高考英语二轮复习讲义-阅读七选五（原卷版）- （北京专用）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习讲义-阅读七选五（原卷版）- （北京专用），共13页。

七选五是北京高考英语试卷阅读理解的第二节，一篇300字左右的左右的说明文或议论文，其中正文词数240左右，选项词数60左右，留出5个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯。短文篇章结构常归纳为：提出问题——解决问题，一般不在首句设空。《考试说明》对该题型的命题目的表述是“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。该题型主要测试考生的两大能力：一是把握整篇文章布局和结构能力，二是把握微观信息之间关联性的能力。
七选五和完形填空有异曲同工之妙，完形填空填的是词，七选五填的是句子，但七选五在难度上要远远高于完形填空。七选五题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，把握文章脉络。
句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。经常采用段首、段中和段尾三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。
题型01 主旨概括题
【题型诠释】
主旨概括题主要考查考生对文章或段落进行概括的能力，它要求考生在阅读文章时，能够提炼其中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用概括能力提取文章的主题、观点以及作者的情感态度。这类题常以考查段落标题为主，设题位置一般在段首，有时总结性的语句也会出现在段中或段尾。这类题有时也会考查整篇文章的主旨大意，即文章的主题句，一般会在首段设空。概括起来讲，命题人通常从两个方面设题：①概括文章或段落的主题句或结论性语句；②段落标题。
【典例】
（2024·北京西城·一模）Mst f us are actually terrible at giving gifts. Abut $70 billin wrth f presents are returned every year in the U. S. 96 Here are three ways t imprve yur gift-giving game arund the hlidays.
Stp trying t make yur gifts s delightful. 97 We want smething frm giving: thse lks f delight. Thse exclamatins. This is why items like hyper-specific kitchen gadgets and fancy vintage clcks all seem like fantastic gifts. But it turns ut, recipients ften want things that are far mre practical — things they can actually use.
98 Just give peple what they ask fr. A study lked at Amazn wish lists t determine if peple were mre appreciative f gifts frm the list versus gifts that were ttal surprises. It turned ut that peple wh gt gifts that weren’t n their list cnsidered them as less thughtful and less persnal. 99
Hw can we create a gift-giving plan that is as emtinal as we desire? Humans lve t feel cnnected. And ne way we d that is by sharing interests with thers. S if yu want t learn hw t give better gifts, put yurself in the recipient’s shes and try t think f smething yu bth share. Maybe it’s the lve fr a sprt, drinking wine, r sme ther hbby. 100 And because yu picked smething yu share, they will feel mre cnnected t yu and appreciate yur gift mre.
A．S hw d we get less terrible?
B．Surprise is verrated — we’re happier t get what we ask fr.
C．S what's the mst practical gift yu can give that peple might actually be grateful fr?
D．The lng-term pleasure f the receiver may nt be bserved and therefre is discunted.
E．Once yu’ve fund a shared interest, g and find a useful gift related t this interest.
F．What recipients care abut is hw much value they’re ging t get frm the gift ver a lnger time perid.
G．Research has shwn that givers are cnsumed by the mment f unwrapping a gift even mre than the gift itself.
题型02 语段过渡题
【题型诠释】
语段过渡题所涉及的句子是过渡句，具有承上启下的作用，该题型主要考查考生对篇章的理解能力和对上下文之间逻辑关系的分析能力。其设空位置比较灵活，可位于段尾、段首或段中。解这类题通常可采用位置判断法。
【典例】
（2024·北京顺义·二模）When fighting sugar dependence, aviding added sugar in the diet is key, which sunds simple — right? It certainly des, but things becme a bit mre cmplicated nce we intrduce alternative sweeteners int the mix.
86 Many peple think that if they replace the sugar in their diet with alternative sweeteners, they’ll be gd t g, but this isn’t necessarily the case.
Alternative sweeteners are everywhere. 87 Fr example, Stevia is a ppular sugar substitute (代替者) because it is up t 200 times sweeter than sugar and prvides fewer calries. Mn k fruit is anther example that is free frm calries, sweeter than table sugar, and gained frm the juice f mnk fruit. 88 Sugar alchls prvide fewer calries than regular sugar because they are nt fully absrbed by the bdy.
Nw that we knw sme f the cmmn types f alternative sweeteners, let’s take a deeper dive int the prblem with them. Research in animals has shwn that remving calries frm fds that taste sweet can interrupt the ability t cntrl energy intake. 89 If we cnsume high amunts f alternative sweeteners, it may heighten ur preference fr sweetness, resulting in the veruse f sugar-sweetened fds and drinks.
The ther interesting thing abut alternative sweeteners is that ur brains dn’t recgnize them as “fake (假的)” sugar. 90 Whenever a fd tastes sweet, a message is sent t the brain that cmmunicates we are tasting a sweet fd — which can further feed int the sugar dependence cycle.
S what d I recmmend? In rder t fully put a definite end t sugar dependence, reducing yur intake f alternative sweeteners shuld be the gal.
A．The taste prfile f alternative sweeteners varies.
B．We can’t frget abut the ever-s-ppular sugar alchls.
C．There are cuntless alternative sweeteners n the market.
D．Our brain senses smething sweet and thinks it is real sugar.
E．They may help reduce the calrie cntent f gd-tasting fds and drinks.
F．Artificial sweeteners may als cause ne’s bdy t prefer sweeter-tasting fds.
G．Alternative sweeteners are referred t as “lw-calrie” r “n-calrie” sweeteners.
题型03 细节线索题
【题型诠释】
细节线索类的试题要求考生更加注重文章中的细节，比如某个关键的单词或数字等。解答这类试题经常用到的方法有：词汇复现法、词汇同现法、代词线索法、逻辑关系线索法等。
①复现法是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即在文章中不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词复现等。
②词汇同现是指属于同一词汇范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语意衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。
③代词线索法：英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生如果能巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。
④逻辑关系线索法：一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系，有时甚至包含不止一种这样的关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。
【典例】
Want t write better? There’s a new bk that says simple writing is best.
D yu check yur text messages befre sending? 61 If nt, yu might prefer getting things dne fast, even if they’re nt perfect.
This bk argues that it’s imprtant t write carefully, even fr quick messages. Tdd Rgers and Jessica Lasky Fink, frm Harvard, wrte “Writing Fr Busy Readers”. It’s smartly named because everyne’s busy tday. Peple get lts f messages every day, frm emails t texts. 62 Deciding what t read, skim, r ignre happens many times a day fr almst everyne.
The authrs share gd writing tips, like cutting unnecessary wrds and using simple wrds everyne knws. They say it’s imprtant t keep sentences simple. They tested the idea that less is mre. Fr example, they sent an email t thusands f schl-bard members asking them t take a survey. They made the email shrter, frm 127 t 49 wrds, and gt duble the respnses (frm 2.7% t 4.8%). 63
The same is true fr text messages. In anther test, they sent a shrt message asking parents t take a survey. It gt mre respnses than a lnger, mre sympathetic ne. Smetimes, being shrt and clear wrks better than being kind but ignred. It’s nt just what yu say, but hw quickly yu say it that matters.
It’s nt just abut wrd cunt. 64 Reducing the number f ptins has the same effect. Shrt, active sentences with cmmn wrds are best.
Frm psts t nline reviews, fllwing these rules gets mre likes and shares. Serius writers shuld pay attentin t. A study fund that cmpanies using lng sentences and cmplicated wrds were seen as less mral and trustwrthy.
65 It might be tempting t send messages quickly and hpe fr the best. But taking time t write fr yur readers has benefits. If yu send a rushed message that readers ignre, it’s like yu didn’t send it at all.
A．If everyne is a busy reader, everyne is a busy writer t.
B．They can als get puzzled by scial media platfrms.
C．If yu d, yu prbably like making even the simplest messages perfect.
D．They fund that lnger messages make peple think the task will take lnger.
E．Keeping messages t ne idea, r as few as pssible, helps make sure they’re read, remembered, and acted n.
F．Yur gal is t cnvey enugh passin that yur readers think the issue in yur message is wrth caring abut.
G．Explaining the thinking behind yur messages will allw readers t see that yu knw what yu’re talking abut.
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
If yu want t develp maximum credibility (可信性), is it better t be a hedgehg (刺猬) r a fx? Accrding t Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehg knws ne thing very well, and the fx knws a lt f things.
Is there a clear advantage f ne style ver the ther? Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in ding s. Accrding t Jim Hart, the “hedgehg cncept” is ne f the factrs that lead cmpanies t greatness. They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. ___36___ The hedgehg cncept makes perfect sense fr cmpanies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track recrds f thse flks n the Sunday talk shws wh make predictins abut what will happen. He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins.
The advantage that. fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. ___38___ They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. They als have a clearer estimatin f what they knw and dn’t knw.
S, which is better? The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. ___39___ The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. The mst effective way t g thrugh life is t try t be that rare mixture knwn as fxy hedgehg.
A. In ther wrds, there are clear advantages fr each.
B. They are mre likely t remember peple’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage f clarity and cnfidence.
D. But there can be a dwnside t cncentratin n ne big thing.
E. Hwever, hedgehgs remain pen t thers’ reactins and inputs.
F. When smething is cntradictry t their view, they dn’t treat it as exceptinal.
G. They cme dwn squarely n ne side r the ther and fully supprt their psitin.
【2023北京卷】
It’s a jyful and stressful time f year in the United States fr students and their families as they make decisins abut where t attend cllege. Families ften turn t rankings systems t help make a decisin. 35
When I talk t families as a schlar f higher educatin, they’re ften surprised that teaching excellence is nt cunted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that curses in lwer-ranked universities, n average, scred higher n teaching than curses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence f teaching excellence frm the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is ne f the mst imprtant predictrs f a wide range f cllege utcmes.
Rankings, hwever, are nly ne reasn why a lw value is placed n teaching in higher educatin. Administratrs ften dn’t view teaching excellence as a way t increase enrlment (注册) r funding. 38 Research shws that the mre time instructrs spend n teaching, the lwer their salary. What is the result? Many instructrs cntinue t teach using traditinal lectures, which lead t lwer success rates.
39 Nevertheless, nt much will change until schls with high-quality teaching are rewarded with mre resurces, higher rankings and increased enrlments. In the lng term, universities, rganisatins that rank schls, and thers shuld wrk t make teaching a valued, cre part f the missin.
What shuld students and their families d? They shuld give strng cnsideratin t universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even thugh the schls may be ranked lwer.
A．Higher educatin has achieved its true ptential.
B．Therefre, it’s nt highly valued in hiring r prmtin.
C．Quality teaching has been an imprtant reputatin-building factr.
D．Hwever, the rankings ignre a critical factr: the quality f teaching.
E．Effrts t imprve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even mre surprised at hw teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities ften shift emphasis frm teaching t ther ranking factrs.
【2022年北京卷】
Health and fitness help a persn live a gd and healthy life. Often due t varius pressures, we tend t ignre ur health. ____35____ It is the fitness level f ur bdy that helps us fight these diseases.
____36____ We need t be fit t have a healthy bdy. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted twards maintaining the fitness f ur bdy. Health is the state f ur bdy at a given time. We may nt have any disease but still have a weak bdy, which is ready t be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This des nt definitely mean that we are nt healthy. It means the fitness level is nt in accrdance with ur age and the climatic cnditins we live in.
It is imprtant fr everyne t devte sme time t health and fitness. ____38____ Fr instance, we must exercise daily regardless f ur age and wrking style. There are different levels f exercises fr different age grups and we must d them accrding t ur wn health and age.
Additinally, it is imprtant t relax ur bdy. We shuld have at least six t eight hurs f sleep every day. It helps in imprving ur immune (免疫) system and prtects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new gals f health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality f life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated t each ther.
C. It als helps in keeping us calm and relaxes ur mind.
D. Fr instance, we may have a tendency t catch a cld easily.
E. If we keep ur bdy fit, we can enjy life in a better manner.
F. There are sme activities which everyne shuld d in ur life.
G. This makes ur bdy suffer and we will catch ther diseases.
【2021年北京卷】
Music has lng been cnsidered t be an enjyable pastime fr many peple． ____35____ The mental health benefits frm music can't be argued．Music culd als be helping yu with many ther health prblems behind the scenes．
____36____Hwever，fr the same reasn，music can be very beneficial if ne is in pain．By distracting （分心） the mind frm the pain，music，peple say，can lwer stress and anxiety levels．This，f curse，can lead t less pain．
Many peple enjy relaxing music in the evening prir t ging t bed．____37____While the validity f the idea is still being assessed，the lwered stress can even be tied back t bld pressure．Similarly, accrding t researchers，listening t just 30 minutes f sft music every day may help with healthy bld sugar levels， thrugh the lwering f stress and anxiety．
When it cmes t heart health，there is speculatin （推测） that it's nt the style f music， but rather the temp that makes it s gd fr yur heart health．In ne Eurpean study，participants listened t music as the researchers mnitred their heart rates and bld pressure．____38____ On the ther hand，when the music slwed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lwer and the effects n heart rates appeared t fllw suit．
____39____But there is a whle range f ther health issues that turning up the radi culd be beneficial fr，which is what makes music s valuable．
A. This feeling can als result in many ther health prblems．
B. Sme experts say that music can be harmful if it is t lud．
C. This idea is a little ff-the-wall but still has scientific backing．
D. They say it can play a big rle in calming the brain enugh t sleep．
E. The implicatins f music n verall well-being are really impressive．
F. It is als highly ppular due t the individualized effects n stress and anxiety．
G. Interestingly，the mre cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were．
【2020年北京卷】
Many peple think that psitive thinking is mstly abut keeping ne's head in the sand and ignring daily prblems, trying t lk ptimistic. In reality it has mre t d with the way an individual talks t himself. Self-talk is a cnstant stream f thughts f a persn, wh is ften unaware and uncertain f sme events, phenmena, peple, r even the persn himself.____46____Meanwhile, psitive thinking can help t stp negative self-talks and start t frm a psitive view n an issue. Peple wh regularly practise psitive thinking tend t slve prblems mre effectively. They are less expsed t stress caused by external factrs. They tend t believe in themselves and in what they d.
____47____Peple wh think psitively demnstrate increased life spans, lwer rates f depressin and anxiety, better physical and psychlgical health, reduced risks f death frm heart prblems. Psitive thinking als cntributes t ne's ability t deal with prblems and hardships.____48____Fr example, researchers have fund that in the case f a crisis accmpanied by strng emtins, such as a natural disaster, psitive thinking can prvide a srt f buffer against depressin and anxiety. Resilient peple wh think psitively tend t treat every prblem as a challenge, a chance fr imprvement f any kind, r as an pprtunity fr persnal grwth. Pessimists, n the cntrary, tend t perceive prblems as a surce f additinal stress.____49____
In cnclusin, psitive thinking is a pwerful and effective tl fr dealing with hard times and imprving the quality f ne's life. It desn't have anything t d with ignrant ptimism when an individual refuses t ntice a prblem.____50____
Thinking in a psitive, self-encuraging way brings abut many benefits t ne's physical and mental health.
A. It desn't cause any severe emtinal discmfrt, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-cnfidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps ne t remain clear-headed and cnfident in difficult situatins.
D. Psitive thinking has several beneficial effects n the bdy and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviur and habits change as well.
F. They ften ffer a real alternative t the cmmn and regular way f thinking.
G. They ften feel discuraged lng befre trying t slve the prblem, even if small.
【最新模考】
【2024·北京朝阳·二模】
Studies abut sleep and emplyee behavir typically fcus n varius activities that ccur within the bdy during sleep, and their impact n daytime cgnitin. New research adpts a different methd. 51
The researchers cnducted three studies invlving thusands f dreams recalled by emplyees. The first study asked participants upn awakening t rate the degree f awe (敬畏) and wnder brught by their dreams and t write dwn their biggest wrk prblem. 52 Anther ne they answered was whether they envisined anything gd arising frm the difficult wrk situatin—a measure f resilience, which meant the ability t becme strng and happy again after tughness. Thse wh fund psitive meaning in dreams reprted higher levels f awe. 53
In the secnd study, participants wh recalled a dream likewise reprted its psitive r negative meaning, and then wrte descriptins f the dream and what they tk t be its causes and meaning. After wrk they answered questins abut their resilience and prgress n the day’s tasks. 54 The third study tracked similar measures amng emplyees wh participated daily fr tw weeks, and it lked at hw naturally curius each persn was. It fund similar results abut awe and shwed that it raised resilience and prductivity far mre in the naturally curius.
55 Awe can help peple deal mre effectively with challenges and prgress tward gals. “Our research reveals hw awe can be brught abut at a time that has a critical impact n daily wrk utcmes,” the researchers write. “Emplyees culd use dream jurnals and simple practices t ‘guide’ their nighttime visins, thus increasing their dds f having meaningful, awe-inspiring dreams.”
A．A psitive dream brings a sense f sudden insight, giving rise t awe.
B．The increased awe was als prved t be assciated with greater resilience.
C．In fact, dreaming may help imprve prblem-slving skills in daily rutine.
D．Here, t, gd dreams bsted awe and resilience, fueling prgress n wrk gals.
E．Researchers acknwledge that dreams may invlve cntent related t waking experiences.
F．It finds that remembering a gd dream can help peple make prgress in the day’s tasks.
G．They then answered the questin abut whether they thught the dream was psitive r negative.
【2024·北京东城·二模】
Scrates, Galile, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in cmmn? They all practiced deliberate dubt and used it as a tl t imprve their thinking and generate creative ideas.
56 It is abut suspending ur certainty and letting g f ur precnceived (先入为主的) ntins in rder t explre new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain f smething, we tend t stp lking fr alternative explanatins r pssibilities. 57 Dubt can, f curse, be unsettling, but it can als result in a greater understanding f a subject and inspire fresh thughts and insights.
58 But it desn’t mean we shuld use it all the time. While deliberate dubt can be a valuable tl fr generating creative ideas and explring cmplex prblems, it can als be cunterprductive if it is nt practiced in the right way.
It’s imprtant t keep in mind that deliberate dubt is nt cnstant dubt. If we’re cntinuusly dubting ur wn ideas, we’ll be less likely t pursue them and see them thrugh t cmpletin. 59 We spend s much time dubting everything and end up nt ding anything.
60 We can becme self-critical and unsure f ur abilities, which can undermine ur self-esteem. As a result, we may be t afraid t try new things r take risks.
T avid these traps, it’s imprtant t strike a balance between dubt and certainty, and t use dubt as a tl t stimulate creative thinking and explratin, rather than as a means f undermining urselves r thers.
A．Deliberate dubt can als lead t a lack f cnfidence.
B．But when we dubt, we’re frced t cnsider ther perspectives.
C．In this case, deliberate dubt can prevent us frm making decisins.
D．When practiced all the time, deliberate dubt can lead t a different belief.
E．By turning dubt int a deliberate prcess, we pen urselves t new pssibilities.
F．Deliberate dubt is the practice f actively questining ur beliefs and assumptins.
G．Deliberate dubt can help us t develp a mre pen-minded apprach t the wrld.
【2024·北京西城·二模】
Want t write better? There’s a new bk that says simple writing is best.
D yu check yur text messages befre sending? 61 If nt, yu might prefer getting things dne fast, even if they’re nt perfect.
This bk argues that it’s imprtant t write carefully, even fr quick messages. Tdd Rgers and Jessica Lasky Fink, frm Harvard, wrte “Writing Fr Busy Readers”. It’s smartly named because everyne’s busy tday. Peple get lts f messages every day, frm emails t texts. 62 Deciding what t read, skim, r ignre happens many times a day fr almst everyne.
The authrs share gd writing tips, like cutting unnecessary wrds and using simple wrds everyne knws. They say it’s imprtant t keep sentences simple. They tested the idea that less is mre. Fr example, they sent an email t thusands f schl-bard members asking them t take a survey. They made the email shrter, frm 127 t 49 wrds, and gt duble the respnses (frm 2.7% t 4.8%). 63
The same is true fr text messages. In anther test, they sent a shrt message asking parents t take a survey. It gt mre respnses than a lnger, mre sympathetic ne. Smetimes, being shrt and clear wrks better than being kind but ignred. It’s nt just what yu say, but hw quickly yu say it that matters.
It’s nt just abut wrd cunt. 64 Reducing the number f ptins has the same effect. Shrt, active sentences with cmmn wrds are best.
Frm psts t nline reviews, fllwing these rules gets mre likes and shares. Serius writers shuld pay attentin t. A study fund that cmpanies using lng sentences and cmplicated wrds were seen as less mral and trustwrthy.
65 It might be tempting t send messages quickly and hpe fr the best. But taking time t write fr yur readers has benefits. If yu send a rushed message that readers ignre, it’s like yu didn’t send it at all.
A．If everyne is a busy reader, everyne is a busy writer t.
B．They can als get puzzled by scial media platfrms.
C．If yu d, yu prbably like making even the simplest messages perfect.
D．They fund that lnger messages make peple think the task will take lnger.
E．Keeping messages t ne idea, r as few as pssible, helps make sure they’re read, remembered, and acted n.
F．Yur gal is t cnvey enugh passin that yur readers think the issue in yur message is wrth caring abut.
G．Explaining the thinking behind yur messages will allw readers t see that yu knw what yu’re talking abut.
年份
体裁
词数
设题位置
主题语境
话题
段首
段中
段尾
2024
说明文
281+82
1
4
0
人与社会
“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式
2023
说明文
255+83
1
2
2
人与自然
选择高校的建议
2022
说明文
225+81
1
4
0
人与自我
健康和健身
2021
说明文
275+102
2
3
0
人与社会
音乐对身体的好处
2020
说明文
282+84
1
3
1
人与自我
积极思考的各种益处