高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解七选五（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解七选五（学生版），共19页。学案主要包含了2024北京卷，2023北京卷，2022年北京卷等内容，欢迎下载使用。

北京高考信息还原(七选五)试题所选文本的题材贴近学生生活,语篇类型以说明文为主,也有议论文。
从考点上看,通常考查学生对说明文和议论文的结构、整体内容以及上下文逻辑意 义的理解和掌握。根据设空处在段落中的位置可分为段首题、段中题和段尾题。设空处在段首,通常考查段落主题句或过渡句;设空处在段中,通常考查过渡句或细节句;设空 处在段尾,通常考查细节句、过渡句或总结句。
纵观历年真题,段中题最多、段尾题最少。其中,2021年和2022年均未考查段尾题。也就是说,对细节句和过渡句考查得最多,对主旨句和总结句考查得相对少些。
一．备考策略
1. 了解篇章的结构特点以及干扰项的特点
(1)通常说明文第一段会交代说明对象,中间几段常用并列或递进的方式围绕说明对象展开说明,最后一段是总结。其段落写作方式是段落首句为主题句,尾句为总结句,中
间分别是解释说明、举例论证、数据论证等。了解文章的写作方式可以帮助学生从
命题者视角审题,进而答题更快、更准。
(2)干扰项通常具有以下特点:主旨概括句常过于宽泛、以偏概全或偏离主题;过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性细节句与语境脱节,虽用了与前后句相同的关键词,
表述内容却偏离主题。
2. 积累信号词,培养举一反三的能力
学生阅读文章时要归纳文中使上下文逻辑连贯的词汇(详见方法透析)。
3. 培养句间、段间逻辑连贯的意识和能力
学生可以将一篇文章以句子为单位打乱顺序并还原。在这个过程中,学生要关注到 句间和段间的逻辑关系,这样逻辑连贯意识和能力可得到培养和提升。
4. 运用瞻前顾后、牢记主旨的策略
(1)设空处前和设空处后的2—3个句子都要读到,与选项比对核心词、比对句子结构。
(2)有时某个选项句子放进空格,前后是说得通的,却和全文的主旨相悖,是要排除的干扰项。
二．方法技巧
1.依据词汇线索
(1)找准代词所指代的对象,定位选项
例1(2023北京海淀期末)Peple with healthy self-esteem dn't need t bast abut themselves t thers. Peple with lw self-esteem may tell yu hw much everyne lves them,what a great jb they d at wrk, and hw amazing they are at pretty much everything under the sun even thugh they really wnder if it's true. Peple may see them as bnxius r “full f themselves”. They are nt shy abut sharing ideas, including cnstructive criticisms f thers. They als take care f themselves withut secnd-guessing r aplgizing. They are the peple wh we say seem “sure f themselves”.
E. Self-esteem refers t a persn's verall sense f his r her value r wrth.
F. Peple with a healthy level f self-esteem present themselves with casual cnfidence.
G. With sme practice and persistence, yu will win this internal struggle t see yur self-wrth.
例2(2023北京海淀期末)Hwever, in serius cases f lw r even nn-existent self-esteem, yu may want t call in a prfessinal r a specialist. Prfessinals ding psychtherapy d nt pass judgement r give crrectins. It is the best way t get at the rts f yur real self-esteem prblems.
B. Yu have the pwer t shape a new self-perceptin.
C. This encurages yu t speak penly withut wrry.
D. The real test f character is whether they can learn frm their mistakes.
(2)根据数词/字复现或同现原则,缩小答案范围
例3 The Olympic Games have expanded frm 241 t mre than 10,000 cmpetitrs since the riginal reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games. Althugh enthusiasts f many activities hpe t see their avcatins(业余爱好) becme Olympic sprts, nly a few receive ne f the wanted chances in the Olympic prgram. Hw Are Sprts Chsen fr the Olympics?
A. Dzens f additins have been made in the Olympic prgram since 1896 with almst 100 events being added since 1980 alne.
B. Once a sprt is recgnized, it then mves t Internatinal Sprts Federatins status.
C. A sprt may gain recgnitin but nt becme a cmpeting event at the Olympic Games.
(3)注意以不同形式复现的词汇,如同义词、近义词、同源词(词根相同,但词性不同的词)和反义词
例4(2022北京海淀期中) “We have vides f peple being interviewed fr jbs and we will manipulate the names f thse candidates befre thers evaluate them,” she says.
“What's in a name?” William Shakespeare asked us in Rme and Juliet. “That which we call a rse by any ther name wuld smell as sweet.” Well, perhaps nt.
E. Such terms shw sund icnicity, r a similarity between a wrd's frm and meaning.
F. There is n evidence that the Kates f the wrld are mre extrverted than the Annes.
G. Pexman will als examine hw peple's names culd affect their chances f being chsen after an interview.
(4)利用主语一致原则,减少干扰项
例5(2022北京海淀期末)If yu're starting t think yu may have lw self-esteem, yu can wrk n the way yu talk t yurself. When yu turn ff negative self-talk, yu can pen the flr t psitive reinfrcement and access the curage t shw different sides f yurself. It isn't ging t feel gd at first, thugh. Keep ging until it becmes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirrr may help.
E. Self-esteem refers t a persn's verall sense f his r her value r wrth.
F. Peple with a healthy level f self-esteem present themselves with casual cnfidence.
G. With sme practice and persistence, yu will win this internal struggle t see yur self-wrth.
2.巧用上下文的逻辑和衔接关系
(1)并列关系
例6Every animal sleeps, but the reasn fr this has remained fggy. When lab rats are nt allwed t sleep, they die within a mnth.
A. We shuld als try t sleep well the night befre.
B. It's as if the brain is preserving its mst imprtant memries.
C. Similarly, when peple g fr a few days withut sleeping, they get sick.
(2)转折关系
例7 Prfessr Jerald has made a scientific study f lying. Accrding t him, wmen are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”. Hwever, this is nly ne side f the stry. They make a prmise which they have n intentin f carrying ut. This is the kind f lie pliticians and businessmen are suppsed t be particularly skilled at: the lie frm which the liar hpes t prfit r gain in sme way.
A. A wman tells anther wman she likes her dress when she thinks it lks terrible.
B. Other researchers say that men are mre likely t tell serius lies.
C. Is it anything we say which we knw is untrue?
(3)例证关系
例8Nw we have the mst direct evidence yet that he is right. The synapses in the mice taken at the end f a perid f sleep were 18 per cent smaller than thse taken befre sleep, shwing that the cnnectins between neurns weaken while sleeping.
E. That's why students d better in tests if they get a chance t sleep after learning.
F. “Sleep is the price we pay fr learning,”says Giuli Tnni, wh develped the idea.
G. Tnni's team measured the size f these cnnectins,r synapses,in the brains f 12 mice.
(4)因果关系
例9 The large clr decisins in yur rms cncern the walls, ceilings, and flrs. Whether yu're lking at wallpaper r paint, the time, effrt and relative expense put int it are significant.
D. Small clr chices are the nes we're mst familiar with.
E. It's nt really a gd idea t use t many small clr pieces.
F. S it pays t be sure, because yu want t get it right the first time.
G. Clr chices in this range are a step up frm the small nes in tw majr ways.
3.利用相同句式定位答案
例10Much f the wrk in tday's wrld is cmpleted in teams. Mst peple believe the best way t build a great team is t gather a grup f the mst talented individuals. Sprts team wners spend millins f dllars attracting tp talent. Is their mney well spent?
A. It's nt a simple matter t determine the nature f talent.
B. Cmpanies spend millins hiring tp business peple.
C. The grup interactin and its effect drew the researchers' attentin.
4.放大阅读“焦点”、锁定有效关键词、厘清段落结构
例11(2021北京海淀期中)
What's in a name?
Sme wrds sund like what they mean. And they culd influence everything frm fictinal depictins f aliens t yur first impressin n a jb applicatin. But mst wrds have n apparent cnnectin t what they signify. As the linguist Steven Pinker puts it, we call a dg “dg” because everyne else des. And that's hw it has t be .
B. Peple tend t expect ne t have specific traits based n hw ne's name sunds.
C. The English language has develped a rule f names reflecting peple's gd qualities.
D. It wuld verwhelm ur senses if every wrd we speak came with a deeper meaning.
（建议用时：40分钟）
高考真题
一
【2024北京卷】If yu want t develp maximum credibility (可信性), is it better t be a hedgehg (刺猬) r a fx? Accrding t Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehg knws ne thing very well, and the fx knws a lt f things.
Is there a clear advantage f ne style ver the ther? Hedgehg thinkers tend t answer yes. ___35___ And they are usually very credible in ding s. Accrding t Jim Hart, the “hedgehg cncept” is ne f the factrs that lead cmpanies t greatness. They fcus n ne thing and d it really well. They figure ut what they are gd at. ___36___ The hedgehg cncept makes perfect sense fr cmpanies.
___37___ Philip Tate has studied the track recrds f thse flks n the Sunday talk shws wh make predictins abut what will happen. He has fund that hedgehgs are nt nly wrng mre ften than fxes, but that they are less likely t recgnise r admit that they are wrng when events d nt match their predictins.
The advantage that. fxes have is that they are mre likely t seek ut new infrmatin frm a brader range f surces, and are cmfrtable with uncertainty and new infrmatin. ___38___ They try t include it in their viewpint rather than t exclude it frm their thinking. They als have a clearer estimatin f what they knw and dn’t knw.
S, which is better? The questin can be answered in a fxy hedgehg style. ___39___ The chice between being a hedgehg r a fx is a false trade-ff. The mst effective way t g thrugh life is t try t be that rare mixture knwn as fxy hedgehg.
A. In ther wrds, there are clear advantages fr each.
B. They are mre likely t remember peple’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage f clarity and cnfidence.
D. But there can be a dwnside t cncentratin n ne big thing.
E. Hwever, hedgehgs remain pen t thers’ reactins and inputs.
F. When smething is cntradictry t their view, they dn’t treat it as exceptinal.
G. They cme dwn squarely n ne side r the ther and fully supprt their psitin.
二
【2023北京卷】It’s a jyful and stressful time f year in the United States fr students and their families as they make decisins abut where t attend cllege. Families ften turn t rankings systems t help make a decisin. 35
When I talk t families as a schlar f higher educatin, they’re ften surprised that teaching excellence is nt cunted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that curses in lwer-ranked universities, n average, scred higher n teaching than curses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence f teaching excellence frm the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is ne f the mst imprtant predictrs f a wide range f cllege utcmes.
Rankings, hwever, are nly ne reasn why a lw value is placed n teaching in higher educatin. Administratrs ften dn’t view teaching excellence as a way t increase enrlment (注册) r funding. 38 Research shws that the mre time instructrs spend n teaching, the lwer their salary. What is the result? Many instructrs cntinue t teach using traditinal lectures, which lead t lwer success rates.
39 Nevertheless, nt much will change until schls with high-quality teaching are rewarded with mre resurces, higher rankings and increased enrlments. In the lng term, universities, rganisatins that rank schls, and thers shuld wrk t make teaching a valued, cre part f the missin.
What shuld students and their families d? They shuld give strng cnsideratin t universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even thugh the schls may be ranked lwer.
A．Higher educatin has achieved its true ptential.
B．Therefre, it’s nt highly valued in hiring r prmtin.
C．Quality teaching has been an imprtant reputatin-building factr.
D．Hwever, the rankings ignre a critical factr: the quality f teaching.
E．Effrts t imprve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even mre surprised at hw teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities ften shift emphasis frm teaching t ther ranking factrs.
三
【2022年北京卷】Health and fitness help a persn live a gd and healthy life. Often due t varius pressures, we tend t ignre ur health. ____35____ It is the fitness level f ur bdy that helps us fight these diseases.
____36____ We need t be fit t have a healthy bdy. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted twards maintaining the fitness f ur bdy. Health is the state f ur bdy at a given time. We may nt have any disease but still have a weak bdy, which is ready t be targeted by viruses. ____37____ This des nt definitely mean that we are nt healthy. It means the fitness level is nt in accrdance with ur age and the climatic cnditins we live in.
It is imprtant fr everyne t devte sme time t health and fitness. ____38____ Fr instance, we must exercise daily regardless f ur age and wrking style. There are different levels f exercises fr different age grups and we must d them accrding t ur wn health and age.
Additinally, it is imprtant t relax ur bdy. We shuld have at least six t eight hurs f sleep every day. It helps in imprving ur immune (免疫) system and prtects us against diseases. ____39____ This, in turn, gives us new gals f health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality f life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated t each ther.
C. It als helps in keeping us calm and relaxes ur mind.
D. Fr instance, we may have a tendency t catch a cld easily.
E. If we keep ur bdy fit, we can enjy life in a better manner.
F. There are sme activities which everyne shuld d in ur life.
G. This makes ur bdy suffer and we will catch ther diseases.
高考模拟试题
一
（2024·北京·三模）Everyne carries a shield（屏障）. Our shields prtect what we dn’t want thers t see, frm ur embarrassing secrets t ur unpredictable feelings. 1 But the prblem is that shields can becme heavy burdens — easy t put n yet difficult t remve — with terrible effects.
Since shields encurage us t hide negative parts f urselves, we can start t believe that we aren’t wrth shwing. We might fear hw ur friends will judge ur struggles r hw ur families will view ur ambitins. 2
Hwever, we have t remember that we aren’t perfect, nr shuld we expect t be. We need t find and cure the wunds underneath ur shields, but that means we have t let dwn ur guard. We may even have prblems we haven’t admitted t urselves. 3 Even if it seems insignificant, every prblem shuld be acknwledged befre it grws. Befre being cured, we must knw that we need t be cured, and be kay with admitting that.
Knwing this takes bravery and patience, s it’ll be hard. 4 Yet asking fr help means admitting ur prblems t smebdy else — it means letting them see what’s behind ur shields. T make it easier, we can reveal urselves t smebdy clse t us wh we trust will understand us and prvide persnal supprt. Or, if we fear judgement, we can pen up t smene distant but knwledgeable, such as a cunsellr r a help line. N matter what, we can find help when we begin searching.
5 We can be mre frgiving f faults s we can becme cmfrtable with urs and encurage thers t fllw. Mst imprtantly, we can let peple knw that we are willing t listen and help and make it easier t let dwn ur shields.
A．This is nt a bad thing.
B．We need t be understd.
C．We shuldn’t expect t d any f it withut help.
D．In shrt, we have the pwer t change this phenmenn.
E．Hence we decide t hide urselves underneath ur masks.
F．If yu can’t trust yur partner, it wn’t be easy t let them in.
G．Maybe we’re hiding smething frm a friend r scared t admit an errr.
二
（2024·北京大兴·三模）The nly wrds yu need t say after receiving a cmpliment (赞美) are “thank yu”. But yu knw that's easier said than dne.
There are many reasns why yu have a hard time accepting cmpliments. 1 It's a three step prcess. First, believe what peple tell yu. If yu're still having a hard time taking the cmpliment, duble check. And if it's still hard t accept then yu'll have t check yurself.
2 Fr example, if yu're six feet tall and I say, “Ww, yu're tall! ” I'm being hnest. I'm five ft nine, s plenty f peple are tall cmpared t me. I'm expressing that subjectively, frm my shrter vantage pint, yu are tall. I'm nt saying everyne wuld agree with me. Just like if I say City f Gd is a great mvie, I'm nt saying yu have t think it's a great mvie.
Yu have t listen carefully t cmpliments. It's nt always bvius if yu're being cmplimented fr smething nly thers can bserve. If yu are five ft six inches tall, and weigh seventy punds, I wuld say yu are slim. But if yu are cmparing yurself t smene wh is shrter, and weighs five punds less than yu, yu might call yurself plump. In this extreme example, the utside perspective is mre accurate than the internal ne. 3
If yu're still struggling t accept a cmpliment, yu dn't just have t take smene at their wrd. It can be hard t accept an pinin when it's the ppsite f yurs, s call in reinfrcements. Ask smene else what they think. 4 Yu can ask tw r three r fur mre peple if tw isn't enugh.
5 If yu mislead r lie t peple abut yur pinins, then it's nt surprising that yu have a hard time trusting that peple's cmpliments are genuine. Be mre hnest with peple arund yu, and yu'll find it much easier t believe what peple say abut yu.
A．They will be the tie breaker.
B．Yu can check with smene else instead.
C．The causes are cmplicated but the path t accepting cmpliments is simpler.
D．Hw hnest are yu with yur friends and family when they ask fr yur pinin?
E．When smene is trying t pay yu a cmpliment, they are speaking subjectively.
F．When smene pays yu a cmpliment, they are speaking abut smething that is bservable.
G．Similarly, when I call yu smart r funny, I'm cmmenting based n my definitin f smart r funny, that's hw I see yu.
三
（2023高三下·北京海淀·专题练习）My, what a big beak yu have!
Fr humans, adapting t climate change will mstly be a matter f technlgy. Mre air cnditining, better-designed huses and bigger fld defenses may help t make the effects f a warmer wrld less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evlutin, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shws that is already happening. Climate change is already altering the bdies f many animal species, giving them bigger beaks (喙), legs and ears.
In sme species f Australian parrt, fr instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Anther study, this time in Nrth American dark-eyed juncs, anther bird, fund the same pattern. 2
All that is perfectly cnsistent with evlutinary thery. “Allen’s rule”, named fr Jel Asaph Allen, wh suggested it in 1877, hlds that warm-blded animals in ht places tend t have larger bdy parts than thse in temperate (温带的) regins. 3 Being richly filled with bld vessels, and nt cvered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place fr birds t get rid f heat. Fennec fxes, meanwhile, which are native t the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially cmpared with their Arctic cusins.
Ms. Ryding is nt the first researcher t take that apprach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, t prve that climate change was the cause f an anatmical (解剖学的) changes. All srts f ther factrs, frm changes in prey t the evlving reprductive preferences f males r females, might have been driving the changes. The team cmbined data frm different species in different places. Since they have little in cmmn apart frm living n a warming planet, climate change is the mst reasnable explanatin.
5 That may change as warming accelerates. Since any evlutinary adaptatin cmes with trade-ffs (妥协), it is unclear hw far the prcess might g. Bigger beaks might make feeding harder, fr instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cst mre energy t grw.
A．Hwever, lking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer.
B．Fr nw, at least, the increase is small, never much mre than 10%.
C．Animals will have t rely n changing their bdies r their behavirs.
D．It seems that the future wrld is ging t be htter than humans are used t.
E．Therefre, the negative effects f a warmer wrld are visible in these animals’ bdies.
F．Such adaptatins bst an animal’s surface area relative t its bdy, helping it t release extra heat.
G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species f mice and bats evlving bigger ears, legs and wings.
四
（2023·北京·三模）Public speaking and critical thinking
What is critical thinking? T a certain degree, it’s a matter f lgic (逻辑) — f being able t spt weaknesses in ther peple’s argument and t avid them in yur wn, it als includes related skills such as distinguishing fact frm pinin and assessing the sundness f evidence. In the brad sense, critical thinking is fcused, rganized thinking — the ability t see clearly their latinships amng ideas. 1 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventrs have ften taken infrmatin that was readily available and put it tgether differently t prduce new ideas.that, t, is critical thinking.
2 As the class ges n, fr example, yu will prbably spend a gd deal f time rganizing yur speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is clsely cnnected with critical thinking. If the structure f yur speech is lse and cnfused, chances are that yur thinking. If the structure f yur speech is lse and cnfused, chances are that yur thinking is als discvered and cnfused. If, n the ther hand, the structure is clear, there is a gd chance yur thinking is t. Organizing a speech is nt a matter f arranging the ideas yur already have. 3
What is true f rganizatin is true f many aspects f public speaking. 4 As yu wrk n expressing yur ideas in clear, accurate language, yu will Imprve yur ability t think clearly and accurately. 5 As yu learn t listen critically t speeches in class,Yu will be better able t assess the ideas f speakers in a variety f situatins.
If yu take full advantage f yur speech class, yu will be able t develp yur skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is ne reasn public speaking has been regarded as a vital part f educatin since the days f ancient Greece.
A．Rather, it is an imprtant part f shaping the ideas themselves.
B．This may seem like a lt f time, but the rewards are well wrth it.
C．It may als help yu t knw that there is n such thing as a perfect speech.
D．It has ften been said that there are few new ideas in the wrld, nly rerganized ideas.
E．If yu are wndering what this has t d with yur public speaking class, the answer is quite a lt.
F．The skills yu learn in yur speech class can help yu becme a mre effective thinker in a number f ways.
G．As yu study the rle f evidence and reasning in speech making, yu will see hw they can be used in ther frms f cmmunicatin as well.
五
（2023·北京·三模）Hw des it feel when yu slve yur prblem by yurself? Things may nt always g as planned. 1
Being resurceful means finding smart and creative ways t slve a prblem, using whatever resurces yu have at the time. 2 They can als be anything else that’s useful, such as infrmatin, advice r yur wn experience. It als means trusting yur instincts, the ability yu’re brn with, rather than thrugh training and being cnfident abut yur ability t face challenges. A resurceful persn is nt the ne getting crss r panicking when smething ges wrng. They’re thinking abut hw t slve the prblem.
3 When we learn t slve prblems fr urselves rather than immediately ging t thers fr help, it can help t build ur cnfidence, help us feel mre independent, and feel better abut making decisins. Being resurceful may nt help yu avid prblems, but thinking creatively abut hw yu can deal with them will make yu feel less stressed and mre prepared next time. 4 This can bst self-esteem, that is, hw yu feel abut yurself.
When yu’re facing a challenge, try t fcus n the actual prblem rather than hw yu feel abut it. Think abut where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many slutins t the prblem as yu can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t wrked, s yu’re equipped t deal with a situatin next time.
And remember, n ne is expected t slve all prblems by themselves. If yu have a tricky prblem that yu’re unable t slve, then ask a trusted adult fr help.
A．Yu als learn what yu’re gd at.
B．Here is hw yu can be mre resurceful.
C．They can be practical things like pens and paper.
D．Resurcefulness is a skill that’s gd fr yu in lts f ways.
E．These may be famus mtts that always inspire us t mve n.
F．Weigh up what’s gd and bad abut each ne and chse the best.
G．But being resurceful can help yu stay calm and deal with tricky situatins.
六
（2023·北京·三模）In sme ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed dwn thrugh the generatins reliably enugh fr parents and children t cmmunicate with each ther. 1 Fr example, while Japanese has changed relatively little ver a thusand years, English evlved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s furteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impssible t read.
Languages change fr a variety f reasns. Large-scale shifts ften ccur in respnse t scial, ecnmic, and plitical pressures, as there are many examples f language change fueled by invasins, clnizatin, and migratin. 2 Frequently, the needs f speakers drive language change. New technlgies industries, prducts and experiences simply require new wrds. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak als fuels language change because n tw individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Thrugh ur day-t-day interactins, we pick up wrds and savings frm ther peple and integrate them int ur speech. Teens and yung adults, fr example, ften use different wrds and phrases frm their parents. Sme f them spread thrugh the ppulatin and slwly change the language.
4 Vcabulary can change quickly as new wrds are brrwed frm ther languages, r as wrds get cined, cmbined, r shrtened. Sme wrds are even created thrugh misinterpretatin f frm. As nted in the Linguistic Sciety f America’s publicatin Is English Changing?, the wrd pea is ne such example. Up until abut fur hundred years ag, pease culd refer t either a single pea r many peas. At sme pint, peple assumed that pease was the plural frm f a new wrd, pea, based n the way pease sunded. While vcabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the rder f wrds in a sentence changes mre slwly. 5 Fr example, during the Great Vwel Shift five hundred years ag, the prnunciatin f vwels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the prnunciatin f Middle English and Mdern English.
A．Changes in sund are smewhat harder t dcument but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change ver time — at different rates thugh.
C．As lng as peple are using a language, that language will underg sme change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas f language use.
E．The three main areas f language that change ver time are vcabulary, sentence structure, and prnunciatin.
F．Even withut these kinds f influences, a language can change dramatically if enugh users adpt a new way f speaking.
G．The vcabulary and phrases peple use depend n where they live, their age, educatin level, scial status and ther factrs.
七
（2024·北京海淀·二模）Being sensitive means that yu are bservant, careful, and thughtful. It can als mean yu smetimes verinterpret r verreact t perceived criticism r judgment. If yu tend t be a highly sensitive persn, yu are mre likely t misread signals frm thers, sense scial threats, and struggle t adapt t new circumstances. 1
The pwer f insensitivity can be interpreted as “sluggish (迟钝的) pwer” . 2 Fr example, thse wrking n cmplex research prjects with “sluggish pwer” persist with fcus and determinatin in the face f challenges such as tight deadlines and limited resurces. Their resilience facilitates effective prblem-slving, ensuring the successful cmpletin f tasks despite bstacles.
3 That is ne f the imprtant reasns why insensitivity allws a persn t better survive and adapt in a cmpetitive envirnment. Knwing neself is difficult, but knwing neself crrectly is undubtedly an excellent ability — a trait shared by many successful peple, wh all clearly knw where their strengths are, what they can d, what they want, and what directin t g.
Practicing insensitivity invlves several key strategies. Firstly, be assertive. Express ur needs and pinins psitively and with cnfidence. Secndly, adpt a frward-lking mindset. 4 Additinally, detach frm external influences. Avid excessive cncern ver thers’ pinins and speculatin n thers’ thughts. Lastly, manage relatinships. Recgnize ur persnal respnsibilities while respecting thers’ bundaries. Dn’t interfere with ther peple’s subjects and dn’t let thers interfere with urs either.
5 Once yu becme a bit “blunt” and slw dwn the pace, yu will feel mre cmfrtable.
A．Learn t view the prblem as tw parts.
B．That’s where the need t be insensitive cmes frm.
C．I hpe everyne can btain the ability t be insensitive.
D．Behind insensitivity is a strng sense f self-awareness.
E．Being a highly sensitive persn can cme with many challenges.
F．It implies the ability t calmly face the setbacks and firmly mve frward.
G．Fcus n lng-term gals rather than the ups and dwns f life at the mment.
八
（2024·北京东城·二模）Scrates, Galile, Marie Curie, Einstein ... What did these great thinkers have in cmmn? They all practiced deliberate dubt and used it as a tl t imprve their thinking and generate creative ideas.
1 It is abut suspending ur certainty and letting g f ur precnceived (先入为主的) ntins in rder t explre new ideas and perspectives. When we’re certain f smething, we tend t stp lking fr alternative explanatins r pssibilities. 2 Dubt can, f curse, be unsettling, but it can als result in a greater understanding f a subject and inspire fresh thughts and insights.
3 But it desn’t mean we shuld use it all the time. While deliberate dubt can be a valuable tl fr generating creative ideas and explring cmplex prblems, it can als be cunterprductive if it is nt practiced in the right way.
It’s imprtant t keep in mind that deliberate dubt is nt cnstant dubt. If we’re cntinuusly dubting ur wn ideas, we’ll be less likely t pursue them and see them thrugh t cmpletin. 4 We spend s much time dubting everything and end up nt ding anything.
5 We can becme self-critical and unsure f ur abilities, which can undermine ur self-esteem. As a result, we may be t afraid t try new things r take risks.
T avid these traps, it’s imprtant t strike a balance between dubt and certainty, and t use dubt as a tl t stimulate creative thinking and explratin, rather than as a means f undermining urselves r thers.
A．Deliberate dubt can als lead t a lack f cnfidence.
B．But when we dubt, we’re frced t cnsider ther perspectives.
C．In this case, deliberate dubt can prevent us frm making decisins.
D．When practiced all the time, deliberate dubt can lead t a different belief.
E．By turning dubt int a deliberate prcess, we pen urselves t new pssibilities.
F．Deliberate dubt is the practice f actively questining ur beliefs and assumptins.
G．Deliberate dubt can help us t develp a mre pen-minded apprach t the wrld.
九
【2024年北京市延庆区高三一模】D yu want t be a cgnitive superager when yu are ld? Just as yu take steps twards a future-prfing bdy, yu can enhance yur brain’s resilience t age-related disease by bsting cgnitive reserve.
Andrew Smmerlad, an assciate prfessr f psychiatry, discvers the pwer f cgnitive reserve in studies f lder peple wh shw signs f Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症) in their brains. 1 Actually, three years ag, clleagues f Smmerlad had als published findings frm Study f Ageing. They shwed that higher levels f cgnitive reserve are assciated with lwer levels f dementia.
2 The strng cgnitive reserve is helpful t stave ff symptms f brain changes assciated nt just with dementia but with ther brain diseases. It als helps yu t functin better fr lnger when facing unexpected life events as yu get lder.
Hw d yu imprve it? The yunger yu implement things that will blster it, the better. Fr example, yu can d tasks that challenges yur brain ability, like crsswrds, reading, giving imprmptu speech and critical thinking. 3 S, d mind-bdy practices like yga, Tai Chi r meditatin t reduce stress is als imprtant. This can help yu balance the perids f mental demand and relaxatin.
4 ideally, seven t nine hurs is ptimal fr enhancing cgnitive reserve. Start by imprving yur sleep hygiene with steps such as aviding electrnic screens.
Cgnitive reserve is develped thrugh a lifetime f educatin, curisity and persistence. 5
A．Its effects are wide reaching.
B．Additinally, maintain regular sleep patterns.
C．S plan ahead t make sure yu keep cgnitively busy and engaged!
D．There are ways yu can imprve sleep, fr bth yung and ld peple.
E．It suggests that develping a gd cgnitive reserve can be pwerfully prtective.
F．Hwever, thinking t hard fr t lng may wear yu ut, hurting cgnitive reserve.
G．They cpe better with pathlgical (病理上的) changes, the higher their pwers f cgnitive reserve.
十
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】In mst adults, learning and thinking begin t decline as early as age 30. Peple start t perfrm slightly wrse in tests f cgnitive abilities such as the rate at which smene des a mental task. 1
These changes are ften cnsidered nrmal aging. But they may instead represent smething mre like the “summer slide” that sme schlchildren experience in academic prgress during summer break. Recent research suggests that a pause f learning is indeed a prblem causing cgnitive reductin. 2
In a three-mnth interventin, the researchers prvided an encuraging learning envirnment fr 24 lder adults. They tk at least three classes t learn three new skills. They als discussed issues related t learning barriers and mtivatin. Over the curse these participants’ cgnitive scres fr memry and flexibility significantly imprved. In a fllw-up study, the researchers discvered amazingly that they had imprved further: 3 In ther wrds, giving these senirs a multicurse rutine seemed t bring up their abilities t levels similar t thse f cllege students.
The researchers are still investigating why cgnitive scres cntinued t climb after the prgram’s end, but ne pssibility is that the experience encuraged these lder participants t cntinue learning and practicing new skills. Older adults are ften assumed t be n a dwnward slide with unrecverable lss. “Use it r lse it,” the saying ges. 4 Decline, as we s ften see it, may nt be certain. That’s why we need t create enriched learning envirnments fr adults after their frmal educatin and jb training end.
5 Educatrs knw hw t educate children and adlescents, and we can adapt that knwledge t develp learning pprtunities fr adults. Scieties culd als prvide resurces and paths tward lifelng learning t ensure that everyne can benefit. Let’s shift the cnversatin abut adults frm aviding lss and decline t learning and grwing.
A．But this decline can be addressed.
B．The slide becmes sharper in their mid-60s.
C．Interrupted learning may nt nly affect children.
D．The questin nw is hw sciety can maximize adult’s chances t keep learning.
E．Their cgnitive abilities after ne year were clse t thse f adults 50 years yunger.
F．Older adult research tends t emphasize skill learning nly after daily functins start t decline.
G．Hwever, the research suggests they can increase bth skills and cgnitive abilities ver a lng term.
十一
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】The beginning f the Year f the Dragn has freshadwed a “Sng f Ice and Fire” with the emergence f Sra, a text-t-vide AI mdel. Vides generated by Sra display strng cnsistency when it cmes t characters and backgrunds, and supprt cntinuus shts f up t 60 secnds, including highly detailed settings and multiple camera angles. 1
Hwever, film insiders nted that currently, AI-generated 60-secnd vides cannt supprt the creatin f a full-length mvie, and the idea that AI tls will “bmb” the film and televisin industry is s far unfunded. Meanwhile, experts say nt t wrry excessively, as the integratin f AI will help ptimize certain ccupatins, attract mre innvative talents and bring new pssibilities t the film and televisin industry. 2
Frm the age f film stck t the digital age, frm practical effects t digital effects, frm 2D t 3D, Sra, like any technlgical revlutin in the century-lng histry f film, will imprve prductin efficiency, update prductin and may even create new genres and trends in filmmaking. 3 Students learning film prductin can view Sra as a helpful assistant t unleash their sci-fi imaginatin.
Facing the panic signals that AI tls will threaten the glbal film industry, film insiders argued that the fundamental DNA f film is art and that human creativity cannt be replaced. 4 Many directrs, screenwriters, and actrs achieve great wrks by cntinuusly integrating persnal emtins and life experiences. This kind f individual creativity cannt be imitated by machines like Sra.
5 Hwever, just as the inventin f printing did nt replace literature r the inventin f phtgraphy did nt replace painting, Sra and its subsequent updates and upgrades will nt replace film because the cre f these art frms is creativity, which is a unique aspect f human thught.
A．With OpenAI’s iteratin speed, prducing AI vides dzens f minutes lng is nt far ff.
B．It is als likely t be incrprated int film and televisin educatin and training in the future.
C．Film and televisin are clsely linked t technlgical advancements, which stimulate creativity.
D．Sra will undubtedly prmpt changes in existing industrial prductin and may even replace sme jbs.
E．Sra is undubtedly “mre f an pprtunity than a challenge” fr the glbal film and televisin industry.
F．Creativity and film prductin requires the integratin f emtinal experiences and individual memries.
G．This implies that with just a text descriptin, rdinary peple using Sra may be able t becme “great directrs”.
年份
体裁
词数
设题位置
主题语境
话题
段首
段中
段尾
2024
说明文
281+82
1
4
0
人与社会
“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式
2023
说明文
255+83
1
2
2
人与自然
选择高校的建议
2022
说明文
225+81
1
4
0
人与自我
健康和健身
2021
说明文
275+102
2
3
0
人与社会
音乐对身体的好处
2020
说明文
282+84
1
3
1
人与自我
积极思考的各种益处