英语Unit 4 Natural disasters背景图课件ppt

概要写作

概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。所需阅读的短文词数在350以内。

[写作流程]

第一步：归纳主旨大意(含段落大意)

概要写作的第一步便是阅读并抓取主题，进而提取主旨大意，即有关该主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。

阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：

第二步：提炼关键词

1．结合主旨大意，细读段落，找出每个段落的主旨句和关键词，区别段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas，examples和additional information。通常是在相对重要的句子中提炼关键词。正确的关键词和关键句是概要写作最重要的内容和依据。

2．消减事例，尽量减少实事并省略细节。

第三步：合并和改写

1．合并信息首先需要对信息进行分类、整合，找到信息之间的联系，再将联系紧密的信息合并在一起。同一层级的主旨句不宜合并在一起，但如果联系紧密，且没有支持的细节信息，可以考虑合并。

2．在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变(改词、换句型等)。

第四步：核查成文

核查连贯性，优先考虑使用最短连接词(but，then，later，finally，besides，thus，therefore，yet，however)；核查标点和语法；核查词数。

[常用语句]

1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的

This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...

The article focuses on the topic of...

This article/passage mainly tells(a story)about...

This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores...

This essay presents knowledge that...

This paper provides/gives an overview of...

In this passage(about...)，the author...

The author began the essay/passage by telling/

presenting...

First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part，the author argues/explains/

mentions/states/points out(that)．..

2．表示研究的结论

The result showed that...

The author found that...

It was concluded that...

Finally/As a conclusion，the author concludes/adds/stresses that...

Finally，the author summarizes that...

3．表示观点或建议

The author suggests/considers that...

As far as the author is concerned，...

In the author's view，...

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Your attitude plays a big part in your everyday life and can influence how your life may turn out in the future. If you have a good attitude, you'll be the kind of person who works hard and you'll live the kind of life many would admire. Here are some tips which can help you improve your attitude.

Spend time with those who share your positive attitude. This is a must if you want to improve your attitude. The people you surround yourself with most of the time will reflect upon your life. So always make sure that these people share your positive  attitude and lift you.

When you take action, always take steps to act with a purpose, so that your actions are in line with your values. For example, Walt Disney's main purpose is to “make people happy”. So next time you act, think of  your  purpose  and  improve  your  attitude  while doing so!

Being polite when given help or asking for it isn't a hard thing, yet so often we forget these simple words, especially with those closest to us. If you want to improve your attitude, use “please” and “thank you” every time you're given the opportunity.

If you want to improve your attitude to life and to those around you, stop comparing yourself with others. It's human to compare our lives with others', but when we do it too often we can drag (拖) ourselves down. So spare yourself the worry and stop comparing, only focus (集中) on your own life and you'll be much happier in the process.

Gratefulness is one of the most powerful attitudes in your life. If you want a better life, give thanks for all that you have each and every day.  Gradually, you'll receive more things to be thankful for!

So how's your attitude today? Does it need a little fine tuning?

【学生习作】

【升格作文】

Your attitude, which may influence your future, plays an important role in your daily life. (要点1) To improve  your attitude, you should be with the persons with a positive attitude and act with an exact goal. (要点2) In addition, it doesn't make sense to compare yourself with others.  (要点3)  Lastly,  using polite words like “please” and “thank you” often and learning to be grateful for whatever you have will contribute  to  improving  your  attitude.(要点4)

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long­lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War  Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.

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[参考范文]

People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries，such as France，believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However，people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)．Some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system，though.(要点4)