高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解说明文（解析版）- （北京专用）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解说明文（解析版）- （北京专用），共32页。学案主要包含了题型诠释，高考真题，2024北京卷，32题详解，33题详解，34题详解，2023北京卷，2022年北京卷等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。
阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), finally, nt nly, but als, then, in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, fr example, fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）
The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. The new study, published tday in the jurnal Nature Gescience, is a majr step tward clearing up the cmplex physics behind bmerang quakes and understanding their ptential damage.
The latest bmerang was recrded near the mid-cean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the psitin f the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This secnd leg f the quake mved remarkably quickly, at s-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hur—fast enugh t dart frm New Yrk t Lndn in 18. 5 minutes, s fast that it caused the gelgic versin f a snic bm.
Hw ften des this happen?A bmerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team bserved in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence f bmerang quakes is munting. These back-tracking events have been studied in cmputer mdels as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The thery says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult t see that [in the real wrld], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamt als seems t have ruptured (破裂) in a similar prcess. Fr that event, the initial shake triggered tw ther quakes, ne f which raced backward t partially verlap the initial break.
Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas, ”says Hicks.
These bmerangs maybe bscured by cnventinal appraches used t analyze quakes, which are based n an assumptin that a quake rushes in ne directin. “Naturally we’re nt lking fr it, we dn’t expect it t exist,” Hicks says. Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”
19．What des the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．putting ffB．cping with
C．bringing abutD．fighting against
【答案】 19．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“回旋镖地震”的研究进展和潜在危害。这种地震的特点是在传播过程中会改变方向，产生更广泛的强烈震动。
19．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t…(了解这些“回旋镖地震”事件发生的时间和原因对于……)”以及划线词后面的内容“... risks earthquakes present.(……存在地震风险。)”以及后文中“Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas(这样的研究帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系)”可知，研究回旋镖地震帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系即研究回旋镖地震能够有助于我们处理或者解决目前地震存在的危险。故划线词与B选项“cping with(处理，解决)”为同义词。故选B。
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t … 或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的). This adds up t abut 40 hurs f study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily gal. Actually, this can be applied t almst any ambitius target. But hw effective is it?
Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.
We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.
Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.
If s, after ne year, becming bilingual is at last within reach fr Kim.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Making a fixed gal helps lnger perseverance.
B．Setting a bigger gal drives peple t achieve mre.
C．Sticking t an ambitius gal cntributes t success.
D．Breaking dwn a bigger gal leads t better results.
【答案】 30．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个流行的语言学习应用程序通过把学习目标分解成小目标，来完成最后的学习任务。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.(两组被鼓励专注于小目标的志愿者比那些只被鼓励实现大目标的同龄人多出7%到8%。我们还发现，随着时间的推移，更灵活的“每两周八小时”框架能带来更持久的好处。尽管在研究期间，所有参与者的志愿活动每周都在减少，但在“每两周8小时”的情况下，这种下降速度较慢。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力)”可知，作者想告诉我们把更大的目标分解会带来更好的结果。故选D。
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks abut …
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
26．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh are t blame fr climate change?
B．Hw d peple perceive climate change?
C．Why is climate change perceived differently?
D．What can peple d t cpe with climate change?
【答案】 26．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因。
26．主旨大意题。分析全文内容，结合第二段中“Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer.(然而，我们惊讶地发现，大多数农村地区对气候变化威胁的感知程度较低)”可知，文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因，所以C选项“为什么人们对气候变化的看法不同？”适合用作文章标题。故选C项。
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the authr’s attitude twards
2. The passage is intended t ...
3. The authr suggests that ...
4. The stry implies that…
5. Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
6. Frm the passage we can cnclude that...
7. The purpse f the passage is t...。
解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (设想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ actin?
A．The end justifies the means.
B．Art speaks where wrds fail.
C．The freedm f prtest shuld be prtected.
D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis.
22．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．The slutin t climate crisis lies in cmmunicatin.
B．Galleries shuld strengthen regulatins like theatres.
C．Climate activists shuld diversify their strategies.
D．Art attacks are mainly abut seeking attentin.
23．The authr writes the passage t ________.
A．launch a campaign B．assess a debate C．prpse a slutinD．challenge a practice
【答案】21．A 22．D 23．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。
21．推理判断题。根据第三段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet.(也许人们对他们的行为感到愤怒，这证明了他们的观点：人们更关心画作受到威胁的破坏，而不是地球实际上的破坏)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，故选A项。
22．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，作者认为气候活动家的艺术攻击行为更像是为了吸引注意力，而不是为了真正解决气候危机，故选D项。
23．推理判断题。根据第一段“When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis.(当气候活动人士将自己粘在伦敦皇家艺术学院一幅《最后的晚餐》复制品的框架上时，他们得到了相当同情的回应。“没有任何画作比我六个月大的侄子的生命更重要，”一名抗议者在批评英国政府在紧迫的气候危机中支持化石燃料产业时说)”、第二段“We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment(我们被他们的危险行为深深震惊了)”、第五段“In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism.(其实当代艺术家们正在用艺术作为行动主义的方式，创作出关于气候危机的相当有效的作品)”以及最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，本文讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响，并对这种行为提出了质疑，认为他们应该采取更有效的方式来应对气候危机。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是质疑和挑战这种实践，故选D项。
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
【2023北京卷】
In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28．The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
29．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
28．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
30．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
【2023北京卷】
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
32．What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
33．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】31．A 32．C 33．B 34．D
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
31．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
32．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamred)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
33．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
34．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
【2022年北京卷】
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
29.【解析】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
【2021北京卷】
Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Scientific.B. Credible.
C. Original.D. Relevant.
29. As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A. wrriedB. puzzled
C. surprisedD. scared
30. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B. The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C. The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D. The glbal cllapse is well underway.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
【28题详解】
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. wrried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim f dpe; In the incurable frm f hpe.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hpe that ignres preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
【2020北京卷】
Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
34. With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pllutant readingsB. recrd pllutant levels
C. prcess cllected dataD. reduce air pllutin
35. What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A. High places are free f air pllutin.
B. Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C. Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D. Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
36. What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A. T warn f a health risk.B. T find ut pllutin surces.
C. T test his new mnitr.D. T prve Baggy's abilities.
37. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A. Mdest.B. Generus.C. Creative.D. Outging.
【答案】34. B 35. D 36. A 37. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tm Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tm的意图是？根据文章第四段Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasize that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tm研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tm是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。
【最新模考】
【2024·北京朝阳·二模】
It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.
I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.
The balln analgy relies smewhat n ur gemetric sensibilities which refer t ur sense f shapes and hw they change ver time. At its cre, what we are trying t develp a sense fr is hw we measure distances. This cncept is als the fundamental gal f general relativity, Einstein’s thery f gravity. In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.
The whle idea that space-time is expanding was first nticed as a mathematical cnsequence f general relativity by Gerges Lemaitre in 1927, when he slved Einstein’s equatin and fund a slutin fr the metric shwing that distances grw with time. His wrk prvided a theretical explanatin：the standard fr measuring csmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time.
What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect. I enjy this because it is s deeply cunterintuitive t ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether. But in this case where gravity is a gemetric effect, we are ffered a brader range f gravitatinal pssibilities.
It is wrth nting that the gemetric explanatin f general relativity hasn’t been universally ppular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrte that the gemetric explanatin f the thery f gravitatin has been reduced t a mere analgy, but is therwise nt very useful. Anther challenge with the balln analgy and ur reliance n gemetric explanatin is t explain why gravity seems t pull things tgether in many situatins, while universe is expanding. This difference is reslved by acknwledging that lcal gravitatinal effects due t massive bjects dminate ver large-scale expansin effects, leading t the frmatin f structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us.
In fact, the analgy where universe is nly expanding and this is the nly gravitatinal effect at play is a very idealized situatin where matter was initially spread ut perfectly evenly acrss the universe.
45．The authr presents the balln analgy in Paragraph 2 mainly t .
A．intrduce a tpicB．draw a cmparisn
C．cnfirm a theryD．evaluate a statement
46．What des the underlined wrd “cunterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Unchallenging.B．Cntradictry.C．Satisfying.D．Relevant.
47．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Universe’s expansin results in the creatin f structures like galaxies.
B．Lemaitre’s wrk suggests the standard fr csmic distance is cnsistent.
C．A unifrm distributin f matter can vercme the universe’s expansin.
D．The metric is key t sensing the shape f space-time in general relativity.
48．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balln Analgy Been Outdated?
B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way t Make Sense f the Balln Analgy?
C．Arguing against the Car Analgy — Des the Balln Analgy Win Over?
D．Understanding Universe Expansin — Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?
【答案】45．A 46．B 47．D 48．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战。
45．推理判断题。根据第二段“In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.(在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，作者在第二段中提出气球比喻主要是为了引入一个话题。故选A。
46．词句猜测题。根据第五段“What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect(令人高兴的是，这意味着我们可以相当合理地说，宇宙的膨胀是一种引力效应)”和“ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether(我们通常对重力的理解，告诉我们它是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“我喜欢这一点，因为它与我们通常对引力的理解截然相反，我们通常认为引力是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力量”，划线词cunterintuitive的意思是“相反的”，和cntradictry意思相近，故选B。
47．推理判断题。根据第三段“In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.(在广义相对论中，最重要的信息是我们所说的度规，一个描述如何测量距离的方程，因此也告诉我们时空的形状。)”可知，在广义相对论中，度规是感知时空形状的关键。故选D。
48．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.(宇宙正在膨胀这一说法也许比较容易接受。这只是一些奇怪的物理现象表明，随着时间的推移，星系之间的距离越来越远，就像两辆汽车在相互远离一样。)”和第二段“I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.(我个人不喜欢它，我更喜欢气球的比喻。在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，本文主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战，因此最好的题目是D选项“Understanding Universe Expansin— Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?(理解宇宙膨胀——气球的类比可以接受吗？)”。故选D。
【2024·北京海淀·二模】
When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times.
Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple.
My mtivatin was whlly t “future prf”, r de-risk. And it wrked. In my 12 years as CEO, ttal sharehlder return was 149%, and net prfit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in s da and chips, added mre healthful brands and prducts, and lwered the amunt f water needed. We kept innvatin ging and ur design studis wn many awards. Our talent academy was s brilliant that nine senir managers left t take CEO jbs elsewhere.
I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value.
“Perfrmance with Purpse” presented tugh mments fr me, including when ne investr questined, “Wh d yu think yu are? A philanthrpist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a cllective missin tk hld that included bth the bttm line and much beynd. This was my hpe frm the start.
49．The authr’s new visin fr the cmpany came frm _________.
A．its unique cultural rtB．her thrugh research
C．custmers’ fundamental needsD．sharehlders’ strng requirements
50．Accrding t “Perfrmance with Purpse”, an ideal cmpany shuld _________.
A．shift its strategies prperlyB．value emplyees’ feedback
C．shulder scial respnsibilityD．priritize financial returns
51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The risks a cmpany may face.
B．The authr’s ambitin t create value.
C．The interests investrs seek after.
D．The authr’s recipe fr successful business.
52．As CEO, the authr can be best described as _________.
A．inspiring and warm-heartedB．determined and far-sighted
C．ambitius and generusD．mdest and strategic
【答案】49．B 50．C 51．D 52．B
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，作者于2006年成为一家全球公司的CEO时，决心让公司在短期内取得佳绩，并在作者离开后依然长期繁荣。作者提出“绩效与目的”的愿景，旨在实现财务成功的同时，关注社会责任、环境保护和员工发展。
49．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple. (几个月来，我静静地阅读了所有影响商业的重大社会趋势。我在市场里走了一圈，查看了员工的反馈。我还深入研究了公共企业的义务。从这一切中，我们看到了公司未来十几年的发展方向。我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，作者进行了大量的研究工作，包括阅读有关影响商业的重大社会趋势的资料、考察市场以及深入研究公共公司的义务，基于这些研究形成了新的公司愿景。故选B项。
50．推理判断题。由文章第二段“I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple. (我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，一个理想的公司应该承担社会责任。故选C项。
51．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value. (我认为，领导者必须从未来的角度考虑问题，即使事情进展顺利。我们现在有了一个可以提供帮助的框架：不断发展的环境、社会和治理指标模板（ESG衡量标准），从本质上讲，这些模板有助于企业和市场降低风险。这些标准迫使任何有志于长期保持相关性的人讨论残酷的事实。如果这些指标经过精心挑选，ESG并不会违背投资者的利益。重要的是，降低公司风险实际上创造了股东价值。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了作者如何通过ESG衡量标准来为公司“去风险”，这是作者成功经商的秘诀。故选D项。
52．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times. (2006年，当我被任命为一家跨国公司的首席执行官时，我决心管理这家公司，让它在我离开多年后，既能提供良好的短期业绩，又能保持长期繁荣。它已经处于良好的状态，但我梦想着创建一个21世纪的标志性公司，为自己的根源感到自豪，同时在不断变化的时代具有全球性和责任感。)”可知，作者作为CEO，不仅决心要让公司在短期内表现良好，还致力于长期发展，提出了前瞻性的“Perfrmance with Purpse”愿景，并成功实施，使公司在经济、社会和环境等多方面取得显著成效。这表明作者既坚定又具有远见卓识。故选B项。
【2024·北京西城·二模】
Can yu imagine getting a majr dental prcedure withut nvcaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes.
A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. In additin, all f us can gain frm finding ways t cpe with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beynd ur cntrl. As a researcher wh has studied meditatin fr mre than 20 years, I believe that the cultivatin f equanimity can help.
It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. But when we push urselves int challenging r embarrassing situatins, much like trainers wh push athletes just past their cmfrt zne t make gains, learning ften happens.
My wn research indicates that meditatin prvides an ideal way t practice turning tward discmfrt — particularly when it trains up ne’s equanimity. In my labratry at Carnegie Melln University, we cnducted several clinical trials n develping equanimity during mindfulness meditatin training. This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected.
We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. After just 14 days f training, fr example, the participants wh learned equanimity skills had significantly lwer bilgical stress respnses when asked t deliver a difficult speech and slve math prblems in frnt f experts in white lab cats. This grup als had significantly lwer bld pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, peple intrduced t equanimity exercises als reprted significantly higher psitive emtins and well-being thrughut the day and mre meaningful scial interactins than participants wh received mindfulness training withut the equanimity cmpnent. It was as thugh develping equanimity had transfrmed their emtinal reactivity t stress, helping them better appreciate and enjy daily life’s many little psitive experiences and making them mre curius and pen t cnnecting with thers.
We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. We are cnvinced we can each build ur resilience (恢复力) n a persnal level by cultivating greater acceptance f ur experience — gd r bad, painful r pleasant — in the present mment.
61．What can be learned abut equanimity?
A．It is a state f mental calmness.
B．It is a frm f negative emtins.
C．It is a replacement fr nvcaine.
D．It is the result f mindfulness meditatin.
62．Which f the fllwing is a gd example f equanimity training?
A．Ignring discmfrt ttally.
B．Detecting unusual behavir.
C．Keeping emtins t neself.
D．Seeing negative feelings bjectively.
63．Paragraph 5 is written t shw ______.
A．the benefits f develping equanimity
B．the prcedure f mindfulness meditatin
C．the perfrmances f tw meditatin training grups
D．the relatinship between equanimity and well-being
64．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Stress cntributes t physical disrders.
B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.
C．Peple are likely t have easy access t equanimity training.
D．Resilience can help peple gain mre acceptance f hardship.
【答案】61．A 62．D 63．A 64．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了通过接受和正念冥想训练中的“平静”来应对不适和负面情绪的好处。
61．推理判断题。根据首段中的“A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes. (我的一位科学家同事最近告诉我，他没有使用它，而是使用了一种“专注”冥想技术，将所有注意力集中在他的嘴巴上，尽可能地平静下来。这样做可以缓解几分钟的疼痛。)”可知，通过“专注”冥想技术尽可能让人平静下来，这样可以缓解几分钟的疼痛，结合第二段中的“A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. (一系列科学文章表明，用接纳的态度来对待不舒服或负面情绪是有好处的。)”可知，用接纳的态度对待不适或负面情绪是有好处的，由此可知，“平静”其实是一种精神上的平静状态，是以接纳的心态来对待不适或负面情绪。故选A项。
62．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. (重要的是要首先定义转向不适的概念。我不是在提倡人们把自己置于危险的境地。)”可知，首先定义这种转向不适的概念是很重要的，结合第四段中的“This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected. (这种方法包括引导冥想练习，比如用一种实事求是的声音来标记身体里不舒服的感觉，或者在每次发现不舒服的感觉时大声说“是”来欢迎不舒服的感觉。)”可知，训练这种“平静”需要实事求是地记住身体不适的感觉，或者发现不适时大声说“是”来欢迎这种不适，由此可知，客观地看待消极情绪是训练平静的好例子。故选D项。
63．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. (我们雇佣了153名压力大的成年人，为他们提供了一个正念冥想训练项目，有或没有接受过平静训练。我们的平静技能训练组在几个方面有明显更好的结果。)”以及下文中列举的平津训练给压力大的人带来的好处可知，本段主要为了表明平静技能训练给压力大的人带来的好处。故选A项。
64．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. (我们正在以多种方式扩展这项工作，包括开发一款应用程序，根据需要提供平静训练，并对患有压力相关胃肠道疾病的参与者进行试验。与此同时，其他科学家正在进一步探索平静的力量。)”可知，目前正在以多种方式开展这项平静训练工作，其它科学家也在进一步探索平静的力量，由此可知，人们可能更容易获得平静训练。故选C项。
年份
体裁
词数
话题
考点分布
细节
理解
推理
判断
主旨大意
词义猜测
2024
说明文
384
人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准
1
1
1
0
2023
说明文
366
人与社会：人类社会发展中人们的短视现象
0
3
0
0
说明文
429
人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响
0
2
1
1
2022
说明文
415
人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维
1
2
0
0
2021
说明文
354
人与社会：全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念
0
2
0
1
2020
说明文
360
人与自然：m Hunt设计的安装在狗狗项圈上的监测器
1
3
0
0