专题16.第十六章定语从句（初高区别及衔接）--2024年暑假英语初升高衔接之专题突破（牛津译林版）

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初中知识回顾
回顾：定语从句
定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词(that,which,wh,whm,whse)或关系副词(when,where),关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间，起联系的作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
1.通常只能用that的情况
(1)当先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,smething,anything,nthing,everything等时。
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被all,any,every,each,few,little,n,sme,the nly,the very,the last等修饰时。
(3)如果先行词既指人又指物，应用关系代词that。
2.通常只用which的情况
(1)引导非限定性定语从句，用关系代词which指代前面整个句子的内容。
(2)引导非限定性定语从句，而且先行词指物时只能用which,不用that。
(3)如果句中有两个定语从句，如果两个从句都可以用that引导，那么其中一个应改用which引导。
3.wh,whm与whse引导的定语从句
(1)如果先行词是指人的不定代词
anyne,anybdy,everyne,everybdy,smene,smebdy,nbdy,ne,nes,thse,all(指人)等作先行词，作主语用wh,作宾语用whm,不用which.。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中，指人作主语用wh,作宾语用whm,不用which。
(3)在定语从句中，作定语的关系代词只能用whse,它相当于the+名词+f+which/whm;非限制性定语从句中还有“代词/数词+f+which/whm”结构。
4.关系副词where,when与why引导的定语从句
它们相当于“介词+which”,其中where=in/at+which;when=at/in/during+which;why=fr+which。
5.介词+关系代词
当关系代词作介词的宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whm”,且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定；根据先行词的特殊用法而定。
1.It is the same with ur lives. Thse chse t live in peace must help their neighbrs t live in peace.
wh 【解析】设空处所在句含有定语从句,先行词为“Thse”,指代人,故关系代词用“wh”。从后一句“Thse wh chse”也可知答案。
2.“Anyne has heard abut Seattle’s train may think this is kind f fun,”McKaulay said.
wh 【解析】句意:“任何听说过西雅图火车的人可能认为这有点好玩。”McKaulay说道。由句子结构可判断出此处引导定语从句,先行词为anyne,故填关系代词wh。
3.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can prvide a mvie experience peple cannt get at hme.
that/which 【解析】句意:电影院可能会有一个更光明的未来,如果它们能提供给人们一种在家里无法获得的电影经历。本题考查定语从句。当先行词是表示事物的名词时,关系代词用that 或 which。
4.Great changes have taken place in ur city in the past ten years. Everything cmes int sight is s new t me.
that 【解析】句意:在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了巨大的变化。对我来说,出现在我眼前的一切都是那么新。本题考查定语从句。由先行词Everything可知关系代词只能使用that。
5.—Why dn’t yu like fishing?
—Fishing is a hbby needs much patience,but I’m nt patient at all.
that/which 【解析】句意:——你为什么不喜欢钓鱼?——钓鱼是一项需要许多耐心的爱好,但是我一点耐心都没有。本题考查定语从句。先行词hbby(爱好)指事物,关系代词应用that或which。
6.Running Man is a very relaxing TV prgram is ht amng the yung peple.
that/which 【解析】句意:《奔跑吧兄弟》是一个十分令人放松而且在年轻人中很受欢迎的电视节目。本题考查定语从句。由先行词prgram可知关系代词应用that/which。
高中定语从句
一. 定义
定语从句：在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句。
先行词：被修饰的名词或代词。
结构：名词/代词（先行词）+关系代词/副词+定语从句
起着连接主从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用
关系代词引导的定语从句
wh/that：Is he the man wh/that wants t see yu?
(在从句中作主语和宾语)
先行词为是人的名词或代词 whm：He is the man whm/wh/ that I saw yesterday.
(在从句中作宾语)
whse：They rushed ver t help the man whse car had brken dwn.
(在从句中作定语)
which/that: A prsperity which / that had never been seen befre appears
先行词是事物的名词或代词 (在从句中作主语和宾语)in the cuntryside.
The package （which / that）yu are carrying is abut t fall dwn.
whse: Please pass me the bk whse （f which the）cver is green.
(在从句中作定语)
考点一 考查关系代词引导的定语从句
1. A persn ________ e-mail accunt is full wn’t be able t send r receive any e-mails. (天津卷)
A. wh B. whm C. whse D. whever
2. Many children, ________ parents are away wrking in big cities, are taken gd care f in the village. (安徽卷)
A. their B. whse C. f them D. with whm
3. My friend shwed me rund the twn, ________ was very kind f him. (全国Ⅱ)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
4. Whenever I met her, ________ was fairly ften, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (山东卷)
A. wh B. which C. when D. that
1C。【解析】在所给的四个关系代词中，只有whse能用于名词用作定语，故选C。又如：A bkseller is a persn whse jb is selling bks. 书商就是其职业是卖书的人。
2B。【解析】their是物主代词，不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，所以不能选;在其余三个选 项中，只有whse能用于名词用作定语，故选B。句意为：许多孩子的父母外出到大城市打工去了，他们在 家乡被照顾得很好。
3A。【解析】由于两个句子之间没有并列连词，所以不能选B或D;而where是关系副词，不能用作 主语;which在此引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中用作主语。又如：Peter drve t fast, which was dangerus. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。
4B。【解析】that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故可排除;when是关系副词，不用作主语，故 也可排除;wh用于指人，但这里的定语从句不是修饰her，而是修饰whenever I met her，故不能用wh， 此处应用which。又如：He said that he had never seen her befre, which was nt true. 他说他从 没见到过她，这是不真实的。
关系副词引导的定语从句
when: There are ccasins when （n which）ne must yield.
(介词+ which)
先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词 where: Beijing is the place where（in which）I was brn.
(关系副词在从句中作状语)
why: Is this the reasn why （fr which） he refused ur ffer?
1 This is the muntain village where I stayed last year.
2. This is the muntain village （which）I visited last year.
3. I’ll never frget the days when I wrked tgether with yu.
4. I'll never frget the days （which）I spent in the cuntryside.
四.判断关系代词与关系副词
1.用关系代词，还是关系副词完全
取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词
后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；
而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
1. This museum is ___ yu visited a few days ag.
2. This is the museum ___ the exhibitin was held.
A. where B. that C. n which D. the ne
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（wh, whm, that, which, whse）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）
2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确
选择出关系代词/关系副词。
考点一 考查关系副词引导的定语从句
1. Mzart’s birthplace and the huse ________ he cmpsed “The Magic Flute” are bth museums nw. (上海卷)
A. where B. when C. there D. which
2. It’s helpful t put children in a situatin ________ they can see themselves differently. (福建卷)
A. that B. when C. which D. where
3. Life is like a lng race ________ we cmpete with thers t g beynd urselves. (重庆卷)
A. why B. what C. that D. where
4. She’ll never frget her stay there, ________ she fund her sn wh had gne missing tw years befre. (四川卷)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
5. Because f the financial crisis, days are gne ________ lcal 5-star htels charged 6,000 yuan fr ne night.
A. if B. when C. which D. since
1A。【解析】由于定语从句he cmpsed “The Magic Flute”的主语和宾语是完整的 ，所以不能选D；when指时间，不用于修饰表地点的先行词the huse，故也不能选;而there不是关系词， 不能引导定语从句。
2D。【解析】由于定语从句they can see themselves differently的主语和宾语是完整的，所以不能选A和C；when指时间，不用于修饰表地点的先行词a situatin，故也不能选。
3D。【解析】由于定语从句we cmpete with thers t g beynd urselves的句子结构是完整 的，不缺主语或宾语，所以不能选C； why引导定语从句，其先行词只能是the reasn，而不用于其他场合 ，故不能选;what不是关系词，不能用于引导定语从句，故也可排除;where在此引导定语从句，修饰名词 race，相当于in which。句意为：人生就像一场长途赛跑，在赛跑中我们为了超越自我而与别人竞争。
4D。【解析】that不用于引导非限制性定语从句，故被排除;which引导定语从句必须在定语从句 中充当主语或宾语，与本题的句子结构不符，故也被排除;where引导定语从句时，其前先行词只能是表示 地点的名词，而本题的先行词her stay there(她待在那儿期间)不是表地点，而是表时间，故C也可排除; 关系副词when在此引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词her stay。句意为：她永远不会忘记她待在那儿的 那段时间，在此其间她找到了她两年前失踪的孩子。
5B。【解析】when在此用于引导定语从句，修饰名词days。此题的难点是先行词days与关系副词 when之间被are gne，容易误解句子结构。句意为：由于金融危机，当地五星级宾馆每晚收费6,000元的 日子已经过去了。
五．关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：
（错）The tree, that is fur hundred years ld, is very famus here.
b） 介词后不能用。例如：
We depend n the land frm which we get ur fd. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend n the land that/which we get ur fd frm.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b）在不定代词，如：anything, nthing, the ne, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
Is there anything that I can d fr yu?
All that is needed is a supply f il. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stlen t the plice. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察
c）先行词有the nly, the very修饰时，只用that。
My necklace is nt the nly thing that is missing.
d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
That is ne f the mst interesting bks that are sld in the bkshp.
The first thing that we shuld d is t get sme fd.
e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
The writer and his nvel that yu have just talked abut are really well knwn.
六．定语从句中只用which而不用that情况
①当关系代词前有介词时：
This is the huse f which the windws face suth.
②引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。
Tm came back, which made us happy.
His dg, which was very ld, became ill.
③先行词是that, thse且指物时，关系词用which。
What's that which was bright in the car?
④一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。
Let me shw yu the nvel that I brrwed frm the library which was newly pen t us.
随堂练习
一.单句填空
1.In 1984,Dr. Mary Grda-Lewis, was thirty-five years ld then, graduated with hnrs and realized her dream.
【答案】wh
2.He said, “ added a small mustache, wuld add age withut hiding my expressin.”
【答案】which
3.The act, frbids trading, was passed in 1448 and is still in frce.
【答案】which
4.Our ffice wasn’t far frm Chinatwn, I fund sme very gd Chinese restaurants.
【答案】where
5.As mre and mre peple wn private cars, parking has becme a big headache fr many car wners, especially fr thse live in dwntwn areas withut enugh parking spaces.
【答案】wh
6.Nw millins f fans are eagerly awaiting its eighth and final seasn, starts n April 14.
【答案】which
7.After living in Australia fr many years,Luise finally returned t the cuntry she was brn.
【答案】where
8.There are perhaps 40 millin cmpetitive table tennis players and many rdinary peple play less seriusly.
【答案】wh
9.He was a great scientist and an extrardinary man wrk and legacy will live n fr many years.
【答案】whse
10.That is an Oxfrd cllege, famus graduates include the late Benazir Bhutt.
【答案】whse
11.But it’s nt like many ther cuntries there seems t be tensin amng the different cultures.
【答案】where
12.Then, a fire, brke ut in 1969 n Cleveland’s Cuyahga River, shed light n the prblem f chemical pllutin in water.
【答案】which
13.Pupils, usually cme frm the fifth r sixth grade, are divided int different teams and try t write dwn every wrd accrding t its prnunciatin.
【答案】wh
14.I am already lking frward t their next visit I can shw them mre f what Seville ffers.
【答案】when
二.单句改错
15.It will be ten mnths befre I attend the Cllege Entrance Examinatin, that makes me wrried.
【答案】that→which
16.I have an American friend, Marianne,she lives alne but has a pet dg, Sparky.
【答案】she→wh
17.In the year 2013 which I was 15, I jined an exchange student prgram.
【答案】which→when
18.It’s a black square suitcase, what is just as big as a schlbag.
【答案】what→which
19.When I was 12, I met Mary. She came t China with her parents, whm taught English in a university.
【答案】whm→wh
三
There was a time 1 I was tired f learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reasn 2 my father frced me t jin in a 30-day training in an English club befre I went t senir high schl.When I first came t the club, 3 I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.S I packed up my things and wanted t g hme.Frtunately,my guide, 4 teacher was Yu Minhng,cmmunicated with me face t face,frm 5 I gained sme useful instructins.He als intrduced a gd partner t me,and we gt alng well with each ther.Gradually I adapted t the life there.Every day I wuld talk t ther teenagers and set dwn a series f activities 6 we did.I shuld be grateful t my father and the guide, 7 encuraged me t fall in lve with English.Nw I feel it interesting t learn English,int 8 I put my entire energy.Every day I read my wrds and passages alud.In class I jin in English discussins.Befre I g t sleep,I recall the passages,thrugh 9 I can memrize a large number f new wrds. 10 ur English teacher says,“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance,yu will master English sner r later.”
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
【答案】
四
Xiamen, 1 (lie) in Fujian Prvince, is a famus castal city. As far as I'm cncerned, Xiamen is very clean and pretty. In that city, we can enjy the clear sky, the beautiful sea, 2 green trpical plants. 3 Xiamen is in the sutheast f China and clse t the sea, it's neither t cld in winter nr t ht in summer. The best seasns t g t Xiamen are bth spring and summer. Besides, 4 are sme famus turist sites in Xiamen. And the mst beautiful scenic spt is Gulangyu Island. We can visit freign buildings, nice gardens, beautiful parks, and traditinal museums there. 5 we are in Xiamen, 6 we can't miss is t g t Gulangyu Island, 7 we wn't have a gd time.
Hwever, in recent years, Xiamen has becme a lt mre mdern 8 it used t be. Nwadays, mre and mre skyscrapers and shpping malls have been built, 9 makes Xiamen a wnderful city fr sightseeing and shpping. S I 10 (eager) wish t spend my summer hliday there next time.
Next year if I have enugh time and mney, I plan t have a nice sightseeing tur in Xiamen with my clse friends. I hpe we can spend the happiest time tgether there.
【答案】1.lying 2.and 3.As/Because 4.there 5.Once/If 6.what 7.r 8.than 9.which 10.eagerly
五
One mnth befre, with the Cllege Entrance Examinatin arund the crner, I was nervus but in lw spirits because f my perfrmance was pr. I was at a lss and n the pint f giving up while my head teacher cmfrted me and discussed with me the reasns where I failed in the exam. Mre unfrgettably, he managed t help with my study and als inspired me. Determined t live t expectatins f my teachers r parents, I devted myself t slve all the prblems in my study and then made prgress. I'm mre than grateful fr that he has dne fr me, frm whm I've gt t knw it is never t late t get back when there is still hpe.
【答案】
One mnth befreag❶, with the Cllege Entrance Examinatin arund the crner, I was nervus butand❷ in lw spirits because
❸ my perfrmance was pr.I was at a lss and n the pint f giving up whilewhen❹ my head teacher cmfrted me and discussed with me the reasns wherewhy❺ I failed in the exam. Mre unfrgettably, he managed t help with my study and als inspired me. Determined t live ∧up❻ t expectatins f my teachers rand❼ parents, I devted myself t slveslving❽ all the prblems in my study and then made prgress. I'm mre than grateful fr thatwhat❾he has dne fr me, frm whmwhich❿ I've gt t knw it is never t late t get back when there is still hpe.
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