Which f the fllwing statements is true abut scarlet macaws?
A.They're endemic t several cuntries in Suth and Central America.
B，There is nly ne subspecies f scarlet macaws.
C.Scarlet macaws can mimic human mvements and speech.
D. The scarlet macaw is the smallest f the parrts.
61.What d we knw abut scarlet macaws’ clrs?
A. Their wings are bdies are scarlet
B.Their eyes are green.
D. Their feathers are black.
62.What is the passage mainly abut?
A. A subspecies f the scarlet macaw B. Sme facts abut the scarlet macaw
C. The lifespan f the scarlet macaw D. Scarlet macaws and humans.
Passage（3）2022年7月高考真题(A)
Cntemprary artist Nick Smith creates pixelated (像素化的) wrks with hand placed clur-chips, synnymus with clur swatches (色块), cleverly cmbining text and image t create interesting and fascinating cllaged (拼贴的) wrks.
With a previus career in Interir Design spanning 11 years, Nick references his cncept design backgrund thrughut his wrk, rewrking the design aesthetic using unique clur swatches in hand-made cllages, placing his wrk firmly in the fine art categry. Frm his first cllage experiment back in 2011 f Warhl's ‘Marilyn’, when he assembled a tessellatin(镶嵌技术)f swatches as a challenge, this eventually inspired his career as an artist and determined his unique style he is nw knwn fr.
The multi-layered element f his wrk, which marries image and wrd, allws Nick t explre cmplex art-histrical cncepts. The text emplyed is ften narrative, which can be read in sequence adding anther element f intrigue and interest t the wrk. This additinal element f text, placed under the empty space f each swatch, creates either cmplimentary r subversive meanings. Nick deliberately leaves these wrd/image cnstructins pen t viewer interpretatin, sparking new debates and meanings.
Each P -series, such as Psychlgy 2015, Purgatry 2019, explres cmplicatedly researched cncepts, which are always the crucial starting pint fr each new series f wrk. Prducing large-scale wrks t micr-chip cllages, and multiple sell ut print editins, Nick cntinues t develp his ppular and recgnizable art.
PSYCOLOURGY January 2015 Lawrence Alkin Gallery, Lndn
Smith's debut sl exhibitin with Lawrence Alkin Gallery in Sh, Lndn, launched his unique visual rewrking f classic paintings frm the 20th Century cann. Universally knwn wrks, including David Hckney’s ‘ The Bigger Splash ’ , Andy Warhl's ‘Sup Cans’ and Lenard da Vinci’s ‘ Mnn Lisa’ were all recast, creating riginal cllages that enquire ideas f depictin, digitizatin and recgnitin. A sell ut shw,with numerus successful subsequent print releases, Psychlgy frged Smith’s path t a place amng Britain's ntable cntemprary artists.
PURGATORY-December 2019 Cntext,Art Miaml
Purgatry is a shiny, sticky, glssy explratin f ur scieties attitude and apprach t ur excess, addictins and desires.
Excerpts frm Dante's Purgatry are wven thrugh clurful wrks depicting ppular cvetable cnsumables, creating symblic representatins f the seven sins, Dante explre pssible penance (忏悔) fr ur earthly suffering lending t spiritual grwth. The results f these pairings ffer a humrus, nstalgic and subversive pprtunity t questin ur chices, ur histry and ur future.
56．What made Nick launch his art career?
A. His deep lve f fascinating cllaged wrks.
B. His first cllage wrk Warhl's ' Marilyn.
C. The challenge f piecing a tessellatin f swatches.
D. The cllage experiment dating back t 2012.
57.Which f the fllwing statements abut the text Nick uses is true
A. His text cntains cncepts f art.
B.His text is usually illustrative.
C.His text can be read sequentially.
D.His text elements are very simple.
58.What d we knw abut PSYCOLOURGY?
A. It pened Smith's unique visual reinventin f classic 21th-century paintings.
B.David Hckney's ‘Mna Lisa’ has been recreated by Lawrence Alkin Gallery.
C.The riginal cllages affirm the ideas f depictin , digitisatin and recgnitin.
D. It pened Smith's path t becming ne f Britain's leading cntemprary artists.
59.What is the tpic f this passage?
A. Sme useful ways t create cllaged wrks
B.The life f cntemprary artist Nick Smith.
C.Infrmatin abut Psychlgy and Purgatry.
D.The intrductin t Nick Smith's wrks
Passage（4）2022年7月高考真题（B）
Scientific Methd
The scientific methd uses a series f steps t establish facts r create knwledge. The verall prcess is well established, but the specifies f each step may change depending n what is being examined and wh is perfrming it.The scientific methd can nly answer questins that can be prven r dis-prven thrugh testing.
Make an bservatin r ask a questin. The first step is t bserve smething that yu wuld like t learn abut r ask a questin that yu wuld like answered. These can be specific r general. Sme examples wuld be “I bserve that ur ttal available netwrk bandwidth drps at nn every weekday”r “Hw can we increase ur website registratin numbers?" Taking the time t establish a well-defined questin will help yu in later steps.
Gather backgrund infrmatin.
This invlves ding research int what is already knwn abut the tpic. This can als invlve finding if anyne has already asked the same questin.
Create a hypthesis.
A hypthesis is an explanatin fr the bservatin r questin. If prven later, it can becme a fact. Sme examples wuld be “ Our emplyees watching nline vides during lunch is using ur internet bandwidth” r “Our website visitrs dn't see ur registratin frm.’
Create a predictin and perfrm a test.
Create a testable predictin based n the hypthesis. The test shuld establish a nticeable change that can be measured r bserved using empirical analysis, it is als imprtant t cntrl fr ther variables during the test. Sme examples wuld be “If we blck vide-sharing sites, ur available bandwidth will nt g dwn significantly during lunch” r “If we make ur registratin bx bigger, a greater percentage f visitrs will register fr ur website than befre the change.”
Analyze the results and draw a cnclusin
Use the metrics established befre the test see if the results match the predictin. Fr example,“ After blcking vide-sharing sites , ur bandwidth utilizatin nly went dwn by10% frm befre; this is nt enugh f a change l be the primary cause f the netwrk cngestin” r “After increasing the size f the registratin bx , the percent f sign-ups went frm 2% f ttal page views t 5% , shwing that making the bx larger results in mre registratins.”
Share the cnclusin r decide what questin t ask next; Dcument the results f yur experiment.
By sharing the results with thers, yu als increase the ttal bdy f knwledge available. Yur experiment may have als led t ther questins, r if yur hypthesis is dis-prven yu may need t create a new ne and test that. Fr example , “Because user activity is nt the cause f excessive bandwidth use, we nw suspect that an autmated prcess is running at nn everyday.”
What is the imprtant rle f cllecting backgrund infrmatin?
A.Make full preparatin [r the research questins.
B. Understand the knwledge f existing research results.
C. Prvide evidence t refute the research cnclusin.
D. Encurage researchers t reflect deeply n their wrk.
61 In which case wuld it be necessary t create a new hypthesis fr retesting?
A.The research hypthesis has been fully prved.
B.The research results lead t ther related issues.
C.The scpe f test data needs t be expanded again.
D.The backgrund investigatin is nt bjective enugh.
62 What can we infer frm this passage?
A.Creating a questin will help yu in the fllwing step.
infrmatin includes research n an unknwn subject
C.The test shuld establish a change that cannt be measured easily.
D.Yu may need t create a pew hypthesis if the ld ne is verturned.
Passage（5）2022年1月高考真题(B)
Summer Camp Rules
Whether it s yur child's first year at camp , r they are a seasned camper and need a little refresher , it’s a gd idea t g ver summer camp rules and guidelines befre leaving fr camp. Camp rules are in place l keep the camp cmmunity safe and camp peratins running smthly thrughut their stay.
Keep Yur Persnal Space Clean
Since yur child will be in clse quarters with many ther campers , it’s imprtant that they understand the necessity f keeping their sleeping and living areas rganized.
G ver ways fr yur child t stay rganized and tidy befre they leave fr camp. When packing, make sure t prvide a laundry bag t keep clean and dirty clthing separate. Utilize under bed space r put clthes n yur shelves r cabinets rather than living ut f yur suitcase r camp trunk.
It als helps t nt ver pack. Fllw packing list guidelines clsely s yur child can find what they need withut having t dig thrugh piles f clthing that were nt recmmended. This als helps yu child knw what they have in their luggage s they pull ut the sweatshirt when it gets cld. instead f thinking there wasn't ne in their bag. Remind yur child f their camp accunt s they can purchase items frm the camp stre if necessary.
2． Valuables at Camp
As a best practice, we recmmend leaving all valuables at hme, Even if yur child has a bracelet r necklace that they never take ff, there is still the chance that it culd be lst while swimming r participating in camp activities
If yu are thinking abut bringing an expensive item f clthing, be prepared fr it t gel lst r damaged. Yu may be better ff buying a new, less expensive versin. T be n the safe side, dn't let yur child bring anything irreplaceable r emtinally valuable t camp.
3． Play Nice
Name calling,fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prhibited at summer camp Camp is a place t make friends, s aggressive behavir is nt tlerated. Remind yur child that they dn't have t be everybdy's best friend, but they d have t be friendly t everyne.
Encurage yur child t g int camp with the mindset f making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made mre than a few.
4． Have Fun and Try New Things
At the end f the day, summer camp is abut getting ut f yur cmfrt zne, trying new things, and having a blast. Befre yur child leaves fr camp, cngratulate them fr being brave enugh t try sleep away amp in the first place. Let them knw that they've already wn just by trying, and the fun part is just abut t begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist nly t imprve the verall camp experience and t create a cmmunity f fun.
What is the purpse f clarifying the rules f summer camp?
Enrich children's summer camp peratin
Ensure the safety f children participating in summer camp
Cultivate children's ability t survive in the wild
Help children develp gd cleaning habits
61.Which f the fllwing behavirs is advcated by the summer camp?
A. Take yur favrite valuables
B Fight with camping friends
C. Avid participating in hazardus activities
D. Keep persnal camping supplies in rder
62．What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Enjy the unique fun brught by new things
B. Make gd friends wherever yu are
C. Fllw the rules f summer camp
D. Get enugh sleep befre camping
Passage（6）2021年6月高考真题(B)

Running is a great frm f exercise. Hwever , running under certain cnditins can cause a variety f injuries.
The Natinal Running Assciatin recently released the results f its latest survey n cmmn running injuries , as illustrated in the picture n the abve. Accrding t the survey results, the mst reprted cases are related t knee injury and muscle pull. With the frmer ccurring a little less frequently. Abut a quarter f the respndents say they have had plantar fasciitis ( 筋膜炎 ) . The number f respndents suffering frm Achilles tendnitis (跟腱炎) r shin splints in nearly twice that f thse with stress fracture, which is als what fewest
respndents reprt.
There are tw main causes f running injury: structural imbalance and training vlume. Structural imbalance ccurs when a certain muscle grup is weak and requires ther muscle grups t help. The bdy adapts t stresses and becmes strnger. This is the basic principle f training. Hwever , if yu push t fast r run t far, yu can stress the bdy in such a way that it never has time t fully recver. Training prgressin and mderatin are the keys t aviding veruse injury. Here are several ways t avid running injury.
Prepare yur bdy fr running by walking.
Understand yur bdy type and be patient
Fllw a sensible training plan r find a cach.
Wear the right shes.
The cause f the injury is nt easy t diagnse. Fr example, a ft prblem can cause a prblem in the knees r back. Finding and treating the cause f a running injury is the jb f a trained dctr. Mre imprtantly , listen t yur bdy and recgnize the signs f ver-training s that yu can avid running injury.
60．Which grup f injuries best fits the blanks numbered (1), (2), 3) and (4) in the picture?
A.(1) knee injury; (2)muscle pull; (3)stress fracture; (4) shin splints
B.(1)muscle pull; (2)knee injury; (3)stress fracture; (4)Achilles tendnitis.
C.(1)knee injury; (2)muscle pull; (3shin splints; (4)stress fracture
D.(1)muscle pull; (2)knee injury ; (3)Achilles tendnitis; (4)stress fracture
61．Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing leads t structural imbalance?
A.Using sme muscles mre intensely than thers.
B.Training weak muscles mre ften than strng nes.
C.Adapting yur bdy t stresses slwly.
D.Giving yur bdy little time t recver.
62．Accrding t the passage, if yu want t find ut why yur back and knees hurt after running, yu had better_______________.
A. turn t a cach fr help
B. cnsult a trained dctr
C. understand yur bdy type first
D. wear anther pair f running shes
Passage（7）2021年1月高考真题(A)
Amng all the different types f jurney that peple undertake there are als thse f a spiritual nature. Sme f the trips we d in ur lives are purely fr pleasure, sme are meant t make us strnger, smetimes we travel t explre and learn , and in all f these undertakings we grw and becme wiser.
There is a lt we can learn frm the land that surrunds us and the best way t acquire that knwledge is by traveling and experiencing. This ancient abriginal initiatin ritual invlves exactly this: a lng spiritual hike acrss the indigenus land. Althugh widely knwn as “Walkabut ,” in later years the ritual has been referred t as “temprary mbility , " because the frmer is ften used as a dergatry term in Australian culture.
A yung man n Walkabut
Histrically speaking, the walkabut is a rite f passage in which yung ( adlescent )Abriginal Australians undertake a jurney that will help “ transfrm them int adults. The jurney is usually made between the ages f 10 and 16. During this jurney which can last fr up t six mnths , the individual is required t live and survive all alne in the wilderness.
This is nt an easy thing t d, especially nt fr teenagers. That is why nly thse wh have prven themselves mentally and physically ready are allwed t prceed with the walkabut. Only the elders f the grup decide whether it is time r nt fr the child t d it.The children are nt cmpletely unprepared fr the jurney. During the years befre the walkabut, the elders instruct them and give them advice abut the ceremny and adult life in general; they have been passed the “ secrets” f the tribe , the knwledge abut their wrld.
Abriginal wman
Thse wh are initiated in the walkabut are als decrated with bdy paint and rnaments.Smetimes they are marked with a permanent symbl n their bdies, In sme cases, a tth is remved frm the muth , r the nse r ears f the initiated are pierced. Traditinal walkabut clthes include nly a simple lin clth and nthing mre.
During a walkabut, a yung persn can smetimes travel a distance f ver a l,000miles. In rder t survive this lng hike , the participant in the walkabut must be able t make their wn shelter and must be capable f prcuring fd and water fr themselves.That means he needs t hunt, catch fish, and als recgnize and utilize edible and healing plants, The initiated yungster must learn t identify plants such as bush tmates, IIIawarra plums, quandngs , lilly-pillies , Muntari berries, wattle seeds, Kakadu plums, and bunya nuts.
56．What can be referred frm the first tw paragraphs f the passage?
A. Australians like t engage in all kinds f travel.
B. Peple can gain knwledge thrugh travel.
C.Travel is usually purely fr pleasure.
D.Walkabut is a lng spiritual jurney.
57．What d we knw abut the yung Abriginal Australians?
A.All yung Australians are required t live alne in the wilderness.
B.The difficulties they experienced in hiking turned them int adults.
C.Walkabut shuld nly be dne if they are mentally and physically prepared.
D.Walkabut is an unprepared test fr the yung Abriginal Australians.
58．Accrding t the passage , what skill des a persn need t acquire in the walkabut ?
A. Identifying directins
B.Preserving physical strength.
C.Planting plants.
D.Hunting and fishing.
59.Which f the fllwing ptins is true abut walkabut?
A. Only peple wh have experienced trture are qualified t the walkabut.
B. Wmen must decrate themselves with bdy paint and rnaments.
C. T survive, the participants need t acquire certain survival skills.
D. Indigenus wmen are nt required t participate in the walkabut
Passage（8）2021年1月高考真题(B)
xMAP Technlgy allws users t perfrm a wide range f prtein-and nucleic acid-based multiplex assays, which can simultaneusly detect up t 500 targets in a single run.
Key Advantages f xMAP Technlgy :
Test fr mre bimarkers.
Develp custm assays.
Use less sample.
Save time and reagents.
Gain a better understanding f cmplex bilgical systems.
Order frm thusands f redesigned kits frm ur Partners
xMAP Technlgy : The Science
What is multiplexing? Multiplexing is a methd fr high-vlume bimarker testing一r testing multiple analytes simultaneusly within a single run-using a single sample vlume.xMAP Technlgy is best-suited fr testing 3-500 targets.
Hw des xMAP Technlgy wrk? xMAP Technlgy uses labeled micr-spheres r beads, allwing fr the simultaneus capture f multiple analytes frm a single reactin.Because f their small size and lw density, XMAP micr-sphere-based assays exhibit virtual slutin-phase kinetics during the reactin. The beads are individually read using an xMAP instrument.
What des xMAP mean? Multi-Analyte Prfiling, where the “x” represents the bimarkers ( such as prteins , nucleic acids, r plyacrylamides ) that are being tested.
xMAP Beads
xMAP beads cme in a variety f frmats, including magnetic ( MagPlex ) and nnmagnetic ( MicrPlex) beads.
xMAp beads puss thrugh a red laser, r LED, which excites the internal dyes t distinguish the micrsphere set. Then , a green laser r LED excites the flurescent reprter dye t determine the result f the assay.
xMApDApplicatins
xMAP in Actin
Explre xMAPW Technlgy and discver sme f the many applicatins used by multiplexing research experts acrss the glbe:
xMAP Assny Autmatin: Autmatin can bst prductivity , minimize errrs , and save n reagents.
Immungenicity : By using xMAP Technlgy , researchers can cnslidate multiple essays int ne fr mre efficient immune respnse studies.
Bend-Based Multiplexing vs. Electrchemiluminescence: Bead-based multiplexing ffers significantly higher plex capacity , requires less hands-n time, and delivers superir results cmpared t traditinal methds.
Generate mre data while saving sample, time , and reagents
xMAp beads cme in a variety f frmats. The MagPlex Micrspheres-6.5 micrnsuperparamagnetic beads that are dyed with three red and infrared flurescent dyes , resulting in500 distinctly clred bead sets are ur mst versatile and efficient micrspheres fr high-plex applicatins. Apprximately 10* surface carbxyl grups ( COOH) cver the surface f the bead and serve as cvalent attachments fr capture ligands. A flurescent reprter is cupled t a target mlecule, which allws its detectin after specific capture n the micrsphere surface.
Accrding t the passage, what is xMAP?
A mind map.B.A lest methd. C.A navigatin map. D. An applicatin.
6l.All f the fllwing are advantages f xMAP, except_____________.
develping custm analysis B. frming a netwrk structure
generating mre dataD. saving samples and reagents
Which f the fllwing ptins is crrect?
The xMAP beads distinguish grups f micrspheres by a blue laser.
xMAP allws fr the capture f a single analyte frm multiple reactins
C.MAP technlgy is used mre in the experimental phase.
D.The“x”in xMAP represents the bimarkers being tested.
Passage（9）2020年6月高考真题(B)
When I became a budget traveler, and I discvered sme f the cheapest ways t travel arund the wrld. Dn’t let mney prblems stp yu frm traveling. Here are a few ways t travel cheap that can help yu see the wrld n a budget.
1． Pay with pints
Yu’re smart enugh t knw mney desn’t grw n trees, but earning credit card pints and miles may have yu thinking therwise.
Figure ut hw much mney yu regularly spend, and cnsider making thse purchases n a travel card, like the Chase Sapphire Preferred Card, s that yu have the ptential t be rewarded with pints and miles every time yu swipe. Yu can redeem (兑换) these rewards fr airfare, htels and ther qualifying expenses.
2． Want t scre even cheaper flights?
Yu may want t subscribe t Sctt’s Cheap Flights. This email newsletter alerts budget travelers when airlines hld sales r mistakenly lwer their prices. In the past, Sctt’s Cheap Rights has ntified subscribers abut amazing deals like a $260 flight frm New Yrk t Paris and a flight frm San Francisc t Bali fr $ 364.
TheFlightDeal.cm and SecretFlying.cm are tw mre sites that may be able t help yu find cheap flights, accrding t Nic Atienza, a frnt desk agent at the Travel Hacking Cartel.
3． Timing is everything
It’s typically easier t find cheap flights when yur travel schedule is flexible.
Often, yu’ll find the best deals when yu travel in the middle f the week r take a red-eye flight vernight. If yu’re prepared t face less-than-idyllic weather, yu culd save even mre mney n airfare and htels by traveling during ff-peak seasns.
“The mst imprtant thing is t be flexible n timing”, says Atienza. “The tighter yur time frame, the less chance yu’re ging t get a cheap fare”.
It can als help t bk early.
4． When yu travel tgether, yu can split the csts with yur friends and family
There’s smething t be said abut sl travel.
But if yu’re n a budget, yu can split the csts f htels and rental cars when yu travel with a small grup f friends r family. S dn’t be shy abut squeezing int a small mtel rm r renting an entire hme n Airbnb if it’s less expensive per persn.
“The ptimal party size tends t wrk ut t be fur peple,” says Atienza.
Any mre than that and the htel might charge yu fr anther rm.
Yu shuld als be able t fit abut fur peple in yur rental car, depending n the type f car yu rent.
60．What is learned frm the passage?
A. The airfare frm San Francisc t Bali is nly $ 364.
B. Yu may find cheap flights frm TheFlightDeal. cm and SecretFlying. cm.
C. The tighter yur time frame, the mre chance yu’re ging t get a cheap fare.
D. Atienza believes that the ptimal party size tends t wrk ut t be three peple.
61．Accrding t this article, which f the fllwing is NOT a way t get cheap airline tickets?
A. Redeem Pints fr Airline Tickets.
B. Ntice the airlines’ price reductin and discunt emails.
C. Chse ff-seasn travel times.
D. Split the csts with yur friends and family.
62．This article is mst likely t cme frm ________.
A. a travel magazineB. a speech
C. a prmtin emailD. a daily newspaper
方法总论：
针对不同类型的题目，阅读理解题的总体策略应定位于：单句入手，语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。
为了更好地获取和处理信息，也必须具备下列阅读方法：
1.跳读：有选择地阅读，找出关键词，可用来猜测词义或推理判断。
2.略读：粗略地快速阅读，比跳读慢些。目的是了解大意，分清事实和观点，对文章有个总的概念。
3.精读：最细致、最慢地阅读。目的是理解与掌握文章的全部意义，了解重点细节；理解文章结构、图表信息、指代关系、逻辑关系、作者意图等；以及评价阅读内容。
4.查读：专门阅读与关键词相关的文段内容，从而检验理解是否正确，答案是否符合题干与文义。
题型一 细节理解题
从题型来讲，细节理解题有直接信息题、间接信息题和数字计算题三种类型。
题型一：细节题
01细节理解题之直接信息题
直接信息题是对原文直接信息的考查，正确答案一般是原文或原文稍加改动而成，设问方式多以what，wh，when，where，why，hw等开头的特殊疑问句。
【解题技巧】——题干定位法
1.认真阅读题干，根据关键词明确答题方向。
2.运用略读或查读等阅读技巧迅速定位与问题相关的信息。
3.仔细比较所给选项，与原文信息对应，锁定正确选项。
02细节理解题之间接信息题
与直接信息题相比，间接信息题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改造。
【解题技巧】——断章取义法
1.阅读题干，有针对性地扫读原文，锁定相关词句等信息。
2.准确理解每个选项的意思，寻找与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词。
3.仔细比较选项和原文信息，选择正确或最佳答案。
03细节理解题之数字计算题
细节理解题的题干中有时会涉及年代、年龄、数量、钱款等，但是这些数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。
【解题技巧】——查读分析法
1.明确题干要求，锁定原文相关信息。
2.对相关信息和数字进行分析和理解。
3.利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，进而确定答案。
从发问形式来看，细节理解题主要有问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除式三种发问形式。
题型二 推理判断题
推理判断题是阅读理解中较难的题型，多属于深层次理解题。在试卷中数量不断增多。要求根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。
做这类题时要注意：①不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点，不要脱离原文，只凭自己的想象胡乱推理或只凭常识推理；②推理的依据来自于上下文，答案一定要在文章中找到依据或理由，分析材料所提供的全部事实；③重视文章的主旨，所选答案的内容一定不能脱离主题大意。
01推理判断题之隐含信息、言外之意
通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。
【解题技巧】——逻辑分析得结论
1.抓住某一段中的关键信息进行逆向推理或正向推理。
2.整合全文(段)中与题目相关的信息进行推断。
3.以文中事实为依据，不能凭空想象。
02推理判断题之观点、看法、情感态度
观点、看法、情感态度题常问作者对某事是什么态度：主观 (subjective)还是客观(bjective)；肯定 (psitive)还是否定 (negative)；赞成 (apprval)还是反对 (ppsitin)等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。通过对事件、景物、话语的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法，体会作者在字里行间中流露出的情感态度。
【解题技巧】——依据措辞定态度
1.抓住文中的褒贬性词汇或语句。问全文主体事物的（包括主题），可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；还可以依据文章最后的“结论”可推断作者是赞成还是反对。
2.定位到句选答案。如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
03推理判断题之写作意图、目的
任何人写文章都有意图或目的，阅读理解时常会就这一问题进行命题，主要考查考生对英语文本的整体感知或理解的能力。解题的关键是要了解文章的体裁和题材，把握住文章的主题思想。
【解题技巧】——文体特点看意图
写作意图/目的通常有以下三种：
1.故事类：t entertain readers/ t tell an experience
2.广告类：t persuade readers/t sell a prduct r a service/t attract readers r visitrs
3.科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类：t infrm readers/t prt/t tell/t describe
04推理判断题之文章出处、读者对象
通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。
【解题技巧】——内容细节巧判断
1.看文章出处
(1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称 —— newspaper
(2)推销介绍新产品 —— advertisement
(3)文章中有 click here等网络用语 —— website
(4)旅游胜地方面的介绍 —— travel guide
(5)时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍 —— magazine/jurnal/entertainment sectin
(6)科普知识 —— science sectin
(7)文化教育性的文章 —— educatin sectin
2.确定读者对象先确定文章主题，再根据具体细节和文中的措辞判断读者对象。
【推理判断题·正确选项的两大特征】
1.有据推理：依据原文提供的已知信息，如事实、论点、例证等做出合乎逻辑或情理的判断，有效推导出未知的信息。
2.同义转换：采用改变句子结构或替换原文关键词的方法，表达与原文相同或相似的意义。
【推理判断题·干扰选项的五大特征】
1.主观臆断：没有基于原文提供的信息进行推断，而是根据常识或经验进行推断。
2.过犹不及：选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度推理、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大或缩小，或对某现象绝对肯定或否定。
3.断章取义：孤立地提取原文中的一句或几句话的意思作为推理判断的依据而不是建立于对原文整体理解的基础上。
4.因果倒置：选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的原因作为结果，或将结果作为原因。
5.答非所问：选取原文中出现的原话设置成选项，但原话却不能回答题干所提出的问题。
题型三 主旨大意题
此类题在阅读理解中常以如下形式出现：
1. What is the best title fr/f the passage?
2. What can be inferred frm the passage?
3. What des the authr mainly tell us abut in the text?
4. What is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text?
做答这类问题时，将阅读重点放在首尾部分，中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。
概括主旨大意的方法有：A：寻找主题句。有些段落大意在主题句上，主题句有的在句首，有的在段中，有的在段尾。B：寻找关键词。有些段落大意就散落在关键词上。
掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题需要同学们注意以下三种错误：1.以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题；2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证；3.把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。
01主旨大意题之确定文章标题
标题是文章的题目，虽然不是主题，但是限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。特别注意：一个好的标题通常具有三大特点：概括性、针对性和醒目性。
【解题技巧】——“高度概括”定标题
1.所选文章标题需能概括全文的中心内容，既不太大又不太小。
2.一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的主线，归纳出文章的主题，进而确定标题。
02主旨大意题之概括全文主题
主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需要通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。
【解题技巧】——“主题句定位”寻主题
1.细读文章的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。
2.特别关注 hwever，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。
3.表示结论性的信息词（如s，thus， therefre等）后面通常会出现主题句。
4.对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。
03主旨大意题之概括段落大意
段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。
【解题技巧】——依据“结构”觅主旨
1.如果按总分顺序组织，首句作总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句在段首。
2.如果按分总顺序组织，主题句在段尾。
3.如果按分总分的顺序组织，主题句则在这段话的中间。
4.如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了。
5.如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，然后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明确的并列关系。
6.如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
主旨大意题·
正确选项的三大特征
1.涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段。
2.范围恰当：既不太大，也不太小。
3精确性强：不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
主旨大意题·
干扰选项的六大特征
1.以偏概全：选项内容原文中有提及，但只是细枝末节，不能代表全文的整体意思，犯了以局部代替整体，用片面的观点看待整体问题的错误。
2.断章取义：孤立地取原文中的一句或几句话的意思，而不顾全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用与原意不符或歪曲了原文所表达意思。
3.主题扩大：选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度归纳、概括或对事情发生的范围过分扩大，超出了文章实际所表述的内容。
4.张冠李戴：选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性错加到彼事物上。
5.无中生有：所述内容或是凭空捏造的信息，或是生活常识，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脱离了原文，在文中找不到支持的依据。
6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的原因作为结果，或将结果作为原因。
题型四 词义猜测题
阅读理解中经常有猜测词、短语、习语意义的题目，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握一定的做题技巧。
（一）词义猜测题之猜测单词、短语和句子的含义
根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，在完整的语篇中，单词、短语和句子的含义总是受特定的语境和上下文限制的，因此可以根据上下文，并利用所学的语言知识和逻辑知识确定它们的意义。
【解题技巧】
1.利用针对性的解释猜测词义：
（1）根据文中的定义、解释猜测词义；
（2）利用事例或解释猜测词义；
（3）利用重复解释的信息猜测词义；
（4）利用给出的同义词、反义词、提示词等猜测词义。
2.利用标点符号猜测词义。如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容、括号中的内容或省略号等。分号有时还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。破折号一般表示解释说明。
3.根据内文逻辑关系猜测词义。
（1）根据转折或对比关系进行判断：通过上下句的连接词（如but， hwever， therwise等）可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义；
（2）根据因果关系进行判断：“有因必有果，有果必有因”，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因；
（3）根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面就跟着个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，有时这种解释也用连词"r"连接；
4.根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)判断词义。如前缀、后缀、复合词等。
（二）词义猜测题之猜测代词的指代
代词通常指代上文(有时下文)已提到的内容。文章中的代词it、that、he、him或them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和 that还可以指一件事。做此类题时要注意在逻辑、意义和位置等方面与之接近的名词或句子，常考的指代词还有they，that，these，thse等。
【解题技巧】
1.宏观把握：充分把握代词所在段落或前面(有时后面)段落的整体意义。
2.微观入手：抓住关键词或关键句，理清逻辑关系。
WAKING A SLEEPWALKER IS BAD FOR THEIR HEALTH ① Sleepwalking typically ccurs during the nn-rapid eye mvement stage f sleep. Several factrs can lead t walking while sleeping, including alchl use, stress and even brain injury. Hwever, there is a genetic explanatin fr sleepwalking. Studies have shwn that children with ne r bth sleepwalking parents are 40 t 60 per cent mre likely t sleepwalk themselves. As fr the cnsequences f waking a sleepwalker, there is n evidence that it will hurt r harm him, but will likely cause disrientatin and cnfusin.
LYING ON YOUR BACK MAKES YOU SNORE MORE ②
Snring, namely breathing nisily, is caused by airflw being restricted thrugh the bdy’s airways during sleep. When yu lie n yur back, gravity pulls tissues that surrund yur airways dwnwards, narrwing them. As air passes thrugh the passage thrugh the nse, it causes tissue t vibrate (振动) with every breath and can create a snring sund. When yu sleep n yur side this tissue desn’t mve dwnwards, pening up the airways s and reducing the vlume f snring.
YOU ONLY USE TEN PERCENT OF YOUR BRAIN ③ This cmmn thery in questin dates back t the early 1900s, when the philspher and funder f American psychlgy William James suggested that we nly use a small prtin f ur ptential. In a 1907 paper titled The Energies f Men, James wrte: “We are making use f nly a small part f ur pssible mental and physical resurces.” It’s sustained by a bk Hw t Win Friends and Influence Peple, where American writer Lwell Thmas wrte that “prfessr William James f Harvard used t say that the average persn develps nly ten per cent f his ptential 1mental ability”.
Hwever, the truth is that yur brain is firing n all cylinders (气缸) and nt limited t just ten percent f its pwer.
Five steps
Audience respnse
l.Attentin
Getting attentin
I want t listen.
2.Need
Shwing the need :
Describing the slutin
Smething needs t be dne.
3.Satisfactin
Satisfying the need :
presenting the slutin
This is what t d t satisfy the need.
4.Visualizatin
Visualizing the results
_________ ? _________
5. Actin
Requesting actin r apprval
l will d this.