专题15.第十五章名词性从句（初高区别及衔接）--2024年暑假英语初升高衔接之专题突破（牛津译林版）

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初中阶段的从句学习中，我们掌握了名词性从句中的宾语从句用法。
回顾：宾语从句
1.宾语从句中的连接词
连词：that(that常可省略)，whether,if等。
代词：wh,whse,what,which等。
副词：when,where,hw,why等。
2.语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序。
3.宾语从句的时态
(1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。
(2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用相应的过去时态，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。
(3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句 asked Tm,“Where have yu been?”(改为间接引语)
Mr.Lee asked Tm where he had been .
2.The teacher tld us,“Light travels much faster than sund.”(改为间接引语)
The teacher tld us light travels much faster than sund.
3.We haven’t decided if we will g t Hainan Island fr a hliday.(改为同义句)
We haven’t decided whether t g t Hainan Island fr a hliday.
4.I think Daniel’s finished his hmewrk.(改为否定句)
I dn’t think Daniel has finished his hmewrk.
5.He seems t have learnt abut the bad news.(改为同义句)
It seems that he has learnt abut the bad news.
6.Wh is the man?Culd yu tell me?(合并为一个句子并且不改变意思)
Culd yu tell me wh the man is ?
高中知识衔接
高中阶段，从句的学习更为复杂化，我们除了接触到定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句的特殊情况，还要学习主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等一系列的从句。
知识一：主语从句的用法
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫作主语从句。
1.主语从句的引导词
主语从句通常由连词that或whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what引导。
(1)that引导
That he is still alive is a miracle.他还活着，真是奇迹。
(2)whether引导
Whether we will g t Beijing tmrrw remains unknwn.我们明天是否要去北京还不知道。
(3)连接代词引导
Whichever yu want is yurs.你要哪个，哪个就是你的。
(4)连接副词引导
Hw this happened is nt clear t anyne.这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
(5)关系代词what引导
What's dne is dne.事已成定局。
注意：由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语均为单数第三人称形式或过去式。
2.主语从句与形式主语it
为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语计放在句首位置，将真正的主语搁置于句末。
拓展
连词that的省略问题
引导主语从句的连词that有时可省略，有时不能省略，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that可以省略。如：
That yu didn't pass the exam was a pity、很遗憾你没通过考试。(that不可省)It was a pity(that)yu didn't pass the exam.很遗憾你没通过考试。t(hat可省)
经典例题
1. sme peple regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many thers.
A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.Hw
【分析】句意为：一些人眼中的缺点是别人眼中的优点。从句中缺宾语，只能用what来引导。C中的that引导主语从句时不作成分。
【解答】答案为B。
【归纳】that和what引导主语从句的区别是that不充当句子的成分，而what要充当主语或者宾语。
【引申】 Barbara Jnes ffers t her fans is hnesty and happiness.
A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whm
【解答】答案为B。
2.It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring abut,althugh abut tw thusand patients have taken it.
A.thatB.whatC.hwD.whether
【分析】句意为：尽管大约有两千名病人服用过这种药物，但是，它会带来什么样的副作用还不确定。side effect意思是“副作用”，还原主语从句中的主干：the medicine will bring abut side effect。故选择what“什么样的”，起修饰作用。
【解答】答案为B。
【归纳】解答主语从句时，如果拿不准选项，可以通过套入法一个一个地来试，套入后，从句意思和句子结构以及逻辑上面都讲得通的，才是正确答案。
【引申】It desn't matter yu pay by cash r credit card in this stre.
A.hwB.whetherC.whatD.why
【解答】答案为B。
知识二：表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be,lk,remain,seem,sund,appear等。
1.表语从句的引导词
引导表语从句的关联词如下：
连词 that,whether,because,just as,as if,as thugh等
连接代词wh,whever,whm,whse,what,whatever,which等
连接副词where,hw,when,why等
关系代词what,whatever等
(1)从属连词whether,as,as if/thugh
The questin remains whether they will be able t help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。
注意：在表语从句中，表示“是否”只能用whether.不能用if。在名词性从句中，if只能用在宾语从句中。如：
The questin is whether we can make gd preparatin in such a shrt time.问题是在如此短的时间内，我们能否做好准备。
说明
what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reasn作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。如：
The reasn why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.我难过的原因是他不理解我。
与because同义的since,as,fr等也不用于引导表语从句。
(2)连接代词：what,which,wh,whm,whse,whever,whatever,whichever等。如：
China is n lnger what she used t be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
连接副词：when,where,hw,why等。如：
The prblem is where we can find her.问题是我们在哪儿能找到她呢。
(3)从属连词that
The fact is that we have lst the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
注意：山at在表语从句中只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义，但不能省略。如：
The reasn is that he missed the early bus.原因是他错过了早班车。
2.使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“shuld+动词原形”表示，shuld可省略。常见的词有：rder,idea,advice,suggestin,prpsal,plan等。如：
My suggestin is that we shuld finish it tday.我的建议是我们今天就把它做完。
3.连接代词和连接副词引导表语从句时的特点
连接代词在表语从句中除了起连接作用外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。连接副词除了起连接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。
连接代词、连接副词在引导表语从句时，前面没有先行词，且保留疑问意义。这一点是与宾语从句需区别的一点。如：
Fame and persnal gain is what they're after.他们追求的是名利。
注意：所有的连接代词和连接副词在表语从句中都不能省略。
4.表语从句的语序和时态
表语从句的语序用陈述语序，且表语从句的时态不受主句的限制。如：
The scissrs are nt what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。
5.reasn在表语从句中的引导词
reasn后的表语从句用that引导，定语从句用why或that引导。如：
The reasn why they were late is that they missed the bus,他们迟到是因为错过了汽车。
(why引导定语从句，that引导的是表语从句)
6.That is why.…句型
“That is why.…”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此…”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结。如：
That is why I came.这就是我来的原因。
下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why.…”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：
(1)“That is why.…”与“That is the reasn why.…”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reasn why.…”中why引导的是一个定语从句，将其中的the reasn去掉则与“That is why”结构一样，如：
That is(the reasn)why I cannt agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2)“That is because.…”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because.”与“That is why.…”之间的不同在于“That is because.…”指原因或理由，“That is why..”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，如：
He did nt see the film last night.That is because he had t help his little sister with her hmewrk.昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)
经典例题
-I prefer shutting myself in and listening t music all day n Sundays.
-That's I dn't agree.Yu shuld have a mre active life.
A.whereB.hwC.whenD.what
【分析】画横线处的句子的意思为：这就是我不同意的地方。agree是不及物动词，D项应排除。而B和C又明显不符合问句的意思，所以用where作表语从句。
【解答】答案为A。
【归纳】做题时，需要识别动词为不及物动词还是及物动词。
【引申】
1.I am afraid he's mre f a talker than a der,which is he never finishes anything.
A.thatB.whenC.whereD.why
【解答】答案为D。
【引申】
2.-I drve t Zhuhai fr the air shw last week.
-Is that yu had a few days ff?
A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where
【解答】答案为A。
知识三：同位语从句
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词（短语）的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词（短语）加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于二个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
1.同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等(1)由hat引导
They were wrried ver the fact that yu were sick.他们为你生病发愁。
注意：引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略。
(2)由whether引导
There is sme dubt whether he has finished it.他是否已经完成还不一定。
注意：whether可引导同位语从句，但f不能引导同位语从句。
(3)由连接代词引导
The questin wh will take his place is still nt clear.谁将代替他还不清楚。
(4)由连接副词引导
Have yu any idea why they are absent'?你知道他们为什么缺席吗？
经典例题
I made a prmise t myself this year,my first year in high schl,wuld be different.
A.whetherB.whatC.thatD.hw
【分析】句意为：我向我自己保证——今年，也就是我在中学的第一年，将会有所不同。
因为画线后的句子并不缺少主要成分，因此B可以排除。A和D项与prmise相冲突，应排除。因此应选C,that引导同位语从句，作prmise的同位语。本题考查的是间隔式同位语从句的用法。
【解答】答案为C。
【归纳】prmise一词后面经常跟同位语从句，遇到该词，可以首先考虑该用法，然后结合语境进行确认。
【引申】
1.When the news came the war brke ut,he decided,t serve in the army.
A.sinceB.whichC.thatD.because
【解答】答案为C。
【引申】
2.-Is there any pssibility yu culd pick me up at the airprt?
—N prblem.
A.WhenB.thatC.whetherD.what
【解答】答案为B。
随堂练习
一
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The impact and ultimate result depend n yu d with the difficulties that yu have.
【答案】 what
2.The ideal nap depends n yu want frm that nap.
【答案】 what
3.In Martin’s wrld, we are nt sure the gd will win in the end r nt.
【答案】whether
4.It is pssible caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, t.
【答案】that
5.It’s true TCM is ne f the ldest healing systems n the planet.
【答案】that
6.The rise in sales f translated fictin shws hungry s many British readers are fr terrific writing frm ther cuntries.
【答案】hw
7.Darwin wndered a great deal abut he saw.
【答案】what
8.It’s time t start by reading alud t might like it.
【答案】whever
9.Actually, children learn vilent behavir frm adults r frm they see n televisin r n the Internet.
【答案】what
10.D yu knw a stry gets int the newspaper?Here is an example.
【答案】hw
11.Many peple say they are impressed by hw interesting the shw is and they can’t stp laughing when they watch it.
【答案】that
12.Sme peple tld stries abut ld times, and thers wrte dwn they remembered.
【答案】what
13.After seemed t be a hundred years, I fund my audience applauding—I made it!
【答案】what
14.Statistics shw ver 200 billin yuan is spent every year n fd that ends up in the garbage.
【答案】that
Ⅱ.单句改错
15.It’s a gd thing which the ride lasted fr nly 15 minutes. N mre air rides fr me, I swear!
【答案】which→that
16.While it was still necessary fr my parents t supprt me ecnmically and mentally at that time, I was ld enugh t think and decide by myself which I shuld d.
【答案】which→what
17.It reminds us that it was the struggles and sacrifices f ur frefathers that saved China, s we teenagers must cherish the fruits f the victry, treasure that we wn nw and preserve natinal pride.
【答案】第三个that→what
18.After living at schl, I fund it helped me save time and learn what t get n with thers.
【答案】what→hw
二
It was reprted 1 there was an accident at the crner f Rman Street this mrning.N ne saw 2 n earth happened then.A car ran int a truck but frtunately,nbdy gt injured. 3 is respnsible fr the accident is still under investigatin.The plice are uncertain abut 4 the driver is guilty. 5 the plice shuld d nw is 6 they must find ut what led t the accident.They said it was difficult fr them t judge because 7 the accident happened was nt clear.Perhaps the reasn was 8 the driver was t tired t stp the car in time.The driver didn’t admit the fact 9 he was driving t fast at the turning.The plice dubted 10 what he said was true and decided t make a further investigatin.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
【答案】
三
It was a ht summer day 1 fund me running dwn the street with a dllar in my sweaty hand. The 2 (clse)I gt t Sam & Je's Statinery Stre, the mre excited I was. After all, a dllar was a tidy sum fr an 11-year-ld by in 1961.
Out f breath, I swung pen the dr and gt a blast f cld air 3 instantly cled me ff. I was in a place f pure 4 (happy). I went directly t the bar and rdered a bttle f sda.There I sat, cnsidering my next mve.
Bks always came first. I picked ut five titles. Next came the candy, rws and rws f it.I chse five candy bars, 5 brught my ttal t 25 cents.
I hurried 6 (direct)t my backyard, 7 an apple tree patiently waited fr me. There, sitting in the shade against its strng trunk, I read my bks and ate my candy.
As I sat in my wn 8 (persn)heaven,I started t think abut having mre. That's 9 a fantastic life-changing idea ppped int my head: 10 I culd get mre mney, I culd buy anything I wanted. That's hw it all started.
【答案】1.that 2.clser 3.that/which 4.happiness 5.which 6.directly 7.where 8.persnal
9.when 10.If
四
Catherine and Mike are students f Etn Schl. They all wrk hard and have different learning methds. Catherine listens t her teachers careful and tries t catch everything what the teachers say. She spends less time ding her hmewrk. It is certain she can g t bed earlier and she always keeps energetic during the day. Hwever, Mike had a different way f learning. He likes t stay up late at the night, because he ften feels sleepy in class. Thus, he misses lts f key pints and it usually takes him mre time t finish his hmewrk, that makes it difficult fr him t cncentrate n that he is ding. I prefer Catherine's learning methd.
【答案】
Catherine and Mike are students f Etn Schl. They allbth❶ wrk hard andbut❷ have different learning methds. Catherine listens t her teachers carefulcarefully❸ and tries t catch everything whatthat❹ the teachers say. She spends less time ding her hmewrk. It is certain ∧that❺ she can g t bed earlier and she always keeps energetic during the day. Hwever, Mike hadhas❻ a different way f learning. He likes t stay up late at
❼ night, becauses❽ he ften feels sleepy in class. Thus, he misses lts f key pints and it usually takes him mre time t finish his hmewrk, thatwhich❾ makes it difficult fr him t cncentrate n thatwhat❿ he is ding. I prefer Catherine's learning methd.
the