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上海高考英语概要写作专项训练
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这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins，概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Different people may find that different learning methods work best for them. While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups. In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them.
“Two heads are better than one.” That’s the simple idea behind study groups. By participating in a study group, students can benefit from some of their best academic resources: other students. They get to pick each other’s brains and improve their own understanding of different problems. Moreover, study groups can create the slightly tense atmosphere in which it's good to study. For example, some students tend to procrastinate (拖延) when they are studying by themselves: however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus have motivation for working harder.
Study groups work best when they are small, but not too small-four to five participants is about right. And it’s necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review the week’s lecture notes. Besides, socializing in the group would make studying more fun as long as it took up only a small portion of group study time.
In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted. Besides an organizer, who gets group members to agree to a common purpose and a convenient time and place, there often is a group member playing the role of a source-seeker, whose duty is to remind group members to identify their sources. For instance, when a group member says “I read somewhere that...,” the source-seeker should ask for specifics. This person reminds the group that it’s important to know who said what and where it was said. And a gatekeeper, who tries to make sure that all group members are participating, may ask a direct question to help a shy person participate, or find a way to get a dominating member to listen.
2．概要写作
These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
Green building means “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U. S. Green Building Council in Washington, D．C． said. According to Holowka, building account for 65 percent of total U. S. electricity use.
But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.
Marty Dettling is the project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country’s first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.”
The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. “On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the sun’s energy into electricity,” Dettling explained. The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
British scientist Isaac Newton(1643-1727) once said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” And this year’s Nobel Prize in chemistry may have best explained these words.
This year’s prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the prize for creating the world’s smallest machines.
How small? Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules. Instead of measuring in meters or centimeters, they measure in nanometers—one billionth of a meter-much thinner than a human hair.
But this was achieved neither overnight, nor alone.
Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain. The work is so hard and delicate that the Guardian describes it as like “building a Lego castle in the dark with boxing gloves”.
If what Sauvage had done was building the body of a car, what Stoddart managed to do 10 years later in 1991 was adding wheels to the car. Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which meant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.
And just like a car, the molecular machine needs a motor to run. So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.
But what is the use of a machine so small that we can’t even see it? According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.
“There are endless opportunities,” Feringa told Reuters. “Think of a tiny micro-robot that a doctor in the future will inject into your blood and it will go to search for a cancer cell or deliver a drug, for instance.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.
One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother’s cries.
She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How Mass Automation Affects Climate Change
The fourth industrial revolution, or "industry 4.0," is happening now. Highly automated, intelligent systems promise to transform our lives. What will this mean for climate change? The answer is complicated. These innovations have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But without proper consideration, mass automation could be bad news.
To consider what it might mean for our environment, I want to look at two sectors where human work has already been largely replaced by machinery: car manufacturing and agriculture.
Today, car manufacturing is nearly fully automated, with human teams replaced by robotic workers. Robots and other technologies of industry 4.0 enable more efficient energy management in factories. As with cars, developments in mechanization have allowed more food to be produced with less labor. Robots are already replacing human labor across a range of agricultural tasks from watering to pest control or harvesting.
These developments might suggest that these tech developments will reduce emissions and help the environment. After all, robots can build cars and grow food more efficiently than humans, right? Although there has been a significant improvement in energy efficiency, there has not been an absolute reduction in environmental impact. In fact, overall environmental impact is generally increasing.
Take cars for example. The savings in efficiency have meant more people can afford to buy new vehicles. As a result, the number of cars on the roads are increasing along with overall emissions. Similarly, automated processes have meant more food can be produced more efficiently. However, cheaper food and increasing average wealth are increasing consumption of high impact foods such as red meat. This is likely to have significant consequences for climate change.
So, yes, increasing automation and smart technologies do promise great changes to society, with the potential to free human populations from repetitive, unexciting work. If managed carefully, this technological revolution has the potential to provide significant environmental benefit. But that is a big if. We need to manage our consumption, even as the latest technological revolution races ahead of us.
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖症) has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than l.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese.
The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.
Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer, sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disturbed by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his seat.
Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧视的), but some argue that this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do, with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through. In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with a carry-on isn’t charged anything extra.
However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing the treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”
Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a ‘one-person, one-fare’ ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are ‘clinically obese’ and who cannot fit into a single seat.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Power of iPhone
Though Apple released data last week indicating iPhone sales may, at last, be slowing, one CEO recently explained why he thinks the smartphone has overturned our expectations of basically everything.
Harry West is the CEO of the global design and strategy firm Frog, which works with its clients “to anticipate the future”. In a conversation with The Huffington Post at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, West credited Apple with transforming the way companies approach consumers and their own employees.
“Way back in the day,” West said, companies marketed their products as “military spec” and “industrial” to take advantage of the impression that these seemingly specialized products were of higher quality than consumer versions. In the 70s, 80s and 90s, this slowly gave way to the rise of “professional” products adapted to businesses and business people.
“That all changed after the coming of the iPhone in 2007,” he said. “Consumers began to use this amazing digital interface, and they liked it. They used it in their personal life and at home, and when they went back to work, they encountered this terrible ‘professional’ or ‘industrial’, or ‘enterprise’ product, and they realized how old-fashioned and inconvenient it was. They demanded change.”
That massive shift foreshadowed the downfall of BlackBerry and the weakening of the power of it departments — and it also forced companies to update the work experience of their employees, according to West.
“Companies need to hire millennials, and millennials refuse to work in these outdated, backward systems,” he said. “Not only is it uncomfortable, but it also indicates something wrong about the company. If your work experience is that old-fashioned, then what else is wrong in the company?”
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8．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Hitting the right button
It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
Many boys seem to have a natural liking for computers, but it can often be hard to leave the screen and concentrate on the work the teacher wants them to do.
As computers are becoming more and more important in the world of education today, it is natural to assume that computers can help greatly with boys who do not do too well at school and need to raise their general educational standards. Many boys appear to be more confident than girls in using it, and they need to use computers more frequently, especially at home.
Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles. The issue of unintelligible handwriting is no longer a problem, either, as the neatness and presentation standards rise when boys use a computer to print out their work.
Many boys welcome the “hands on” approach of computer. However, researchers and teachers need to be careful that boys don’t just “cut and paste” things that they have found on the internet, but haven’t read, and hand it in as a completed assignment. Some boys overestimate how good they are and think they can do things without any effort. They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at. They may not plan or think carefully about their work, or they may try to finish their work quickly. This tendency is not going to be completely cured by using computers. One way to get boys to concentrate properly on the work they have been asked to do may be to encourage them to use their computers at home. However, they also need to be set tasks that are interesting and relevant to them.
As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
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9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hardworking Brains
It's late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You're done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre(奇怪的)imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there's some truth to the popular notion that we're "getting" a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.
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10．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freeman. I can tell you that what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about the topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel more important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging.
Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
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1．Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder. Besides the small size, the same goal and not-too-long socializing could help study groups work best. If the members are assigned different roles, it will result in promoting the efficiency.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了许多大学鼓励学生利用学习小组获得更好的成绩，在学习小组中，学生不仅可以获得最好的学术资源，还可以激励彼此更加努力地学习。除了规模小之外，相同的目标和不太长的社交活动也能帮助学习小组发挥最佳效果。如果研究小组中的成员被分配不同的角色，这将提高效率。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups.
②In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them.
③By participating in a study group, students can benefit from some of their best academic resources: other students.
④however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus have motivation for working harder.
⑤Study groups work best when they are small, but not too small-four to five participants is about right.
⑥And it’s necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review the week’s lecture notes.
⑦Besides, socializing in the group would make studying more fun as long as it took up only a small portion of group study time.
⑧In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted.
2.缜密构思将第1、2、3、4四个要点进行重组，将第5、6、7三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder.
Besides the small size, the same goal and not-too-long socializing could help study groups work best.
If you have no enough time or enough money to go, chat online with those people who are familiar with the college.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder. (where引导非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] If the members are assigned different roles, it will result in promoting the efficiency. (If引导条件状语从句)
2．①Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings. ②They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well. ③For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. ④Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，环境友好型结构被称为绿色建筑。 它们可以大幅度地减少能源和水的使用，从而减少污染并避免破坏森林。 例如，绿色建筑Solaire通过使用太阳能和回用水，在一定程度上大大减少了能源和水的使用。虽然不是所有人都喜欢绿色建筑，但预计在不久的将来它会流行起来。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
②But green building can reduce energy and water use. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.
③According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.”. The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
④Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings, which can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well. For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.
【点睛】[高分句型1]They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中运用了动名词作宾语。
[高分句型2]Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.用although引导让步状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Three scientists shared this year’s Nobel Prize for Chemistry because of the creation of molecule machines. They played different parts. Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain. Stoddart from Britain made the ring of atoms move around an axle. Feringa from Netherlands used electricity to power it. The machine will be applied in different fields.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，三位科学家因为发明了分子机器而分享了今年的诺贝尔化学奖。他们扮演不同的角色。法国人沙维奇将两个环状分子连接起来形成一条链。英国的斯托达特使原子环绕轴运动。来自荷兰的费林加用电力为它提供动力。这种机器将被应用于不同的领域。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This year’s prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the prize for creating the world’s smallest machines. Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules.
②Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain.
③Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which meant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.
④So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.
⑤According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Three scientists shared this year’s Nobel Prize for Chemistry because of the creation of molecule machines. They played different parts.
Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain.
Stoddart from Britain made the ring of atoms move around an axle.
Feringa from Netherlands used electricity to power it.
The machine will be applied in different fields.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain.运用不定式作目的状语对原文第五段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] The machine will be applied in different fields.运用了一般将来时的被动语态，对倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next time he wanted to hide in a mailbox.
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述一群孩子在玩捉迷藏的游戏。保罗发现了一个没有关上的邮箱，于是，他藏了进去并把自己锁进里面了。他是如此的害怕以至于哭的很厉害。他的姐姐娜塔莉在听到他的哭声后马上叫来了邮递员并打开了邮箱门。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.
②One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner.
③Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open.
④Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying.
⑤It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother’s cries.
⑥She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door.
⑦The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!
2.缜密构思
将第1和2两个要点，3和4两个要点，5和6两个要点分别进行整合，将第7个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon.
Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally.
His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door.
After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next time he wanted to hide in a mailbox.
【点睛】【高分句型1】My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.运用一个宾语从句描述了这个故事的背景。其中that引导的宾语从句表达高级。
【高分句型2】Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. 运用一个结果状语从句描述了这个故事的起因。其中so…that引导的结果状语从句表达高级。
【高分句型3】She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. 运用一个定语从句描述了姐姐去救弟弟的过程。其中who引导的定语从句表达高级。
【高分句型4】He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! 运用一个复杂的主从复合句描述了这个故事的结果。其中that引导的宾语从句和the next time引导的时间状语从句表达高级。
5．Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment. Take car manufacturing and agriculture for example. Robots makes it more energy-efficient to produce cars and food. However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate. Thus, we should limit our consumption.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，技术发展带来的大规模自动化对环境产生了复杂的影响。以汽车制造业和农业为例。机器人使得生产汽车和食品更加节能。然而，随着价格的下降，人们可能会购买更多的汽车，消费更多的食物，这可能会使气候恶化。因此，我们应该限制我们的消费。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Highly automated, intelligent systems promise to transform our lives. What will this mean for climate change? The answer is complicated.
②To consider what it might mean for our environment, I want to look at two sectors where human work has already been largely replaced by machinery: car manufacturing and agriculture.
③Today, car manufacturing is nearly fully automated, with human teams replaced by robotic workers. After all, robots can build cars and grow food more efficiently than humans, right?
④The savings in efficiency have meant more people can afford to buy new vehicles.
Similarly, automated processes have meant more food can be produced more efficiently. However, cheaper food and increasing average wealth are increasing consumption of high impact foods such as red meat.
⑤We need to manage our consumption, even as the latest technological revolution races ahead of us.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment.
Take car manufacturing and agriculture for example.
Robots makes it more energy-efficient to produce cars and food.
However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate.
Thus, we should limit our consumption.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment.运用了过去分词作定语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate.运用which引导非限制性定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passageers. To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，航空公司的座位从一开始就千篇一律。如今，
随着肥胖人数的增加，座位尺寸不变和肥胖乘客增加凸显了航空公司需求与乘客基本权利之间的冲突。
【详解】1.要点摘录 ①With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passengers.②The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.③The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.④However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句 To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel.（句中动词不定式作目的状语，且运用because引导的原因状语从句）
[高分句型2] However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more. （含省略that的宾语从句，且运用含情态动词的被动语态）
7．Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees. Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，Frog的首席执行官哈里·韦斯特认为，iPhone的到来改变了今天的消费者和员工的期望。消费者希望在家里和工作中都能使用像iPhone这样现代化、便捷的数字产品；而公司被迫改善员工过时的工作经验。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Harry West is the CEO of the global design and strategy firm Frog, which works with its clients “to anticipate the future”.“That all changed after the coming of the iPhone in 2007,” he said. “Consumers began to use this amazing digital interface, and they liked it.
②They used it in their personal life and at home, and when they went back to work, they encountered this terrible ‘professional’ or ‘industrial’, or ‘enterprise’ product, and they realized how old-fashioned and inconvenient it was. They demanded change.
③That massive shift foreshadowed the downfall of BlackBerry and the weakening of the power of it departments — and it also forced companies to update the work experience of their employees, according to West.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3二个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees.
Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees. (运用that引导宾语从句对原文第四段进行了概括)
[高分句型2] Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.(运用了while连接并列句，表示前后的对比，对倒数第二段和第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级)
8．This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen, despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet, which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了鼓励男生多用电脑是否能缩小与女生的差距这一现象，尽管这种激励可以增强学生探索网络的灵感，但不能帮助他们培养实践能力，就目前情况而言，应该充分发挥教师和电脑的关键作用，采取相关的实际措施，优化学生的学习成绩。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
②Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles.
③They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at.
④As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen
despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet
which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities
in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【点睛】[高分句型1] despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet运用了that引导同位语从句对原文第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation运用了which引导非限制性定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge. Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，学习在我们的梦中继续，这反过来提高了我们的表现，并且梦是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的关键。大脑重放白天学到的活动，并不断地提取重要信息融合到已经存在的知识中，所以我们可以尝试在睡觉前学习。
【详解】要点摘录
①What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
②Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity.
③What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
④While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality
⑤This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know.
⑥Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3个要点进行概括总结，并重组1、2、3三个要点，将第4、5两个要点进行整合，将第6个要点进行概括总结。
3.遣词造句
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
【点睛】[高分句型] Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.(运用which引导非限制性定语从句)
10．One possible version:
Gossip is common and has three negative effects. First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain. Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority. Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了散播流言所带来的影响。先指出现象，散播留言很普遍，引出话题，留言造成的三个影响；然后对这三个方面分别进行详细地介绍；最后提出人们在传播流言前应该先考虑到流言带来的影响。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
②First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.
③Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives.
④Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act.
⑤The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
2.缜密构思
将第1、5两个要点分别进行重新概括整理，将第2、3、4三个要点分别进行梳理。
3.遣词造句
Gossip is common and has three negative effects.
First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.
Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority.
Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group.
Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【点睛】【高分句型1】First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.(运用了关系代词that引导的定语从句)
【高分句型2】Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. (运用了非谓语中的现在分词做结果状语)
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Different people may find that different learning methods work best for them. While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups. In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them.
“Two heads are better than one.” That’s the simple idea behind study groups. By participating in a study group, students can benefit from some of their best academic resources: other students. They get to pick each other’s brains and improve their own understanding of different problems. Moreover, study groups can create the slightly tense atmosphere in which it's good to study. For example, some students tend to procrastinate (拖延) when they are studying by themselves: however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus have motivation for working harder.
Study groups work best when they are small, but not too small-four to five participants is about right. And it’s necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review the week’s lecture notes. Besides, socializing in the group would make studying more fun as long as it took up only a small portion of group study time.
In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted. Besides an organizer, who gets group members to agree to a common purpose and a convenient time and place, there often is a group member playing the role of a source-seeker, whose duty is to remind group members to identify their sources. For instance, when a group member says “I read somewhere that...,” the source-seeker should ask for specifics. This person reminds the group that it’s important to know who said what and where it was said. And a gatekeeper, who tries to make sure that all group members are participating, may ask a direct question to help a shy person participate, or find a way to get a dominating member to listen.
2．概要写作
These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
Green building means “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U. S. Green Building Council in Washington, D．C． said. According to Holowka, building account for 65 percent of total U. S. electricity use.
But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.
Marty Dettling is the project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country’s first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.”
The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. “On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the sun’s energy into electricity,” Dettling explained. The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
British scientist Isaac Newton(1643-1727) once said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” And this year’s Nobel Prize in chemistry may have best explained these words.
This year’s prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the prize for creating the world’s smallest machines.
How small? Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules. Instead of measuring in meters or centimeters, they measure in nanometers—one billionth of a meter-much thinner than a human hair.
But this was achieved neither overnight, nor alone.
Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain. The work is so hard and delicate that the Guardian describes it as like “building a Lego castle in the dark with boxing gloves”.
If what Sauvage had done was building the body of a car, what Stoddart managed to do 10 years later in 1991 was adding wheels to the car. Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which meant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.
And just like a car, the molecular machine needs a motor to run. So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.
But what is the use of a machine so small that we can’t even see it? According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.
“There are endless opportunities,” Feringa told Reuters. “Think of a tiny micro-robot that a doctor in the future will inject into your blood and it will go to search for a cancer cell or deliver a drug, for instance.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.
One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother’s cries.
She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How Mass Automation Affects Climate Change
The fourth industrial revolution, or "industry 4.0," is happening now. Highly automated, intelligent systems promise to transform our lives. What will this mean for climate change? The answer is complicated. These innovations have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But without proper consideration, mass automation could be bad news.
To consider what it might mean for our environment, I want to look at two sectors where human work has already been largely replaced by machinery: car manufacturing and agriculture.
Today, car manufacturing is nearly fully automated, with human teams replaced by robotic workers. Robots and other technologies of industry 4.0 enable more efficient energy management in factories. As with cars, developments in mechanization have allowed more food to be produced with less labor. Robots are already replacing human labor across a range of agricultural tasks from watering to pest control or harvesting.
These developments might suggest that these tech developments will reduce emissions and help the environment. After all, robots can build cars and grow food more efficiently than humans, right? Although there has been a significant improvement in energy efficiency, there has not been an absolute reduction in environmental impact. In fact, overall environmental impact is generally increasing.
Take cars for example. The savings in efficiency have meant more people can afford to buy new vehicles. As a result, the number of cars on the roads are increasing along with overall emissions. Similarly, automated processes have meant more food can be produced more efficiently. However, cheaper food and increasing average wealth are increasing consumption of high impact foods such as red meat. This is likely to have significant consequences for climate change.
So, yes, increasing automation and smart technologies do promise great changes to society, with the potential to free human populations from repetitive, unexciting work. If managed carefully, this technological revolution has the potential to provide significant environmental benefit. But that is a big if. We need to manage our consumption, even as the latest technological revolution races ahead of us.
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖症) has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than l.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese.
The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.
Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer, sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disturbed by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his seat.
Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧视的), but some argue that this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do, with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through. In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with a carry-on isn’t charged anything extra.
However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing the treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”
Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a ‘one-person, one-fare’ ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are ‘clinically obese’ and who cannot fit into a single seat.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Power of iPhone
Though Apple released data last week indicating iPhone sales may, at last, be slowing, one CEO recently explained why he thinks the smartphone has overturned our expectations of basically everything.
Harry West is the CEO of the global design and strategy firm Frog, which works with its clients “to anticipate the future”. In a conversation with The Huffington Post at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, West credited Apple with transforming the way companies approach consumers and their own employees.
“Way back in the day,” West said, companies marketed their products as “military spec” and “industrial” to take advantage of the impression that these seemingly specialized products were of higher quality than consumer versions. In the 70s, 80s and 90s, this slowly gave way to the rise of “professional” products adapted to businesses and business people.
“That all changed after the coming of the iPhone in 2007,” he said. “Consumers began to use this amazing digital interface, and they liked it. They used it in their personal life and at home, and when they went back to work, they encountered this terrible ‘professional’ or ‘industrial’, or ‘enterprise’ product, and they realized how old-fashioned and inconvenient it was. They demanded change.”
That massive shift foreshadowed the downfall of BlackBerry and the weakening of the power of it departments — and it also forced companies to update the work experience of their employees, according to West.
“Companies need to hire millennials, and millennials refuse to work in these outdated, backward systems,” he said. “Not only is it uncomfortable, but it also indicates something wrong about the company. If your work experience is that old-fashioned, then what else is wrong in the company?”
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8．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Hitting the right button
It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
Many boys seem to have a natural liking for computers, but it can often be hard to leave the screen and concentrate on the work the teacher wants them to do.
As computers are becoming more and more important in the world of education today, it is natural to assume that computers can help greatly with boys who do not do too well at school and need to raise their general educational standards. Many boys appear to be more confident than girls in using it, and they need to use computers more frequently, especially at home.
Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles. The issue of unintelligible handwriting is no longer a problem, either, as the neatness and presentation standards rise when boys use a computer to print out their work.
Many boys welcome the “hands on” approach of computer. However, researchers and teachers need to be careful that boys don’t just “cut and paste” things that they have found on the internet, but haven’t read, and hand it in as a completed assignment. Some boys overestimate how good they are and think they can do things without any effort. They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at. They may not plan or think carefully about their work, or they may try to finish their work quickly. This tendency is not going to be completely cured by using computers. One way to get boys to concentrate properly on the work they have been asked to do may be to encourage them to use their computers at home. However, they also need to be set tasks that are interesting and relevant to them.
As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
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9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hardworking Brains
It's late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You're done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre(奇怪的)imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there's some truth to the popular notion that we're "getting" a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.
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10．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freeman. I can tell you that what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about the topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel more important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging.
Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
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1．Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder. Besides the small size, the same goal and not-too-long socializing could help study groups work best. If the members are assigned different roles, it will result in promoting the efficiency.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了许多大学鼓励学生利用学习小组获得更好的成绩，在学习小组中，学生不仅可以获得最好的学术资源，还可以激励彼此更加努力地学习。除了规模小之外，相同的目标和不太长的社交活动也能帮助学习小组发挥最佳效果。如果研究小组中的成员被分配不同的角色，这将提高效率。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups.
②In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them.
③By participating in a study group, students can benefit from some of their best academic resources: other students.
④however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus have motivation for working harder.
⑤Study groups work best when they are small, but not too small-four to five participants is about right.
⑥And it’s necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review the week’s lecture notes.
⑦Besides, socializing in the group would make studying more fun as long as it took up only a small portion of group study time.
⑧In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted.
2.缜密构思将第1、2、3、4四个要点进行重组，将第5、6、7三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder.
Besides the small size, the same goal and not-too-long socializing could help study groups work best.
If you have no enough time or enough money to go, chat online with those people who are familiar with the college.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Many universities encourage students to take advantage of study groups for better grades, where students can not only get the best academic resources but motivate each other to work harder. (where引导非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] If the members are assigned different roles, it will result in promoting the efficiency. (If引导条件状语从句)
2．①Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings. ②They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well. ③For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. ④Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，环境友好型结构被称为绿色建筑。 它们可以大幅度地减少能源和水的使用，从而减少污染并避免破坏森林。 例如，绿色建筑Solaire通过使用太阳能和回用水，在一定程度上大大减少了能源和水的使用。虽然不是所有人都喜欢绿色建筑，但预计在不久的将来它会流行起来。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
②But green building can reduce energy and water use. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.
③According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.”. The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
④Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings, which can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well. For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.
【点睛】[高分句型1]They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中运用了动名词作宾语。
[高分句型2]Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.用although引导让步状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Three scientists shared this year’s Nobel Prize for Chemistry because of the creation of molecule machines. They played different parts. Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain. Stoddart from Britain made the ring of atoms move around an axle. Feringa from Netherlands used electricity to power it. The machine will be applied in different fields.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，三位科学家因为发明了分子机器而分享了今年的诺贝尔化学奖。他们扮演不同的角色。法国人沙维奇将两个环状分子连接起来形成一条链。英国的斯托达特使原子环绕轴运动。来自荷兰的费林加用电力为它提供动力。这种机器将被应用于不同的领域。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This year’s prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the prize for creating the world’s smallest machines. Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules.
②Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain.
③Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which meant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.
④So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.
⑤According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Three scientists shared this year’s Nobel Prize for Chemistry because of the creation of molecule machines. They played different parts.
Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain.
Stoddart from Britain made the ring of atoms move around an axle.
Feringa from Netherlands used electricity to power it.
The machine will be applied in different fields.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain.运用不定式作目的状语对原文第五段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] The machine will be applied in different fields.运用了一般将来时的被动语态，对倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next time he wanted to hide in a mailbox.
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述一群孩子在玩捉迷藏的游戏。保罗发现了一个没有关上的邮箱，于是，他藏了进去并把自己锁进里面了。他是如此的害怕以至于哭的很厉害。他的姐姐娜塔莉在听到他的哭声后马上叫来了邮递员并打开了邮箱门。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.
②One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner.
③Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open.
④Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying.
⑤It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother’s cries.
⑥She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door.
⑦The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself!
2.缜密构思
将第1和2两个要点，3和4两个要点，5和6两个要点分别进行整合，将第7个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon.
Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally.
His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door.
After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next time he wanted to hide in a mailbox.
【点睛】【高分句型1】My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.运用一个宾语从句描述了这个故事的背景。其中that引导的宾语从句表达高级。
【高分句型2】Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. 运用一个结果状语从句描述了这个故事的起因。其中so…that引导的结果状语从句表达高级。
【高分句型3】She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. 运用一个定语从句描述了姐姐去救弟弟的过程。其中who引导的定语从句表达高级。
【高分句型4】He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! 运用一个复杂的主从复合句描述了这个故事的结果。其中that引导的宾语从句和the next time引导的时间状语从句表达高级。
5．Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment. Take car manufacturing and agriculture for example. Robots makes it more energy-efficient to produce cars and food. However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate. Thus, we should limit our consumption.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，技术发展带来的大规模自动化对环境产生了复杂的影响。以汽车制造业和农业为例。机器人使得生产汽车和食品更加节能。然而，随着价格的下降，人们可能会购买更多的汽车，消费更多的食物，这可能会使气候恶化。因此，我们应该限制我们的消费。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Highly automated, intelligent systems promise to transform our lives. What will this mean for climate change? The answer is complicated.
②To consider what it might mean for our environment, I want to look at two sectors where human work has already been largely replaced by machinery: car manufacturing and agriculture.
③Today, car manufacturing is nearly fully automated, with human teams replaced by robotic workers. After all, robots can build cars and grow food more efficiently than humans, right?
④The savings in efficiency have meant more people can afford to buy new vehicles.
Similarly, automated processes have meant more food can be produced more efficiently. However, cheaper food and increasing average wealth are increasing consumption of high impact foods such as red meat.
⑤We need to manage our consumption, even as the latest technological revolution races ahead of us.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment.
Take car manufacturing and agriculture for example.
Robots makes it more energy-efficient to produce cars and food.
However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate.
Thus, we should limit our consumption.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Mass automation brought about by technological development has a complex impact on the environment.运用了过去分词作定语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] However, with prices declining, people are likely to buy more cars and consume more food, which may worsen the climate.运用which引导非限制性定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passageers. To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，航空公司的座位从一开始就千篇一律。如今，
随着肥胖人数的增加，座位尺寸不变和肥胖乘客增加凸显了航空公司需求与乘客基本权利之间的冲突。
【详解】1.要点摘录 ①With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passengers.②The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.③The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.④However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句 To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel.（句中动词不定式作目的状语，且运用because引导的原因状语从句）
[高分句型2] However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more. （含省略that的宾语从句，且运用含情态动词的被动语态）
7．Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees. Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，Frog的首席执行官哈里·韦斯特认为，iPhone的到来改变了今天的消费者和员工的期望。消费者希望在家里和工作中都能使用像iPhone这样现代化、便捷的数字产品；而公司被迫改善员工过时的工作经验。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Harry West is the CEO of the global design and strategy firm Frog, which works with its clients “to anticipate the future”.“That all changed after the coming of the iPhone in 2007,” he said. “Consumers began to use this amazing digital interface, and they liked it.
②They used it in their personal life and at home, and when they went back to work, they encountered this terrible ‘professional’ or ‘industrial’, or ‘enterprise’ product, and they realized how old-fashioned and inconvenient it was. They demanded change.
③That massive shift foreshadowed the downfall of BlackBerry and the weakening of the power of it departments — and it also forced companies to update the work experience of their employees, according to West.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3二个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees.
Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Harry West, the CEO of Frog, believes that the coming of iPhone has changed the expectations of today’s consumers and employees. (运用that引导宾语从句对原文第四段进行了概括)
[高分句型2] Consumers want to use modern and convenient digital products like iPhone both at home and work; while companies are forced to improve the outdated work experience of their employees.(运用了while连接并列句，表示前后的对比，对倒数第二段和第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级)
8．This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen, despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet, which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了鼓励男生多用电脑是否能缩小与女生的差距这一现象，尽管这种激励可以增强学生探索网络的灵感，但不能帮助他们培养实践能力，就目前情况而言，应该充分发挥教师和电脑的关键作用，采取相关的实际措施，优化学生的学习成绩。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
②Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles.
③They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at.
④As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen
despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet
which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities
in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【点睛】[高分句型1] despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet运用了that引导同位语从句对原文第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation运用了which引导非限制性定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge. Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，学习在我们的梦中继续，这反过来提高了我们的表现，并且梦是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的关键。大脑重放白天学到的活动，并不断地提取重要信息融合到已经存在的知识中，所以我们可以尝试在睡觉前学习。
【详解】要点摘录
①What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
②Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity.
③What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
④While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality
⑤This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know.
⑥Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3个要点进行概括总结，并重组1、2、3三个要点，将第4、5两个要点进行整合，将第6个要点进行概括总结。
3.遣词造句
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
【点睛】[高分句型] Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.(运用which引导非限制性定语从句)
10．One possible version:
Gossip is common and has three negative effects. First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain. Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority. Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了散播流言所带来的影响。先指出现象，散播留言很普遍，引出话题，留言造成的三个影响；然后对这三个方面分别进行详细地介绍；最后提出人们在传播流言前应该先考虑到流言带来的影响。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
②First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.
③Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives.
④Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act.
⑤The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
2.缜密构思
将第1、5两个要点分别进行重新概括整理，将第2、3、4三个要点分别进行梳理。
3.遣词造句
Gossip is common and has three negative effects.
First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.
Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority.
Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group.
Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【点睛】【高分句型1】First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.(运用了关系代词that引导的定语从句)
【高分句型2】Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. (运用了非谓语中的现在分词做结果状语)
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